Doris Miller
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Doris "Dorie" Miller (October 12, 1919Template:Spaced ndashNovember 24, 1943) was a U.S. Navy sailor who was the first black recipient of the Navy Cross and a nominee for the Medal of Honor. As a mess attendant second class<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> aboard the battleship Template:USS, Miller helped carry wounded sailors to safety during the attack on Pearl Harbor. He then manned an anti-aircraft gun<ref name="navyfaq57">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and, despite no prior training in gunnery, officially shot down one plane (according to Navy Department records), but Miller and other eyewitnesses claimed a range of four to six.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Miller received the Navy Cross from Admiral Chester Nimitz on May 27, 1942, but many sailors and naval officers believed that Miller's heroism deserved a Medal of Honor.<ref name="PO3 Doris Miller">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Miller was nominated for a Medal of Honor by a congressman from Michigan and a Senator from New York, and the black press enthusiastically campaigned for Miller to receive this decoration. Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, who opposed black sailors serving the United States in any combat role, recommended against Miller receiving the Medal of Honor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> No black sailor, soldier, or Marine was awarded the Medal of Honor between 1941 and 1945, and in 1996 Vernon J. Baker was the only black veteran of World War II to be awarded this decoration while yet alive.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In June 1943, Miller was promoted to Cook Petty Officer, Third Class.<ref name="PO3 Doris Miller"/> In November 1943, Miller was killed in action when his ship, the escort carrier Template:USS, was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine during the Battle of Makin in the Gilbert Islands, with the loss of 702 officers and sailorsTemplate:Sndthe deadliest sinking of a carrier in the history of the United States Navy.
Early life and educationEdit
Miller was born in Waco, Texas, on October 12, 1919, to Connery and Henrietta Miller. He was named Doris, as the midwife who assisted his mother was convinced before his birth that the baby would be a girl.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was the third of four sons and helped around the house, cooked meals and did laundry, as well as worked on the family farm. He was a fullback on the football team at Waco's Alexander James Moore High School.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He began attending the eighth grade on January 25, 1937, at age 17; he repeated the grade the following year because of poor performance, so he decided to drop out of school.<ref name=aiken>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He filled his time squirrel hunting with a .22 rifle and completed a correspondence course in taxidermy. He applied to join the Civilian Conservation Corps but was not accepted. At that time, he was Template:Convert tall and weighed more than Template:Convert.<ref name=aiken/> Miller worked on his father's farm until shortly before his 20th birthday.
Miller's nickname "Dorie" may have originated from a typographical error. He was nominated for recognition for his actions on December 7, 1941, and the Pittsburgh Courier released a story on March 14, 1942, which gave his name as "Dorie Miller".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since then, some writers have suggested that it was a "nickname to shipmates and friends".<ref name=aiken/>
Edit
Miller enlisted in the U.S. Navy as a mess attendant third class at the Naval Recruiting Station in Dallas, Texas, for six years on September 16, 1939.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mess attendant was one of the few ratings open at the time to black sailors.<ref name=natlgeo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was transferred to the Naval Training Center, Naval Operating Base, Norfolk, Virginia, arriving on September 19.<ref name=":0"/> After training school, he was assigned to the ammunition ship Template:USS (AE-1) and then transferred on January 2, 1940, to the Colorado-class battleship West Virginia (BB-48). It was on West Virginia where he started competition boxing, becoming the ship's heavyweight champion. In July, he was on temporary duty aboard Template:USS (BB-36) at Secondary Battery Gunnery School. He returned to West Virginia on August 3. He advanced in rating to mess attendant second class on February 16, 1941.<ref name= navyfaq57/><ref name=natlgeo/>
Attack on Pearl HarborEdit
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Miller woke up at 6 a.m. on December 7, 1941, aboard West Virginia. He served breakfast mess and was collecting laundry at 7:57 a.m. when planes from the Template:Ship fired the first of seven torpedoes that hit West Virginia.<ref name=aiken/> The "battle stations" alarm went off; Miller headed for his battle station, an anti-aircraft battery magazine amidships, only to discover that a torpedo had destroyed it.
He then went to "Times Square" on deck, a central spot aboard the ship where the fore-to-aft and port-to-starboard passageways crossed, reporting himself available for other duty and was assigned to help carry wounded sailors to places of greater safety.<ref name=aiken/> Lieutenant Commander Doir C. Johnson, the ship's communications officer, spotted Miller and saw his physical prowess, so he ordered him to accompany him to the conning tower on the flag bridge to assist in moving the ship's captain, Mervyn Bennion, who had a gaping wound in his abdomen where he had apparently been hit by shrapnel after the first Japanese attack.<ref name="auto2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Miller and another sailor lifted the skipper but were unable to remove him from the bridge, so they carried him on a cot from his exposed position on the damaged bridge to a sheltered spot on the deck behind the conning tower where he remained during the second Japanese attack.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name= mcrae >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Captain Bennion refused to leave his post, questioned his officers and men about the condition of the ship, and gave orders and instructions to crew members to defend the ship and fight.<ref name="auto2"/> Unable to go to the deck below because of smoke and flames, he was carried up a ladder to the navigation bridge, where he died from blood loss despite the aid from a pharmacist mate.<ref name="auto2"/> He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Lieutenant Frederic H. White had ordered Miller to help him and Ensign Victor Delano load the unmanned number 1 and number 2 Browning .50 caliber anti-aircraft machine guns aft of the conning tower.<ref name="greatblack"/> Miller was not familiar with the weapon, but White and Delano instructed him on how to operate it. Delano expected Miller to feed ammunition to one gun, but his attention was diverted and, when he looked again, Miller was firing one of the guns. White then loaded ammunition into both guns and assigned Miller the starboard gun.<ref name=aiken/>
Miller fired the gun until he ran out of ammunition, whereupon he was ordered by Lieutenant Claude V. Ricketts to help carry the captain up to the navigation bridge out of the thick oily smoke generated by the many fires on and around the ship; Miller was officially credited with downing at least two hostile planes.<ref name= mcrae/> "I think I got one of those Jap planes. They were diving pretty close to us," he said later.<ref name="navyfaq57" /> Japanese aircraft eventually dropped two armor-piercing bombs through the deck of the battleship and launched five 18-inch (460 mm) torpedoes into her port side. When the attack finally lessened, Miller helped move injured sailors through oil and water to the quarterdeck, thereby "unquestionably saving the lives of a number of people who might otherwise have been lost".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The ship was heavily damaged by bombs, torpedoes, and resulting explosions and fires, but the crew prevented her from capsizing by counter-flooding compartments. Instead, West Virginia sank to the harbor bottom in shallow water as her surviving crew abandoned ship, including Miller;<ref name=navyfaq57/> the ship was later raised and restored for continued service in the war. On West Virginia, 132 men were killed and 52 were wounded from the Japanese attack. On December 13, Miller reported to the heavy cruiser Template:USS (CA-35).
CommendationEdit
On January 1, 1942, the Navy released a list of commendations for actions on December 7. Among them was a single commendation for an unnamed black man. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had asked President Franklin D. Roosevelt to award the Distinguished Service Cross to the unknown black sailor. The Navy Board of Awards received a recommendation that the sailor be considered for recognition. On March 12, an Associated Press story named Miller as the sailor, citing the African-American newspaper Pittsburgh Courier;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> additional news reports credited Lawrence D. Reddick with learning the name through correspondence with the Navy Department, with these news reports becoming influential aspects in giving the Double V campaign greater legitimacy<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the following days, Senator James M. Mead introduced a Senate bill [[[:Template:USBill]]] to award Miller the Medal of Honor,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (left column) S. 2392</ref> and Representative John Dingell Sr. introduced a matching House bill [[[:Template:USBill]]].<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (right column) H.R. 6800</ref>
Miller was recognized as one of the "first U.S. heroes of World War II". He was commended in a letter signed by Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox on April 1, and the next day CBS Radio broadcast an episode of the series They Live Forever, which dramatized Miller's actions.<ref name=aiken/> Black organizations began a campaign to honor Miller with additional recognition. On April 4, the Pittsburgh Courier urged readers to write to members of the congressional Naval Affairs Committee in support of awarding the Medal of Honor to Miller.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The All-Southern Negro Youth Conference launched a signature campaign on April 17–19. On May 10, the National Negro Congress denounced Knox's recommendation against awarding Miller the Medal of Honor. On May 11 President Roosevelt approved the Navy Cross for Miller.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On May 27 Miller was personally recognized by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, aboard the aircraft carrier Template:USS (CV-6) at anchor in Pearl Harbor.<ref name="navyfaq57" /><ref name="tribNC">Template:Cite news</ref> Nimitz presented Miller with the Navy Cross, at the time the third-highest Navy award for gallantry during combat, after the Medal of Honor and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal; on August 7, 1942, Congress revised the order of precedence, placing the Navy Cross above the Distinguished Service Medal in precedence. Nimitz said of Miller's commendation, "This marks the first time in this conflict that such high tribute has been made in the Pacific Fleet to a member of his race and I'm sure that the future will see others similarly honored for brave acts."<ref name="navyfaq57" /><ref name="tribNC" />
Return to United States and the warEdit
Miller advanced in rating to mess attendant first class on June 1, 1942.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="greatblack">Template:Cite news</ref> On June 27 the Pittsburgh Courier called for him to be allowed to return home for a war bond tour along with white war heroes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On July 25 the Pittsburgh Courier ran a photo of Miller with the caption "He FoughtTemplate:Nbsp... Keeps Mop" next to a photo of a white survivor of the Pearl Harbor attack receiving an officer's commission.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The photo caption stated that the Navy felt that Miller was "too important waiting tables in the Pacific" for him to return to the United States.
On November 23 Miller returned to Pearl Harbor and was ordered on a war bond tour while still attached to Indianapolis.<ref name=aiken/> In December, and January 1943, he gave presentations in Oakland, California, in his hometown of Waco, in Dallas, and to the first graduating class of black sailors from Great Lakes Naval Training Station.<ref name=greatblack/> He was featured on the 1943 Navy recruiting poster "above and beyond the call of duty", designed by David Stone Martin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In February 1943 "mess attendant" was changed to the "steward's mate" rate title by the Navy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On May 15 Miller reported to Puget Sound Navy Yard at Bremerton, Washington, assigned to the newly constructed escort carrier Template:USS (CVE-56).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=navyfaq57/> He was advanced in rating to cook third class on June 1.<ref name=":0" /> The ship had a crew of 960 men, and its primary functions were to serve as a convoy escort, to provide aircraft for close air support during amphibious landing operations, and to ferry aircraft to naval bases and fleet carriers at sea.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Liscome Bay was the flagship for Carrier Division 24 which was under the command of Rear Admiral Henry M. Mullinnix. On October 22, Liscome Bay set sail for Pearl Harbor.<ref name="auto"/>
DeathEdit
After training in Hawaiian waters, Liscome Bay left Pearl Harbor on November 10, 1943, to join the Northern Task Force, Task Group 52.<ref name="auto"/> Miller's carrier took part in the Battle of Makin (invasion of Makin by units of the Army's 165th Regimental Combat Team, 27th Infantry Division) which had begun on November 20.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> On November 24, the day after Makin was captured by American soldiers and the eve of Thanksgiving (the cooks had broken out the frozen turkeys from Pearl Harbor),<ref name="auto"/> Liscome Bay was cruising near Butaritari (Makin Atoll's main island) when it was struck just before dawn in the stern by a torpedo from the Template:Ship (which fired four torpedoes at Task Group 5312).<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The carrier's own torpedoes and aircraft bombs exploded, causing the ship to sink in 23 minutes.<ref name="auto"/> There were 272 survivors from the crew of over 900,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but Miller was among the two-thirds of the crew listed as "presumed dead".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His parents were informed that he was missing in action on December 7, 1943.<ref name=aiken/> Liscome Bay was the only ship lost in the Gilbert Islands operation.<ref name="auto"/>
A memorial service was held for Miller on April 30, 1944, at the Second Baptist Church in Waco, Texas, sponsored by the Victory Club.<ref name=aiken/> On May 28, a granite marker was dedicated at Moore High School in Waco to honor him.<ref name=aiken/> Miller was officially declared dead by the Navy on November 25, 1944, a year and a day after the loss of Liscome Bay.<ref name=navyfaq57/> One of his brothers also served during World War II.
Military awardsEdit
Miller's decorations and awards:
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| 1st Row | Navy Cross<ref name=navyfaq57/> | Purple Heart<ref name=navyfaq57/> (posthumous) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd Row | Combat Action Ribbon (posthumous) |
Good Conduct Medal | American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp (bronze star)<ref name=navyfaq57/> | |||
| 3rd Row | American Campaign Medal | Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two bronze stars<ref name=navyfaq57/> |
World War II Victory Medal<ref name=navyfaq57/> (posthumous) | |||
Edit
For distinguished devotion to duty, extraordinary courage and disregard for his own personal safety during the attack on the Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. While at the side of his Captain on the bridge, Miller, despite enemy strafing and bombing and in the face of a serious fire, assisted in moving his Captain, who had been mortally wounded, to a place of greater safety, and later manned and operated a machine gun directed at enemy Japanese attacking aircraft until ordered to leave the bridge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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LegacyEdit
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- Memorials
- Doris Miller Memorial, a public art installation on the banks of the Brazos River in Waco.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> A nine-foot bronze statue was unveiled on December 7, 2017.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- A bronze commemorative plaque at the Doris Miller Park housing community located near Naval Station Pearl Harbor; organized by the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority and dedicated on October 12, 1991, which would have been Miller's 72nd birthday.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Plaque in the Memorial Courtyard at the National Museum of the Pacific War in Fredericksburg, Texas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Schools
- Dorie Miller Intermediate School, Ennis, Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Elementary School, San Antonio, Texas (opened 1947)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Elementary School, San Diego, California (dedicated April 28, 1976)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Dorie Miller Elementary School, Waco, Texas (closed 2012)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Middle School, San Marcos, Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Community-related
- Bledsoe–Miller Community Center, recreation facility in Waco, Texas,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> jointly named for Jules Bledsoe
- Dorie Miller Community Center, recreation facility in San Antonio, Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Dorie Miller Drive, Champaign, Illinois<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Dorie Miller Homes, a housing community in Gary, Indiana<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Dorie Miller Houses, a housing cooperative complex built in 1953 in the Corona neighborhood of Queens, New York<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Dorie Miller Park, Lewisburg, West Virginia<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Doris Miller Auditorium, Rosewood Park, Austin, Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Community Center, Newport News, Virginia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Family YMCA, Waco, Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Loop, Honolulu, Hawaii,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Memorial Park, a cemetery on the border of Waco and Bellmead, Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Dorie Miller Recreation Center, San Antonio, Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Military-related
- Template:USS, a destroyer escort (reclassified as a Template:Sclass on June 30, 1975)<ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> commissioned on June 30, 1973;<ref name=freep>Template:Cite news</ref> decommissioned on October 15, 1991, was named after him.
- The Bachelor Enlisted Quarters at Naval Station Great Lakes was dedicated to Miller on December 7, 1971.<ref name=BEQ>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Dorie Miller Galley, the main galley for Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Dining Hall, Naval Air Station Chase Field, Beeville, Texas<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Doris Miller Park, a housing community for military personnel in Honolulu<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Template:USS, a future Template:Sclass, announced on January 19, 2020.<ref name=LaGrone>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The ship is scheduled to be laid down in 2026 and launched in 2029.<ref name=LaGrone/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Veteran-related
- Dorie Miller Chapter 14 – Disabled American Veterans chapter in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Dorie Miller Post 546 – American Legion post in Racine, Wisconsin<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Dorie Miller Post 915 – American Legion post in Chicago<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Dorie E. Miller Post 817 – American Legion post in Beaumont, Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Doris Miller Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Waco, Texas;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>113th United States Congress Template:USBill</ref> includes monument and a road named Doris Miller Circle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Radio
- In 1942, Miller's actions were dramatized on the CBS Radio series They Live Forever.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- The April 25, 1944, episode of the CBS Radio series Columbia Presents Corwin, titled "Dorie Got a Medal", starred Canada Lee and Josh White in Norman Corwin's "jazz-and-jive opera" about Miller.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- On the December 9, 1945, broadcast of his ABC radio series Orson Welles Commentaries, Orson Welles presented a tribute to Doris Miller and spoke to his father, Connery Miller.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Broadcast from the U. S. Naval Training and Distribution Center on Treasure Island, San Francisco, the program announced the naming of three theater complexes to honor three World War II heroes killed in action. Theater One was named for Doris Miller; the other two theaters were named for Medal of Honor recipients John Basilone and Edward O'Hare.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Film & television
- Miller is portrayed by actor Elven Havard in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Miller is portrayed by actor Cuba Gooding Jr. in the 2001 film Pearl Harbor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref>
- Miller being awarded the Navy Cross was depicted in the 2019 film Midway.
- Miller is played by Abdul Sulaiman in National Geographic’s “Erased: WWII Heroes of Colour” which focuses on him and fellow African American mess mates George Bland and Clark Simmons.<ref> https://ageofthegeek.org/2024/06/02/national-geographics-erased-wwii-heroes-of-colour-is-informative-but-dull/</ref>
- Other
- Founded in 1943, the Dorie Miller Foundation began giving an annual award in 1947 to an individual or group considered outstanding in the field of race relations.<ref name=BEQ/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Recipients included Jackie Robinson, Jesse Owens, and Eleanor Roosevelt.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The award later became the American Heritage & Freedom Award.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- The Gwendolyn Brooks poem Negro Hero (1945) is narrated from Miller's point of view.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- In 2002, Molefi Kete Asante included Miller on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Miller was honored by the United States Postal Service as one of four Distinguished Sailors, with a 44-cent commemorative stamp issued on February 4, 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Also honored were William Sims, Arleigh Burke, and John McCloy.
- Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson proposed bills in 2016, 2017, and 2020 that would have authorized the Medal of Honor for Miller. None of these bills were voted upon by the House of Representatives.<ref>114th United States Congress Template:USBill</ref><ref>115th United States Congress Template:USBill</ref><ref>115th United States Congress Template:USBill</ref><ref>116th United States Congress Template:USBill</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
- USS West Virginia Action Report, for December 7, 1941, via Naval History and Heritage Command
- "Dorie Got a Medal" (audio) from April 25, 1944, via radioechoes.com
- "Orson Welles Commentaries" (audio) from December 9, 1945, via indiana.edu
- The Texas Experience – Tom Landry Presents Dorie Miller (video), Texas Archive of the Moving Image
- Doris Miller Memorial, Cultural Arts of Waco
- Part of his life is retold in the 1948 radio drama "Autobiography of a Hero", a presentation from Destination Freedom, written by Richard Durham