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Ernest J. Gaines

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox writer Ernest James Gaines (January 15, 1933 – November 5, 2019) was an American author whose works have been taught in college classrooms and translated into many languages, including French, Spanish, German, Russian and Chinese. Four of his works were made into television movies.<ref>Lockhart, John M. "Words & Music", The Riverside Reader Template:Webarchive, February 4, 2008, p. 1.</ref>

Born in Louisiana, Gaines spent his early life living on the Riverlake Plantation before moving to California and later serving in the United States Army. Over the course of his life, Gaines worked a variety of temporary jobs to support his life as a writer. His works include themes such as race, family, community, and humanity.

His 1993 novel, A Lesson Before Dying, won the National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction. Gaines was a MacArthur Foundation fellow, was awarded the National Humanities Medal, and was inducted into the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) as a Chevalier.

Early lifeEdit

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The Riverlake Plantation in Oscar, Point Coupee Parish, LA.
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Gaines was among the fifth generation of his sharecropper family to be born on the Riverlake Plantation in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana. That became the setting and premise for many of his later works. The oldest of 12 children, he was raised by his disabled great aunt, Miss Augusteen Jefferson, whose legs were paralyzed. According to A Gathering of Gaines by Anne K. Simpson, she chose to crawl using her upper body rather than use a welfare-donated wheelchair.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite book</ref> Her considerable influence on Gaines and his writing is a recurring topic in interviews with him and---in an interview from the Southwestern Review in 1978---Gaines credits her as having "'the greatest impact on [his] life, not only as a writer but as a man."<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Although born generations after the end of slavery, Gaines grew up impoverished, living in the old slave quarters on the plantation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Gaines' first years of school took place in the plantation church. When the children were not picking cotton in the fields, a visiting teacher came for five to six months of the year to provide basic education. Gaines then spent three years at St. Augustine School, a Catholic school for African Americans in New Roads, Louisiana. Schooling for African-American children did not continue beyond the eighth grade during this time in Pointe Coupee Parish.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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When he was 15 years old, Gaines moved to Vallejo, California, to join his mother and stepfather, who had left Louisiana during World War II.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He wrote his first novel at 16 while he was babysitting his youngest brother Michael. According to one account, he wrapped it in brown paper, tied it with string, and sent it to a New York publisher, who rejected it. After the parcel containing his manuscript was returned to him---rejection slip enclosed---Gaines incinerated that first copy, page by page, but later rewrote the novel, which became his first published book, Catherine Carmier.

EducationEdit

CollegeEdit

In 1951, after graduating from high school and as the first male in his family to do so, Gaines enrolled at Vallejo Junior College.<ref name=":03">Template:Cite book</ref> After studying there for two years, Gaines received an Associate of Arts in Journalism.<ref name=":03" /> He was then drafted by the United States Army, completed basic training, and served a two-year stint in Guam before being discharged in 1955. While stationed in Guam, Gaines entered a writing competition organized by the U.S. Far East Command in Japan and was awarded two monetary prizes for the short stories he submitted.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Then, in the Fall of 1955, Gaines used a $110-a-month military stipend provided to him through the G.I. Bill to enroll at San Francisco State University (SFSU).<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref> There is contradictory information as to what Gaines studied while there. According to Simpson, he studied English and social studies.<ref name=":03" /> However, in Ernest J. Gaines: A Critical Companion, Karen Carmean wrote that Gaines studied language arts as his major with a minor in English literature.<ref name=":1" />

In 1956, Gaines published his first short story, "The Turtles", in a college magazine at SFSU.

Stanford UniversityEdit

In 1957, Gaines graduated from SFSU with a Bachelor of Arts in Language Arts. That same year, Gaines became a fellow after he submitted three of his stories for consideration for the Wallace Stegner Creative Writing Fellowship at Stanford University.<ref name=":04">Template:Cite book</ref> During his time there, his professors offered constructive feedback that would impact his overall writing style.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":12">Template:Cite book</ref> This, too, was the year that Gaines gave himself a driving ultimatum: ten years to become a successful writer and to decide whether or not he was satisfied with his accomplishments.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":23">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":12" /> According to Gaines, it was exactly ten years later that he started to make it as a professional writer.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":12" />

After StanfordEdit

In 1959, Gaines then returned to his previously failed attempt at writing Catherine Carmier and based on that work, went on to win the Joseph Henry Jackson Award for "Best Novel-in-Progress".<ref name=":05">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":24">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":13">Template:Cite book</ref> This same year, he began working with Dorothea Oppenheimer, then an editor, who would later become his literary agent.<ref name=":13" /> Over the years, the two would become close, maintaining a relationship of mutual faith and friendship until her death in 1987.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Between 1959 and 1964 were lean years for him: living on $175 per month, Gaines himself said during an interview that it was though he only had enough money to focus on his immediate, basic needs "'No one twisted my arm to be a writer, I chose it.'"<ref name=":24" /> During this time, he worked a number of temporary jobs. Then, in 1964, Gaines published Catherine Carmier, his first novel.

From 1981 until retiring in 2004, Gaines was a Writer-in-Residence at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. In 1996, Gaines spent a full semester as a visiting professor at the University of Rennes in France, where he taught the first creative writing class ever offered in the French university system.<ref>Wolfgang Lepschy and Ernest J. Gaines, "A MELUS Interview :Ernest J. Gaines", The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States (MELUS), Volume 24, Number 1 (Spring 1999).</ref>

In the final years of his life, Gaines lived on Louisiana Highway 1 in Oscar, Louisiana, where he and his wife, Dianne Gaines, built a home on part of the old plantation where he grew up.<ref name='Skurnick'/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He had the building where he attended church and school moved to his property.<ref name='Skurnick'/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to his author page, Gaines "holds honorary doctorates from 19 universities".<ref name=":32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is a more recent number compared to in Simpson's work, as at the time she wrote on him, he had five honorary degrees.<ref name=":07">Template:Cite book</ref>

Gaines died from natural causes at his home on November 5, 2019. He was 86 years old.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

During his college years, Gaines decided against marriage for himself.<ref name=":06">Template:Cite book</ref> This, according to him, was because writers have a tendency to prioritize their work above all else. He would, however, later go on to marry Dianne Mary Gaines in 1993.<ref name="Skurnick" /><ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The two had met in 1988 at the Miami International Book Fair. While the two would not have any children with one another, Gaines then became the stepfather of Dianne's four children from a previous marriage. According to Gaines, though he regretted not having any children of his own, that regret is tempered by his certainty that writing was his calling, and that in so answering that call he would not have been able to support a child.<ref name=":28">Template:Cite book</ref>

Gaines, while raised Baptist as a child and having gone to Catholic school for three years while living in Louisiana, was not religious as an adult. His opinion on the topic was that, while religion was not for him, it played an important role in many people's lives and that it was important for people to have something "greater than them" to believe in.<ref name=":25">Template:Cite book</ref>

His greatest literary influences were Hemingway and Faulkner, though he read a variety of authors including Turgenev, Tolstoy, and Chekov.<ref name=":09">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":27">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":14">Template:Cite book</ref>

Appearance and personalityEdit

Due to his belief that "a strong body helps the mind to work,"<ref name=":08">Template:Cite book</ref> Gaines lived a healthy lifestyle. While talking, he often used hand gestures.<ref name=":08" /> Gaines has also been described as genuine, modest, and humane. In one interview, when asked what Gaines was proudest of, he responded "Being able to work, do my work---that I'm proud of."<ref name=":26">Template:Cite book</ref> He was an avid reader and collector of books. When it came to his work, Gaines took a single-minded approach and accepted nothing less than what he believed was acceptable.<ref name=":26" /> According to an interview with Gaines in 1976, he was "About six feet tall, and stocky" and spoke without a Southern accent.<ref name=":26" />

He valued respect, diligence, and accountability in both himself and those he interacted with both professionally and privately.<ref name=":02" /> Gaines was also known as someone who cared about others and was slow to anger to most things bar a couple of exceptions: namely, human injustice and, to a lesser degree, when the effort he put into his work was not reciprocated by those he worked with.<ref name=":02" /> He was praised highly by his students.<ref name=":02" />

BibliographyEdit

Books

Short stories

Filmography

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RecognitionsEdit

AwardsEdit

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Honorary DegreesEdit

  • Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Louisiana State University (1987)<ref name=":02" />
  • Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) degree from Whittier College (1986)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Bard College (1985)<ref name=":02" />
  • Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Brown University (1984)<ref name=":02" />
  • Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Denison University in Granville, Ohio (1980)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary ExcellenceEdit

A book award established by donors of the Baton Rouge Area Foundation in 2007 to honor Gaines' legacy and encourage rising African-American fiction writers. The winner is selected by a panel of five judges who are well known in the literary world. The winner receives a US$10,000 award and a commemorative sculpture created by Louisiana artist Robert Moreland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

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