Dental and alveolar ejective stops

Template:Short description Template:Refimprove Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA The alveolar and dental ejective stops are types of consonantal sounds, usually described as voiceless, that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨ʼ⟩,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ⟨p‘ t‘ k‘⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions, the apostrophe represents palatalization: ⟨pʼ⟩ = IPA ⟨pʲ⟩. In some Americanist traditions, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨k̓ , k!⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨kʼ, kʼʼ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection.

In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In Hausa, the hooked letter ƙ is used for /kʼ/. In Zulu and Xhosa, whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: p t k ts tsh kr for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/. In some conventions for Haida and Hadza, double letters are used: tt kk qq ttl tts for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and zz jj dl gg for /tsʼ tʃʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza).

In Oromo /tʼ/ is written as ⟨x⟩.

Features

Features of the alveolar ejective:

• There are four specific variants of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}:
  • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
  • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
DahaloTemplate:Sfnp	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'hair'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar ejective.Template:Sfnp
Trumai	Template:Example needed			Contrasts with alveolar ejective.

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		lang}} / i͡atḣė / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'dirt'
Amharic		lang}}/ṭəǧǧa/t'ejah/tehǧa	main}}	'calf'
Armenian	Yerevan dialect<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	տասը/t'asë	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'ten'	main}} in other Eastern dialects
Chechen		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'bridge'
DahaloTemplate:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'spider'	Apical, contrasts with laminal denti-alveolar ejective.Template:Sfnp
Ganza<ref name="Smolders-2016"> Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp || colspan="2" align="center" | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'black' ||
Georgian		lang}}/t'it'a	main}}	'tulip'
Haida		lang}}	main}}	'basket'
Kabardian		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'ram'
Kawésqar		lang}}	main}}	'spicy'
Khwarshi		lang}}/t'aja	main}}	'to drop'
Lushootseed		t̕əbt̕əb	main}}	'winter wren'
Mingrelian		lang}}/t'q'ɛbi	main}}	'leather'
Navajo		lang}}	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'greetings' or 'hello'	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Nez Perce		lang}}	main}}	'flat'
Ossetian	Iron	lang}}/sthaly	main}}	'star'
Quechua		lang}}	main}}	'bread'
Svan		ტჷნ/tʼən	main}}	'body'

See also

• List of phonetic topics

References

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External links

• Template:Phoible
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