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Cyrus

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Template:Hatgrp Template:Infobox given name

Cyrus (Persian: کوروش) is a male given name and the name of several Persian kings, particularly Cyrus the Great (Template:Circa – 530 BC), but also Cyrus I of Anshan (Template:Circa BC), King of Persia and the grandfather of Cyrus the Great, and Cyrus the Younger (died 401 BC), brother to the Persian king Artaxerxes II of Persia.

EtymologyEdit

Cyrus, as a word in English, is the Latinized form of the Greek Κῦρος, Kȳros, from Old Persian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Kūruš.<ref name=cyrusthename>Template:Harv</ref> According to the inscriptions, the name is reflected in Elamite Kuraš, Babylonian Ku(r)-raš/-ra-áš and Imperial Aramaic kwrš. The modern Persian form of the name is Kūroš.

The etymology of Cyrus has been and continues to be a topic of discussion amongst historians, linguists, and scholars of Iranology. The Old Persian name "kuruš" has been interpreted in various forms such as "the Sun", "like Sun", "young", "hero," and "humiliator of the enemy in verbal contest" and the Elamite "kuraš" has been translated as one "who bestows care".

The name has appeared on many monuments and inscriptions in Old Persian.<ref name=chicyrus>Template:Harv</ref> There is also the record of a small inscription in Morghab (southwestern Iran) on which there is the sentence (adam kūruš xšāyaθiya haxāmanišiya) in Old Persian meaning (I am Cyrus the Achaemenian King).<ref name=murghabinscription>Template:Harv</ref> After a questionable<ref name=kurusname>Template:Harv</ref> proposal by the German linguist F. H. Weissbach that Darius the Great was the first to inscribe in Persian, it had previously been concluded by some scholars that the inscription in Morghab refers to Cyrus the Younger. This proposal resulted from a false interpretation of a passage in paragraph 70 of the Behistun inscription by Darius the Great.<ref>Template:Harv</ref> Based on many arguments,<ref>Template:Harv</ref> the accepted theory among modern scholars is that the inscription does belong to Cyrus the Great.<ref name=cyrustheyounger>Template:Harv</ref>

There are interpretations of the name of Cyrus by classical authors identifying with or referring to the Persian word for "Sun". The Historian Plutarch (46–120) states that "the sun, which, in the Persian language, is called Cyrus".<ref>Plutarch, Artoxerxes in (Parallel lives)</ref> Also, the Physician Ctesias who served in the court of the Persian king Artaxerxes II of Persia writes in his book Persica as summarized by Photios that the name Cyrus is from the Persian word "Khur" (the sun).<ref>Epitome of Ctesias' Persica 52 Template:Webarchive.</ref> These are, however, not accepted by modern scholars.<ref name=cyrusthename/>

Regarding the etymology of Old Persian kuruš, linguists have proposed various etymologies based on Iranian languages as well as non-Indo-European ones.<ref name=Tavernier>Template:Harv</ref> According to Tavernier, the name kuraš, attested in Elamite texts, is likely "the original form" as there is no Elamite or Babylonian spelling ku-ru-uš in the transcriptions of Old Persian ku-u-r(u)-u-š. That is, according to Tavernier, kuraš is an Elamite name and means "to bestow care".<ref name=Tavernier/> Others, such as Schmitt, Hoffmann maintain that the Persian Kuruš, which according to Skalmowsky, may be connected to (or borrowing from) the IE Kúru- from Old Indic can give an etymology of the Elamite kuraš.<ref name=cyrusthename/><ref name=Tavernier/> In this regard, the Old Persian kuruš is considered with the following etymologies: One proposal is discussed by the linguist Janos Harmatta that refers to the common Iranian root "kur-" (be born) of many words in Old, middle, and new Iranian languages (e.g. Kurdish). Accordingly, the name Kūruš means "young, youth...".<ref name=harmatta>Template:Harv</ref> Other Iranian etymologies have been proposed. The Indian proposal of Skalmowsky goes down to "to do, accomplish". Another theory is the suggestion of Karl Hoffmann that kuruš goes down to a -ru derivation from the IE root *(s)kau meaning "to humiliate"<ref name=Tavernier/> and accordingly "kuruš" (hence "Cyrus") means "humiliator (of the enemy in verbal contest)".<ref name=cyrusthename/>

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