Donald Kennedy

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Donald Kennedy (August 18, 1931 – April 21, 2020) was an American scientist, public administrator, and academic. He served as Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1977–1979), President of Stanford University (1980–1992), and Editor-in-Chief of Science (2000–2008). Following this, he was named president emeritus of Stanford University; Bing Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, emeritus; and senior fellow of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies.

Early life and educationEdit

Donald Kennedy was born on August 18, 1931, in New York City, the son of Barbara Bean and William Dorsey Kennedy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He attended Dublin School through high schoolTemplate:Sfn and went on to attend Harvard University, where he received an A.B. degree in 1952, an M.S. degree in 1954, and a Ph.D. in 1956, all in Biology.<ref>News Release: Kennedy chronology Template:Webarchive - news website of Stanford University</ref><ref name='FSI'>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name='FDA'>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His doctoral dissertation was titled Studies on the Frog Electroretinogram.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

CareerEdit

TeacherEdit

From 1956 to 1960, Kennedy taught biology at Syracuse University, receiving tenure by 1960.<ref name= brodie-banner>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His research included the patterns of neural action in crayfish, demonstrating some of the connection principles among nerve cells that impose the sequences underlying a behavioral event. Kennedy showed that some single neurons, which he termed "command" neurons, could produce a complex, fixed-action pattern of locomotory behavior.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Arriving at Stanford University as an assistant professor in 1960, Kennedy was granted tenure in 1962.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link Template:Cbignore</ref> In 1967 he was appointed chairman of the Department of Biology in the School of Humanities and Sciences.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was one of the founding faculty in the Program in Human Biology. Kennedy served ten years on the board of directors of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation,<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref> where he served as director from 1973 to 1977.<ref name="FSI" /><ref name="FDA" />

FDA CommissionerEdit

For 26 months he served as Commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration during the Carter Administration, appointed by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Joseph Califano, in April 1977. In the next two-plus years Kennedy and the FDA dealt with issues such as the fallout from the attempt to ban saccharin, and the risks of antibiotic resistance in humans from agricultural antibiotic use<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and worked on provisions of the proposed Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978.<ref name='FDA' />

Stanford presidencyEdit

After stepping down from the FDA in June 1979, Kennedy returned to Stanford, where he served as provost.<ref name="FDA" /> In 1980 he became president of Stanford University and served in that position until 1992.<ref name="FSI" /> While president, he inaugurated overseas campuses in Kyoto, Japan, and Oxford, England, the Institute for International Studies,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Stanford Center for the Humanities,<ref name=Dailyobit>Template:Cite news</ref> the Haas Public Service Center, and the Stanford-in-Washington campus. One of his focuses was on improving the quality of undergraduate education.<ref name="nyt" /> In the mid-1980s, he led a $1.1 billion fundraising effort to improve the facilities of the university,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the total raised was $1.2 billion.<ref name="auto" /> In 1990 Kennedy hosted Mikhail Gorbachev on an international visit to Stanford.<ref name="nyt">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1990 he received the American Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award at a ceremony in Chicago, Illinois.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Over his tenure, Kennedy fostered the growth of the university's endowment to $2 billion, which was the fifth-largest in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also led Stanford to divest all investments in South Africa during apartheid after student protests,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and changed the "Western Culture" credit requirements to "Cultures, Ideas, and Values" in an attempt to encompass non-Western cultures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Kennedy resigned in 1992 following congressional hearings over whether the university improperly billed the government for research expense as part of the Stanford Indirect Costs Controversy,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which included billing for widening his bed and for the purchase of antiques for his home.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The issue was settled out of court, and led to no charges.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to The New York Times, "Stanford University and the Navy ... settled [the] fraud case involving research expenses, with the university repaying a small fraction of the Navy's original claim and the Navy saying that an investigation had found no wrongdoing by the university." Following his presidency, Kennedy wrote a memoir entitled A Place in the Sun: A Memoir.Template:Sfn

Later careerEdit

He remained at Stanford after resigning from the presidency. In 1997 Kennedy published the book Academic Duty, which advocated for university professors to pay more attention to the teaching part of their duties, and to make an effort to connect their research with the wider public.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 2000 until 2008, he was editor-in-chief of Science,<ref name="sciencemag">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="FSI" /> the weekly published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2010, he received Wonderfest's Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kennedy was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Academy for the Advancement of Science, the American Philosophical Society, and the California Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to his Stanford biography, Kennedy's research interests related to "policy on such trans-boundary environmental problems as: major land-use changes; economically-driven alterations in agricultural practice; global climate change; beyond coal; and alternative energy sources".<ref name="FSI" /> He was president emeritus of Stanford University, Bing Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, and emeritus and senior fellow of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies by courtesy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal life and deathEdit

Kennedy's first marriage, to Jeanne Dewey, ended in divorce. In 1987, Kennedy married Robin Hamill.<ref name="Washington Post obituary">Template:Cite news</ref> Kennedy had two children from his first marriage and two stepchildren with Hamill.Template:Sfn

Kennedy had a stroke in 2015 and in 2018 moved to Gordon Manor, a residential care home in Redwood City, California. He died there from COVID-19 on April 21, 2020, at age 88, during the COVID-19 pandemic in California.<ref name=Dailyobit/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

BibliographyEdit

ReferencesEdit

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