Elizabeth Ann Whitney

Template:Short description Template:Infobox Latter Day Saint biography Elizabeth Ann Smith Whitney (DecemberTemplate:Citation needed 26, 1800 – February 15, 1882) was an early Latter Day Saint leader, and wife to Newel K. Whitney, another early Latter Day Saint leader. She went by her middle name, Ann.<ref name="Tolman"/>

Early life and marriageEdit

Elizabeth Ann Smith was born in Derby, Connecticut, to Gibson Smith and Polly Bradley.<ref name="js papers">Template:Cite book</ref> She was the couple's oldest child.<ref name="women of mormondom" /> Her parents did not attend any church, but identified as Christian,<ref name="woman's exponent 8/15" /> and Ann Smith later described her young self as "naturally religious."<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> As a child, she was "carefully educated according to the customs of that early period",<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> such as dancing<ref name="woman's exponent 8/15">Template:Cite journal</ref> and singing.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> When Smith was about 18 years old,<ref name="women of mormondom" /> she had some sort of disagreement with her mother and left home.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> She followed her unmarried aunt, Sarah Smith, westward to Kirtland, Ohio.<ref name="women of mormondom">Template:Cite book</ref> In this venture, the two women displayed what Mark L. Staker, a faculty member of the LDS Church History Department, calls "a strong sense of self-reliance".<ref name=":3" /> Sarah Smith bought a parcel of land within the Connecticut Western Reserve, and soon one of Ann's uncles joined them in Ohio. Her father also tried to move west, but was prevented from doing so by his wife.<ref name=":3" />

When she was 20 she met her future husband, Newel K. Whitney. The couple was married on October 20, 1822<ref name="js papers" /> after a three-year courtship.<ref name=":3" /> They quickly accumulated wealth and status in their community.<ref name="women of mormondom" /> They had eleven children together and adopted several homeless children.<ref name="lds.org" />

ConversionEdit

In Kirtland, Ann and her husband joined the Disciples of Christ, called the Campbellites at the time, led in the area by Sidney Rigdon. This group denied it had power to give the gift of the Holy Spirit.<ref name="women of mormondom" /> This, along with vague answers to Whitney's questions, caused her and her husband to pray for direction.<ref name="women of character">Template:Cite book</ref> In response to that prayer, the couple claimed to have seen a vision and a voice stating, "Prepare to receive the word of the Lord, for it is coming!"<ref name="women of mormondom" />

Sidney Rigdon converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which had been established by Joseph Smith in April 1830. In 1830, Whitney heard of his conversion and of the missionaries who were in the area.<ref name="woman's exponent 9/1" /> She agreed to hear them preach, and was particularly impressed that they did not ask for any financial compensation from their audiences.<ref name=":0" /> She went home after hearing them speak to share with her husband that she felt it was the right church.<ref name="woman's exponent 9/1" /> Parley P. Pratt then taught Ann and Newel about the faith,<ref name=":2" /> and the two chose to be baptized in November 1830.<ref name="woman's exponent 9/1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Rigdon performed their baptisms.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Joseph and Emma Smith arrived at Newel K. Whitney's store in Kirtland in December 1830. Joseph said, "I am Joseph the Prophet; you have prayed me here; now what do you want of me?"<ref name="woman's exponent 9/1" /> The Smiths then stayed in their home.<ref name="lds.org">Template:Cite journal</ref> While there, Joseph received revelations that are recorded in Doctrine and Covenants,<ref name="woman's exponent 9/1" /> most likely sections 41 through 44.<ref name=":4" /> Whitney felt that the Joseph and Emma's coming was fulfillment of a vision she and Newel had previously witnessed, in which "a cloud of glory rested upon [their] house."<ref name=":0" /> They lodged with the Whitneys for a number of weeks.<ref name=":4" /> Joseph noticed the quality of Whitney's singing voice and accordingly dubbed her "the sweet songstress of Zion".<ref name=":1" /> Immediately after receiving her patriarchal blessing at the hand of Joseph Smith Sr., Whitney sang about the history and importance of Adam-ondi-Ahman in tongues.<ref name=":2" /> The blessing had mentioned the "gift of singing inspirationally."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Whitney and her husband hosted a three-day feast for the poor in January 1836. They lost some of their wealth when the Kirtland Safety Society Banking Company collapsed and people began persecuting members of the church.<ref name="women of character" />

Traveling westwardEdit

Whitney and her family traveled with the members of the church. They left Kirtland to move to Far West, Missouri in the fall of 1838 due to persecution.<ref name="woman's exponent 11/15">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, when they reached St. Louis, they were informed that Latter-day Saints were being kicked out of Missouri. They settled in Carrollton, Illinois during the winter of 1838–39. They then moved to Quincy, Illinois during the next winter. By the spring of 1840, they had reached Nauvoo, Illinois, then called Commerce.<ref name="js papers" /> When the family reached Nauvoo, most of them were sick, and Whitney had her ninth child.<ref name="woman's exponent 11/15"/> The couple received their endowments and were sealed in the Nauvoo Temple by Joseph Smith.<ref name="lds.org" />

The family continued moving with the Saints, and went to Winter Quarters in February, 1846 before migrating to the Salt Lake Valley.<ref name="js papers" /> During the difficult trek west, Whitney developed rheumatoid arthritis in her arms and legs. She also gave birth to a son, Newel M., at Winter Quarters.<ref name=":1" /> They arrived in Salt Lake City on September 24, 1848.<ref name="js papers" /> Two years later, her husband died.<ref name="women of character" />

LDS Church serviceEdit

In March 1842, Whitney became one of the original leaders of the Relief Society, with Emma Hale Smith, Sarah M. Cleveland, and Eliza Roxcy Snow<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (who had been her acquaintance in Kirtland). Whitney served as the second counselor under Emma Smith.<ref>Nauvoo Relief Society Minute Book, p. 8</ref><ref name="Madsen">Template:Cite book</ref> Whitney presided over many of the Relief Society's last meetings in Nauvoo, as Emma Smith was away travelling, ill, or struggling with Joseph Smith's doctrine of plural marriage.<ref name="Tolman">Template:Cite book</ref> Ann and Newell Whitney consented for Joseph Smith to marry their daughter in 1842. Shortly after Joseph Smith's death in 1844, Newel took another wife. Ann wrote that she was "more favorably disposed to women as a class" since she had a sister wife.<ref name="Tolman" />

File:Three Women of Mormondom.png

Elizabeth Ann Whitney (left) with Emmeline B. Wells (center) and Eliza R. Snow (right), ca. 1876

After the Nauvoo temple was completed, Whitney was the second woman to receive her endowment (after Emma Smith).<ref name="Tolman"/> Whitney worked there daily during the winter of 1845–46 to help other members receive their endowments.<ref name="lds.org" /><ref name="Madsen"/> In 1850, Brigham Young called her to be in charge of the women's department of the Endowment House.<ref name="Madsen"/> Whitney also served as second counselor to Eliza R. Snow in the Relief Society presidency from 1880–82.<ref name="women of character" />

Later yearsEdit

Beginning in August 1878, Whitney's autobiography was published in a series called A Leaf from an Autobiography in the Woman's Exponent.Template:Citation needed In November 1879, she purchased a plot of land that had previously belonged to Brigham Young.<ref>Template:Cite archive</ref>

DeathEdit

Elizabeth Whitney was affectionately called "Mother Whitney" by members of the church for her service and compassion.<ref name="lds.org" /> It is noted that she had the gift of tongues, and that she even sang in tongues.<ref name="women of character" /> Whitney also used seer stones.<ref name="Staker">Template:Cite journal</ref> She died in Salt Lake City in 1882<ref name="js papers"/> and was buried in Salt Lake City Cemetery. At the time of her death she was the second oldest member of the LDS church.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Daniel H. Wells, Lorenzo D. Young, and Joseph F. Smith spoke at Whitney's funeral and praised her for her faith and service in the church.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A residence hall at Brigham Young University was named after her in 1957.<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Closed access</ref>

File:ElizabethAnnWhitneyGrave.jpg

Elizabeth Ann Whitney's grave marker

PublicationsEdit

ReferencesEdit

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