Duke of Aquitaine

Map of France in 1154

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} Template:More citations needed

The duke of Aquitaine (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) was the ruler of the medieval region of Aquitaine (not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine) under the supremacy of Frankish, English, and later French kings.

As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom (418–721), Aquitania (Aquitaine) and Languedoc (Toulouse) inherited both Visigothic law and Roman Law, which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century. Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified in 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653, women could inherit land and titles and manage their holdings independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14, and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20.<ref name="Visgothic Women">Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane; A History of Women: Book II Silences of the Middle Ages, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England. 1992, 2000 (5th printing). Chapter 6, "Women in the Fifth to the Tenth Century" by Suzanne Fonay Wemple, pg 74. According to Wemple, Visigothic women of Spain and the Aquitaine could inherit land and title and manage it independently of their husbands, and dispose of it as they saw fit if they had no heirs, and represent themselves in court, appear as witnesses (by the age of 14), and arrange their own marriages by the age of twenty</ref> As a consequence, male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility.

CoronationEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine used Toulouse as their capital.Template:Citation needed The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, Pepin the Short bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, Waiffre, on the Abbey of Saint Martial in Limoges.Template:Citation needed Pepin I of Aquitaine was buried in Poitiers. Charles the Child was crowned at Limoges and buried at Bourges.Template:Citation needed When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of Charles the Fat, it was Ranulf II of Poitou who took the royal title.Template:Citation needed In the late tenth century, Louis the Indolent was crowned at Brioude.Template:Citation needed

The Aquitainian ducal coronation procedure is preserved in a late twelfth-century ordo (formula) from Saint-Étienne in Limoges, based on an earlier Romano-German ordo. In the early thirteenth century a commentary was added to this ordo, which emphasised Limoges as the capital of Aquitaine. The ordo indicated that the duke received a silk mantle, coronet, banner, sword, spurs, and the ring of Saint Valerie.Template:Citation needed

Visigothic dukesEdit

Suatrius (flor. 493), captured by Clovis I during the First Franco-Visigothic War.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kingsEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} Merovingian kings are in boldface.

Chram (555–560)
Desiderius (583–587, jointly with Bladast)
Bladast (583–587, jointly with Desiderius)
Gundoald (584/585)
Austrovald (587–589)
Sereus (589–592)
Chlothar II (592–629)
Charibert II (629–632)
Chilperic (632)
Boggis (632–660)
Felix (660–670)
Lupus I (670–676)
Odo the Great (688–735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, or 715, unclear parentage
Hunald I (735–745), son of Odo the Great, abdicated to a monastery
Waifer (745–768), son of Hunald I
Hunald II (768–769), probably son of Waifer
Lupo II (768–781), Duke of Gascony, opposed Charlemagne's rule and Hunald's relatives.

Direct rule of Carolingian kingsEdit

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Restored dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kingsEdit

The Carolingian kings again appointed Dukes of Aquitaine, first in 852, and again since 866.Template:Citation needed Later, this duchy was also called Guyenne.Template:Citation needed

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids)Edit

Name	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death	King of the Franks (reign)
Ranulph I 852Template:Efn – 866	820	Adeltrude of Maine 3 children	866	Charles the Bald 843–877)
Ranulph IITemplate:Efn 887 – 890	850	N/A	5 August 890	Charles the Fat (881-888) Odo (888–898)

House of AuvergneEdit

The following were also Count of Auvergne.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Death	King of the Franks
William I the Pious (893–918)	File:Guillpieux.jpg	22 March 875	Template:Death date and age	Odo (888–898) Charles the Simple (898–922) Charles the Simple (898–922) Robert I (922–923) Rudolph (923–936)
William II the YoungerTemplate:Efn (918–926)			12 December 926
AcfredTemplate:Efn (926–927)			927

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (927–932)Edit

Ebalus the Bastard (also called Manzer) (927–932)), illegitimate son of Ranulph II and distant cousin of Acfred, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.

House of RouergueEdit

Raymond I Pons (932–936)
Raymond II (936–955)

House of CapetEdit

Hugh the Great (955–962)

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (962–1152)Edit

William III Towhead (962–963), son of Ebalus, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.
William IV Iron Arm (963–995), son of William III, also Count of Poitiers.
William V the Great (995–1030), son of William IV, also Count of Poitiers.
William VI the Fat (1030–1038), first son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
Odo (1038–1039), second son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William VII the Eagle (1039–1058), third son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
William VIII (1058–1086), fourth son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William IX the Troubadour (or the Younger) (1086–1127), son of William VIII, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William X the Saint (1127–1137), son of William IX, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
Eleanor of Aquitaine (1137–1204), daughter of William X, also Countess of Poitiers and Duchess of Gascony, married the kings of France and England in succession.
- Louis the Younger (1137–1152), also King of France, duke in right of his wife.

File:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg

Homage of Edward I of England (kneeling) to Philip IV of France (seated), by Jean Fouquet. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king

From 1152, the Duchy of Aquitaine was held by the Plantagenets, who also ruled England as independent monarchs and held other territories in France by separate inheritance (see Plantagenet Empire). The Plantagenets were often more powerful than the kings of France, and their reluctance to do homage to the kings of France for their lands in France was one of the major sources of conflict in medieval Western Europe.

House of PlantagenetEdit

Template:Sticky header

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death	King of France
Henry ITemplate:Efn Henry Curtmantle 18 May 1152Template:Efn – June 1172 (Template:Age in years and months)	Henry II	Royal Arms of England (1154–1189)	5 March 1133 Le Mans Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou and Matilda	Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 8 children	6 July 1189 Chinon Aged 56Template:Efn	Louis VII (1137-1180)
	Henry II	Royal Arms of England (1154–1189)			6 July 1189 Chinon Aged 56Template:Efn	Philip II (1180-1223)
Richard ITemplate:Efn Richard the Lionheart June 1172Template:Efn – 6 April 1199 (Template:Age in years and months)	Richard the Lionheart, an illustration from a 12th-century codex	File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg Template:Small	8 September 1157 Beaumont Palace Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 No children	6 April 1199 Châlus Shot by a quarrel aged 41Template:Efn
JohnTemplate:Efn John Lackland 27 May 1199Template:Efn – 19 October 1216 (Template:Age in years and days)	King John		24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	Template:Gray Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 No children Template:Gray Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 5 children	19 October 1216 Newark-on-Trent Aged 49Template:Efn
Henry II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}; Template:Harvnb.</ref> Henry III of England 28 October 1216Template:Efn – 16 November 1272 (Template:Age in years and days)		Henry III	1 October 1207 Winchester Castle Son of John and Isabella of Angoulême	Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 5 children		16 November 1272 Westminster Palace Aged 65
	Louis VIII (1223-1226)
	Louis IX (1226-1270)
	Philip III "the Bold" (1270-1285)
Edward I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	Philip III "the Bold" (1270-1285)		CitationClass=web }}; Template:Harvnb.</ref> Edward Longshanks 20 November 1272Template:Efn – 7 July 1307 (Template:Age in years and days)	Edward I of England	17 June 1239 Palace of Westminster Son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence	Template:Gray Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 18 October 1254 16 children Template:Gray Margaret of France Canterbury Cathedral 10 September 1299 3 children	7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands Aged 68
Edward I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314)			Edward I of England			7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands Aged 68
Edward II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314)		CitationClass=web }}; Template:Harvnb.</ref> Edward of Caernarfon 8 July 1307Template:Efn – 1325Template:Efn (Template:Age in years and days)	File:Edward II, King of England (Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson C 292, folio 105r).jpg	25 April 1284 Caernarfon Castle Son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile	Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 24 January 1308 4 children	21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle Murdered aged 43Template:Efn
	Louis X "the Quarreller" (1314-1316)
	John I "the Posthumous" (4 days in 1316)
	Philip V "the Tall" (1316-1322)
	Charles IV "the Fair" (1322-1328)
Edward III<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	Charles IV "the Fair" (1322-1328)		CitationClass=web }}; Template:Harvnb.</ref> Edward of Windsor 1325Template:Efn – 24 October 1360Template:Efn (Template:Age in years and days)	File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg	13 November 1312 Windsor Castle Son of Edward II and Isabella of France	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64
	File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg Template:Small	Philip VI "the Fortunate" (1328-1350)Template:Efn
	File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg Template:Small	John II "the Good" (1350-1364)Template:Efn

Plantagenet rulers of AquitaineEdit

In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine from Edward III, King of England.Template:Sfn Edward in turn claimed the title of King of France, by right of his descent from his maternal grandfather King Philip IV of France. This triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which both the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed supremacy over Aquitaine.

Template:Nobility table header |- | Edward III
Edward of Windsor
1337-1360 | File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg

| File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg
Template:Small

File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg
Template:Small | 13 November 1312
Windsor Castle

Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France

| Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children | 21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64 |}

Lord of Aquitaine (1360-1369)Edit

In 1360, both sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke).Template:Sfn However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed.

Template:Nobility table header |- | Edward III
Edward of Windsor
1337-1360 | File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg | File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg
Template:Small

| 13 November 1312
Windsor Castle

Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France

| Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children | 21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64 |}

Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony (1362-1372)Edit

In 1362, King Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales, Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony.<ref>Template:Harvnb cites Fœdera, iii. 667.</ref>

Template:Nobility table header |- | Edward, Prince of Wales
19 July 1362
-
6 October 1372
Template:Age in years and days | File:Edward III Black Prince 14thc.jpg | File:Arms of the Prince of Wales (Ancient).svg

| 15 June 1330
Woodstock Palace

Son of Edward III
and Philippa of Hainault
2 children

| Joan of Kent
1361 | 8 June 1376
Westminster Palace
Aged 45 |}

On 6 October 1372, Prince Edward (who had returned to England the previous year) resigned the Principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, stating that the revenues he earned from Aquitaine were no longer sufficient to cover his expenses.<ref>Template:Harvnb cites Rot. Parl. ii. 310; Hallam, Const Hist, iii. 47.</ref> Thus, King Edward III, his father, resumed his title as Duke of Aquitaine.