Eponym

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An eponym is a noun after which or for which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. Adjectives derived from the word eponym include eponymous and eponymic.

Eponyms are commonly used for time periods, places, innovations, biological nomenclature, astronomical objects, works of art and media, and tribal names. Various orthographic conventions are used for eponyms.

Usage of the wordEdit

The term eponym<ref>(ancient Greek ἐπώνυμος (a.) given as a name, (b.) giving one's name to a thing or person, ἐπί upon + ὄνομα, Aeolic ὄνυμα name)</ref><ref name=OED>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> functions in multiple related ways, all based on an explicit relationship between two named things. Eponym may refer to a person Template:Endash or, less commonly,<ref name=OED/> a place or thing Template:Endash for which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. Eponym may also refer to someone or something named after, or believed to be named after, a person Template:Endash or, less commonly, a place or thing. A person, place, or thing named after a particular person share an eponymous relationship. In this way, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, but the Elizabethan era can also be referred to as the eponym of Elizabeth I of England. Eponyms may be named for things or places, for example 10 Downing Street, a building named after its street address. Adjectives and verbs may be eponyms, for example bowdlerize.

Adjectives derived from the word eponym include eponymous and eponymic. When Henry Ford is referred to as "the eponymous founder of the Ford Motor Company", his surname "Ford" and the name of the motor company have an eponymous relationship. The word "eponym" can also refer to the title character of a fictional work (such as Rocky Balboa of the Rocky film series), as well as to self-titled works named after their creators (such as the album The Doors by the band the Doors).

Walt Disney created the eponymous Walt Disney Company, with his name similarly extended to theme parks such as Walt Disney World.<ref name=dictionary_com_eponym>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=m-w_eponym>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=dictionary_com_eponymous>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=m-w_eponymous>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Medical eponymous terms are often called medical eponyms, although that usage is deprecable.Template:Citation needed

HistoryEdit

Periods have often been named after a ruler or other influential figure:

One of the first recorded cases of eponymy occurred in the second millennium BC, when the Assyrians named each year after a high official (limmu).
In ancient Greece, the eponymous archon was the highest magistrate in classical Athens. Eponymous archons served a term of one year which took the name of that particular archon (e.g., 594 BC was named after Solon). Later historians provided yet another case of eponymy by referring to the period of fifth-century Athens as The Age of Pericles after its most influential statesman Pericles.
In Ptolemaic Egypt, the head priest of the Cult of Alexander and the Ptolemies was the eponymous priest after whom years were named.
The Hebrew Bible explains the origins of peoples through individuals who bear their name. Jacob is renamed "Israel" (Gen 35:9) and his sons (or grandsons) name the original 12 tribes of Israel, while Edomites (Gen. 25:30), Moabites and Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38), Canaanites (Gen. 9:20-27) and other tribes (the Kenites named after CainTemplate:Cn (Cain's life is detailed in Gen. 4:1-16)) are said to be named after other primal ancestors bearing their name. In most cases, the experiences and behavior of the ancestor is meant to indicate the characteristics of the people who take their name.
In ancient Rome, one of the two formal ways of indicating a year was to cite the two annual consuls who served in that year. For example, the year we know as 59 BC would have been described as "the consulship of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and Gaius Julius Caesar" (although that specific year was known jocularly as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar" because of the insignificance of Caesar's counterpart). Under the empire, the consuls would change as often as every two months, but only the two consuls at the beginning of the year would lend their names to that year.
During the Christian era, itself eponymous, many royal households used eponymous dating by regnal years. The Roman Catholic Church, however, eventually used the Anno Domini dating scheme - based on the birth of Christ - on both the general public and royalty. The regnal year standard is still used with respect to statutes and law reports published in some parts of the United Kingdom and in some Commonwealth countries (England abandoned this practice in 1963).
Government administrations may become referred to eponymously, such as Kennedy's Camelot and the Nixon Era.
British monarchs have become eponymous throughout the English-speaking world for time periods, fashions, etc. Elizabethan, Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian are examples of these.

Trends

Political trends or movements are often named after a government leader. Examples include Jacksonian democracy, Stalinism, Maoism, Obamacare, and Thatcherism.

Other eponymsEdit

In intellectual property law, an eponym can refer to a generic trademark or brand name, a form of metonymy, such as aspirin,<ref name=bayer>Bayer Co. v. United Drug Co., 272 F. 505 (S.D.N.Y. 1921) Template:Webarchive, Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, accessed March 25th, 2011</ref> heroin<ref name=etymon>Template:Cite OEtymD</ref> and thermos<ref name=fed>King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Indus., Inc., 321 F.2d 577 (2d Cir. 1963); see also this PDF Template:Webarchive</ref> in the United States.
In geography, places and towns can also be given an eponymous name through a relationship to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek hero Pelops. In historical times, new towns have often been named (and older communities renamed) after their founders, discoverers, or notable individuals. Examples include Vancouver, British Columbia, named after explorer George Vancouver; and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, originally called Isbister's Settlement but renamed after Queen Victoria's husband and consort in 1866.
Template:AnchorIn science and technology:
- Discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer or a figure influential in their advance. Examples are the Avogadro constant, the Diesel engine, meitnerium, Alzheimer's disease, and the Apgar score. For a different view of the process see Stigler's law of eponymy.
- In biological nomenclature, organisms often receive scientific names that honor a person. Examples are the plant Linnaea (after Carl Linnaeus), the baobab Adansonia (after Michel Adanson), and the moth Caligula (after the Roman emperor Caligula).<ref name="beo">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="IDF2015">Template:Cite journal</ref> Common names can also be named after a person. Later, people may decide that they do not wish to memorialize a particular person, resulting in efforts to change a long-standing name. As debating each individual name is time-consuming, the American Ornithological Society announced in 2024 that they would establish new common names for all birds in North America that had previously been named after a person, without regard to whether modern culture would judge the person well or poorly.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Relatedly, biomedical terminology uses many eponymous terms, and many also have noneponymous synonyms.
- Many astronomical objects are named after their discoverer or another person.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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In art:
- Plays, books, and other forms of entertainment may have eponymous names, such as the ancient Greek epic The Odyssey, derived from its principal character, Odysseus, and the novel Robinson Crusoe.
- The term is also used in the music industry, usually with regard to record titles, where it is prevalent and leads to confusion. For example, Bad Company's first album was entitled Bad Company and contained a popular song named "Bad Company". Parodying this, the band R.E.M. titled a 1988 compilation album Eponymous. One especially convoluted case of eponyms is the 1969 song "Black Sabbath", named after the 1963 movie Black Sabbath; the band that wrote the song changed their name to Black Sabbath and released it on the album Black Sabbath.
In tribal antiquity, both in ancient Greece and independently among the Hebrews, tribes often took the name of a legendary leader (as Achaeus for Achaeans, or Dorus for Dorians). The eponym gave apparent meaning to the mysterious names of tribes, and sometimes, as in the Sons of Noah, provided a primitive attempt at ethnology as well, in the genealogical relationships of eponymous originators.

Orthographic conventionsEdit

Capitalized versus lowercaseEdit

Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. When used as proper adjectives they are normally capitalized, for example Victorian, Shakespearean, and Kafkaesque.<ref name="oxford">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
However, some eponymous adjectives and noun adjuncts are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercase when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun origin.<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> For example, Herculean when referring to Hercules himself, but often herculean when referring to the figurative, generalized extension sense;<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> and quixotic and diesel engine [lowercase only].<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as "or", "also", "often", or "sometimes"). The Chicago Manual of Style, in its section "Words derived from proper names",<ref name="CMOS_14e_pp253-254">Template:Cite book</ref> gives some examples of both lowercase and capitalized stylings, including a few terms styled both ways, and says, "Authors and editors must decide for themselves, but whatever choice is made should be followed consistently throughout a work."
When the eponym is used together with a noun, the common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). For example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not. In addition, the adjectival form, where one exists, is usually lowercased for medical terms (thus parkinsonian although Parkinson disease),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and gram-negative, gram-positive although Gram stain.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerging Infectious Diseases Style Guide. Preferred Usage Template:Webarchive</ref> Uppercase Gram-positive or Gram-negative however are also commonly used in scientific journal articles and publications.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> In other fields, the eponym derivative is commonly capitalized, for example, Newtonian in physics,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Platonic in philosophy (however, use lowercase platonic when describing love).<ref name="oxford"/> The capitalization is retained after a prefix and hyphen, e.g. non-Newtonian.<ref name="oxford"/>

For examples, see the comparison table below.

Genitive versus attributiveEdit

English can use either genitive case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or non-possessive.) Thus Parkinson's disease and Parkinson disease are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in recent decades.<ref name="AMAMOS2007ch16">Template:Citation, chapter 16: Eponyms.</ref> Thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in postprints) than Parkinson's disease.

National varieties of EnglishEdit

American and British English spelling differences may apply to eponyms. For example, British style would typically be caesarean section, which is also found in American medical publications, but cæsarean section (with a ligature) is sometimes seen in (mostly older) British writing, and cesarean is preferred by American dictionaries and some American medical works.<ref>Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) uses "cesarean section" Template:Webarchive, while the also US-published Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary uses "caesarean" Template:Webarchive. The online versions of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Template:Webarchive and American Heritage Dictionary Template:Webarchive list "cesarean" first and other spellings as "variants", an etymologically anhistorical position.</ref>

Comparison table of eponym orthographic stylingEdit

Prevalent dictionary styling today	Stylings that defy prevalent dictionary styling	Comments
abelian<ref name="M-W_C_10" />	*Abelian
Addison disease<ref name="Dorlands31">Template:Citation</ref>	Addison Disease addison disease
Allemann syndrome<ref name="Dorlands31" />	Allemann Syndrome allemann syndrome
cesarean [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> cesarean also cesarian [but no cap variant]<ref name="M-W_C_10">Template:Citation</ref> cesarean, "often capitalized" or caesarean also cesarian or caesarian<ref name="M-W_C_11">Template:Citation</ref>		More information on this word's orthographic variants is at Wiktionary: Template:Linktext.
darwinian [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> darwinism [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> Darwinian [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> Darwinism [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> Darwinist [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" />
diesel (n/adj/vi) [no cap variant]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4">Template:Citation</ref> and also diesel-electric<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> diesel engine<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> dieseling<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> dieselize, dieselization<ref name="M-W_C_10" />	Diesel engine Dieseling *Dieselize, Dieselization
draconian<ref name="AHD4" /> draconian often Draconian<ref name="M-W_C_10" />
eustachian [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> eustachian often Eustachian<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> eustachian tube [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> eustachian tube often Eustachian tube<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> eustachian tube or Eustachian tube<ref name="AHD4" />	*Eustachian Tube
fallopian [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> fallopian often Fallopian<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> fallopian tube [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> fallopian tube often Fallopian tube<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> fallopian tube also Fallopian tube<ref name="AHD4" />	*Fallopian Tube
Marxism [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> Marxist [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" />	marxism marxist
mendelian [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> or Mendelian [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> mendelian inheritance [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> or Mendelian inheritance [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> but Mendel's laws<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="Dorlands31" />	*Mendelian Inheritance
Newtonian [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" />	*newtonian
parkinsonism [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="Dorlands31" /> parkinsonian [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="Dorlands31" /> parkinsonian tremor<ref name="Dorlands31" /> Parkinson disease [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /> Parkinson's disease [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" />	Parkinsonism Parkinsonian Parkinsonian tremor Parkinsonian Tremor Parkinson Disease Parkinson's Disease
quixotic [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" />	*Quixotic
Roman numerals<ref name="AHD4" /> roman numerals<ref name="M-W_C_10" />		AMA Manual of Style lowercases the terms roman numerals and arabic numerals. MWCD enters the numeral sense under the headword Roman but with the note "not cap" on the numeral sense.<ref name="M-W_C_10" />