Foreign relations of Brazil

Template:Short description Template:Sidebar with collapsible listsThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for managing the foreign relations of Brazil. Brazil has the largest economy in Latin America and is a key political and economic power on the world stage.<ref>Country Profile: Brazil Template:Webarchive UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved on 2009-01-05.</ref> Brazil's foreign policy reflects its role as a regional power and a potential world power and is designed to help protect the country's national interests, national security, ideological goals, and economic prosperity.

Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. Brazilian foreign policy has recently aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States, and act at times as a countervailing force to U.S. political and economic influence in Latin America.

Overview

The President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.<ref>Article 84 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil Template:Webarchive V-Brazil. Retrieved on 2011-09-20.</ref>

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, also known as Itamaraty, is the government department responsible for advising the President and conducting Brazil's foreign relations with other countries and international bodies. Itamaraty's scope includes political, commercial, economic, financial, cultural and consular relations, areas in which it performs the classical tasks of diplomacy: represent, inform and administer. Foreign policy priorities are established by the President.

Foreign policy

Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's unique position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power.<ref>U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil Template:Webarchive United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.</ref> Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries.<ref>Georges D. Landau, "The Decision-making Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil," Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003</ref> Brazil engages in multilateral diplomacy through the Organization of American States and the United Nations, and has increased ties with developing countries in Africa and Asia. Brazil is currently commanding a multinational U.N. stabilization force in Haiti, the MINUSTAH. Instead of pursuing unilateral prerogatives, Brazilian foreign policy has tended to emphasize regional integration, first through the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosul) and now the Union of South American Nations. Brazil is also committed to cooperation with other Portuguese-speaking nations<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> through joint-collaborations with the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world, in several domains which include military cooperation, financial aid, and cultural exchange. This is done in the framework of CPLP,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> for instance. Lula da Silva visit to Africa in 2003 included State visits to three Portuguese-speaking African nations (Angola, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Mozambique).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Finally, Brazil is also strongly committed in the development and restoration of peace in East Timor, where it has a very powerful influence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Brazil's political, business, and military ventures are complemented by the country's trade policy. In Brazil, the Ministry of Foreign Relations continues to dominate trade policy, causing the country's commercial interests to be (at times) subsumed by a larger foreign policy goal, namely, enhancing Brazil's influence in Latin America and the world.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>CRS Report RL33258, Brazilian Trade Policy and the United States, by J. F. Hornbeck</ref> For example, while concluding meaningful trade agreements with developed countries (such as the United States and the European Union) would probably be beneficial to Brazil's long-term economic self-interest, the Brazilian government has instead prioritized its leadership role within Mercosul and expanded trade ties with countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.

Brazil's soft power diplomacy involves institutional strategies such as the formation of diplomatic coalitions to constrain the power of the established great powers.<ref name="RBPI">Brazil in the BRIC initiative: soft balancing in the shifting world order? Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> In recent years, it has given high priority in establishing political dialogue with other strategic actors such as India, Russia, China and South Africa through participation in international groupings such as BASIC, IBSA and BRICS. The BRICS states have been amongst the most powerful drivers of incremental change in world diplomacy and they benefit most from the connected global power shifts.<ref name="RBPI" />

Workers Party administration: 2003-2016

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Lula and Cuban leader Fidel Castro, 2003

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Lula with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, 2005

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Lula and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, 2005

File:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2009.jpg

Lula with Iranian president Ahmadinejad, 2009

The Brazilian foreign policy under the Lula da Silva administration (2003–2010) focused on the following directives: to contribute toward the search for greater equilibrium and attenuate unilateralism; to strengthen bilateral and multilateral relations in order to increase the country's weight in political and economic negotiations on an international level; to deepen relations so as to benefit from greater economical, financial, technological and cultural interchange; to avoid agreements that could jeopardize development in the long term.<ref name="UNESP">Lula da Silva’s Foreign Policy: The Autonomy through Diversification Strategy Template:Webarchive Vigevani, Tullo; Cepaluni, Gabriel. Retrieved on 2009-07-11.</ref>

These directives implied precise emphasis on: the search for political coordination with emerging and developing countries, namely India, South Africa, Russia and China; creation of the Union of South American Nations and its derivative bodies, such as the South American Security Council; strengthening of Mercosul; projection at the Doha Round and WTO; maintenance of relations with developed countries, including the United States; undertaking and narrowing of relations with African countries; campaign for the reform of the United Nations Security Council and for a permanent seat for Brazil; and defense of social objectives allowing for a greater equilibrium between the States and populations.<ref name="UNESP"/>

From 2003 to 2010, Lula embraced China as central to reforming what he considered an unjust global order.<ref name="auto11">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lula stated Brazil's commitment to the One China principle that is the position held by the People's Republic of China and the ruling Chinese Communist Party, saying that the government of the People's Republic of China was the sole legal government representing the whole of China, including Taiwan -- as part of China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Under Lula, Brazil provided money and corporate support to Cuba.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The state-controlled Brazilian oil company Petrobras studied the possibility of drilling for oil off of Cuba, while the Odebrecht construction firm headed a revamp of the Cuban port of Mariel into the island's main commercial port.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil's state-run Brazilian Development Bank gave $300 million to Odebrecht to build new roads, rail lines, wharves, and warehouses at Mariel.<ref name="auto3"/> Brazil also offered Cuba up to $1 billion in credit lines to pay for Brazilian goods and services.<ref name="auto2"/>

In November 2007, Lula defended Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez as the democratic choice of his people.<ref name="auto9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He said: "There is no risk with Chávez."<ref name="auto9"/> Expressing his admiration for Chávez, he said "Only thanks to Chávez’s leadership, the people [of Venezuela] have had extraordinary achievements," and that in 2008 that Chávez was "the best president the country has had in 100 years."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The foreign policy of the Rousseff administration (2011–2016) sought to deepen Brazil's regional commercial dominance and diplomacy, expand Brazil's presence in Africa, and play a major role in the G20 on global warming and in other multilateral settings.<ref>Brazil's Rousseff: Continuity and Tests Template:Webarchive Sweig, Julia E. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on 2011-09-19.</ref> At the United Nations, Brazil continues to oppose Economic sanctions and foreign military intervention, while seeking to garner support for a permanent seat at the Security Council.<ref>Rousseff Tweaks Brazil's Foreign Policy at the UN Template:Webarchive Council of the Americas.

Retrieved on 2011-09-19.</ref> Cooperation with other emerging powers remain a top priority in Brazil's global diplomatic strategy. On the recent airstrike resolution supporting military action in Libya, Brazil joined fellow BRICS in the Council and abstained. On the draft resolution condemning violence in Syria, Brazil worked with India and South Africa to try to bridge the Western powers' divide with Russia and China.<ref>Rousseff's foreign policy has limited room for change Template:Webarchive Brazil Politics. Retrieved on 2011-09-19.</ref>

Bolsonaro administration, 2019-2022

After Rousseff's impeachment, Brazil started reconnecting with its western allies. In 2019 Jair Bolsonaro succeeded Michel Temer. The new foreign policy focused on a reapprochement with major governments especially the United States and Colombia in the Americas; Israel, Japan and South Korea in Asia; United Kingdom, Italy and Greece in Europe. The Brazil–Portugal relations were also strengthened, and despite disagreements over the crisis in Venezuela, Brazil remained close to the BRICS countries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Bolsonaro with United States President Donald Trump at the White House, 19 March 2019

File:20 09 2021 - Encontro com o Primeiro Ministro do Reino Unido, Boris Johnson (51496837523).jpg

Bolsonaro with United Kingdom Prime Minister Boris Johnson, 20 September 2021

During the 2018 presidential campaign, Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil's foreign relations, saying that the "Itamaraty needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people". He also said that the country should stop "praising dictators" and attacking democracies, such as the United States, Israel and Italy.<ref name="foreignpolicy">Template:Cite news</ref> In early 2018, he affirmed that his "trip to the five democratic countries the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan showed who we will be and we would like to join good people". Bolsonaro has shown distrust towards China throughout the presidential campaign claiming they "[want to] buy Brazil",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> although Brazil recorded a US$20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018, and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil.<ref name="ft">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bolsonaro said he wishes to continue to have business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should "make better [economic] deals" with other countries, with no "ideological agenda" behind it.<ref name="estadaomarco">Template:Cite news</ref> His stance towards China has also been interpreted as an attempt to curry favor from the Trump administration to garner concessions from the US.<ref name="ft"/> However, Bolsonaro has mostly changed his position on China after he took office, saying that the two countries were "born to walk together" during his visit to Beijing in October 2019.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He has also said that Brazil will stay out of the ongoing China-U.S. trade war.<ref name=":5" />

Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president would be to Israel.<ref name="palestine">Template:Cite news</ref> Bolsonaro also said that the State of Palestine "is not a country, so there should be no embassy here", adding that "you don't negotiate with terrorists."<ref name="palestine" /> The announcement was warmly received by the prime minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re-election campaign,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but was met with condemnation from the Arab League, which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> "I love Israel," Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony, with Netanyahu at his side, at Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Bolsonaro with Chinese President Xi Jinping in October 2019

Bolsonaro also praised U.S. President Donald Trump and his foreign policy,<ref name="foreignpolicy" /> and has been called "the tropical Trump".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His son Eduardo has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from Iran, sever ties with Nicolás Maduro's government in Venezuela and relocate Brazil's embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bolsonaro is widely considered the most pro-American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members said that if elected, he would dramatically improve relations between the United States and Brazil.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During an October 2017 campaign rally in Miami, he saluted the American flag and led chants of "USA! USA!" to a large crowd.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton praised Bolsonaro as a "like-minded" partner and said his victory was a "positive sign" for Latin America.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

At the regional level, Bolsonaro praised Argentine President Mauricio Macri for ending the 12-year rule of Néstor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff. Although he does not have plans to leave the Mercosur, he criticized it for prioritizing ideological issues over economic ones.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A staunch anti-communist, Bolsonaro has condemned Cuba's former leader Fidel Castro and the current regime in that island.<ref name="churchill"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Bolsonaro praised British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, saying that he had learned from Churchill: "Patriotism, love for your fatherland, respect for your flag – something that has been lost over the last few years here in BrazilTemplate:Nbsp... and governing through example, especially at that difficult moment of the Second World War."<ref name="churchill">Template:Cite news</ref> Bolsonaro said he's open to the possibility of hosting a U.S. military base in Brazil to counter Russian influence in the region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With the intention to persuade Trump to make Brazil a NATO member in March 2019, Bolsonaro said: "the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Bolsonaro and Putin in November 2019 (cropped).jpg

Bolsonaro with Russian President Vladimir Putin in November 2019

With formal U.S. support for Brazil's entry to OECD in May 2019, Bolsonaro said, "currently, all 36 members of the organization support the entry of the country, fruit of confidence in the new Brazil being built, more free, open and fair".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In October 2019, on a state visit to China, he announced the end of the need for visas for Chinese and Indian entry into Brazil. Brazil had already removed the need for visas for people from the U.S., Canada, Japan, and Australia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Lula second presidency, 2023-present

In May 2022, Lula placed blame for Russia's invasion of Ukraine on Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, saying "This guy is as responsible as Putin for the war".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lula also repeatedly attacked NATO and the European Union as having caused the war.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After Germany appealed to Lula to provide military aid to Ukraine by selling it arms, Lula refused.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2023, Lula said that he will invite Vladimir Putin to Brazil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In February 2024, he was visited by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In November 2023, Lula met in Riyadh with the prime minister and crown prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They discussed strengthening bilateral relations, and investments in both countries.<ref name="auto18"/><ref name="auto17"/> Salman said that a more robust strategic partnership between the two countries would benefit both sides.<ref name="auto18"/> The $10 billion that the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia pledged to invest in Brazil was one topic of conversation.<ref name="auto18"/><ref name="auto17"/> Lula mentioned Brazil's rapprochement with Arab countries.<ref name="auto18"/> Salman also discussed Saudi Arabia's entry into BRICS in January 2024.<ref name="auto18"/> Lula invited Salman to visit Brazil in 2024.<ref name="auto18"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/>

Regional policy

File:Mercosul-04-jul-2005.jpeg

Mercosur, a regional trade bloc between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

Over the first decade of the 21st century, Brazil has firmly established itself as a regional power.<ref name="USCongress">Congressional Research Report on Brazil-U.S. Relations: Regional Policy (p.12) U.S. Congress. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> It has traditionally, if controversially,<ref>Malamud, Andrés (2011). "A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy". Latin American Politics and Society, 53 (3): 1–24. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00123.x.</ref> been a leader in the inter-American community and played an important role in collective security efforts, as well as in economic cooperation in the Western Hemisphere.<ref name="statedept">Background Note: Brazil – Foreign relations U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> Brazilian foreign policy supports economic and political integration efforts in order to reinforce long-standing relationships with its neighbors.<ref name="USCongress" /> It is a founding member of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty).<ref name="statedept" /> It has given high priority to expanding relations with its South American neighbors and strengthening regional bodies such as the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and Mercosur.<ref name="statedept" /> Although integration is the primary purpose of these organizations, they also serve as forums in which Brazil can exercise its leadership and develop consensus around its positions on regional and global issues.<ref name="USCongress" /> Most scholars agree that by promoting integration through organizations like Mercosur and UNASUR, Brazil has been able to solidify its role as a regional power.<ref name="USCongress" /> In addition to consolidating its power within South America, Brazil has sought to expand its influence in the broader region by increasing its engagement in the Caribbean and Central America.,<ref name="USCongress" /> although some think this is still a fragile, ongoing process, that can be thwarted by secondary regional powers in South America.[1]

In April 2019 Brazil left Union of South American Nations (Unasur) to become a member of Forum for the Progress and Development of South America (Prosur).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In January 2020, Brazil suspended its participation in the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, (Celac).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Brazil regularly extends export credits and university scholarships to its Latin American neighbors.<ref name="LOCCS">Library of Congress Country Studies - Foreign relations of Brazil: Latin America Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> In recent years, the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) has provided US$5 billion worth of loans to countries in the region.<ref>Brazil and the Difficult Path to Multilateralism: Brazil's Financial Clout Template:Webarchive Funders Network on Transforming The Global Economy. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.</ref> Brazil has also increasingly provided Latin American nations with financial aid and technical assistance.<ref name="USCongress" /> Between 2005 and 2009, Cuba, Haiti, and Honduras were the top three recipients of Brazilian assistance, receiving over $50 million annually.<ref name="USCongress" /><ref>Cooperação Sul-Sul (South-South Cooperation) Template:Webarchive Agência Brasileira de Cooperação. Retrieved on 2011-09-30. Template:In lang.</ref>

In November 2019, Brazil made a historic move to break with the rest of Latin America on the U.S. embargo of Cuba, becoming the first Latin American country in twenty-six years to vote against condemning the U.S.-led embargo of Cuba at the United Nations General Assembly.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

United Nations politics

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Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialized agencies. It has participated in 33 United Nations peacekeeping missions and contributed with over 27,000 soldiers.<ref name="BrUNSC">Brazil in the Security Council Template:Webarchive Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations. Retrieved on 2011-09-20.</ref> Brazil has been a member of the United Nations Security Council ten times, most recently 2010–2011.<ref>Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations Retrieved on 2011-09-20.</ref> Along with Japan, Brazil has been elected more times to the Security Council than any other U.N. member state.<ref name="BrUNSC" />

Brazil is currently seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.<ref name="PressStatementG4">Joint Press Statement of the G4 countries Template:Webarchive Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations. Retrieved on 2011-09-20.</ref> It is a member of the G4, an alliance among Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan for the purpose of supporting each other's bids for permanent seats on the Security Council.<ref name="PressStatementG4" /> They propose the Security Council be expanded beyond the current 15 members to include 25 members. The G4 countries argue that a reform would render the body "more representative, legitimate, effective and responsive" to the realities of the international community in the 21st century.<ref name="PressStatementG4" />

Outstanding international issues

• Two short sections of the border with Uruguay are in dispute - the Arroio Invernada area of the Quaraí River, and the Brazilian Island at the confluence of the Quaraí River and the Uruguay River.<ref>Borders and Limits of Brazil: Ilha Brasileira Template:Webarchive Wilson R.M. Krukoski, LNCC. Retrieved on 2009-06-23. Template:In lang</ref>
• Brazil declared in 1986 the sector between 28°W to 53°W Brazilian Antarctica (Antártica Brasileira) as its Zone of Interest. It overlaps Argentine and British claims<ref>.Brazilian Antarctica World Statesmen.org. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.</ref>
• In 2004, the country submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.<ref>UN Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76: Brazilian Submission United Nations. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.</ref>

Foreign aid

Overseas aid has become an increasingly important tool for Brazil's foreign policy.<ref name="ODI1">Cabral and Weinstock 2010. Brazil: an emerging aid player Template:Webarchive. London: Overseas Development Institute</ref> Brazil provides aid through the Brazilian Agency of Cooperation (Abbreviation: ABC; Template:Langx), in addition to offering scientific, economical, and technical support. More than half of Brazilian aid is provided to Africa, whereas Latin America receives around 20% of Brazilian aid. The share of aid allocated to the Asian continent is small.Template:Sfn Within Africa, more than 80% of Brazilian aid is received by Portuguese-speaking countries.Template:Sfn Brazil concentrates its aid for Portuguese-speaking countries in the education sector, specially in secondary and post-secondary education, but it is more committed to agricultural development in other countries.Template:Sfn Estimated to be around $1 billion annually, Brazil is on par with China and India and ahead of many more traditional donor countries.<ref name="ODI1"/> The aid tends to consist of technical aid and expertise, alongside a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to development results.<ref name="ODI1"/> Brazil's aid demonstrates a developing pattern of South-South aid, which has been heralded as a 'global model in waiting'.<ref>Cabral, Lidia 2010. Brazil’s development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting Template:Webarchive. London: Overseas Development Institute</ref> Concomitantly, South-South relations have become a major subfield of specialisation among Brazilian foreign policy experts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some studies have suggested that, by giving aid, Brazil could be trying to get access to mineral and energy resources.Template:Sfn

Participation in international organizations

ACS^{Template:Small} • ACTO • AfDB • ALECSO^{Template:Small} • BIS • CAF-BDLAC^{Template:Small} • Cairns Group • CAN^{Template:Small} • CDB • CPLP • FAO • G4 • BASIC countries • G8+5 • G15 • G20 • G20+ • G24 • G77 • IADB • IDB • IAEA • IBRD • IBSA •ICAO • ICC • ICRM • IDA • IFAD • IFC • IFRCS • IHO • ILO • IMF • IMO • Inmarsat •INSARAG • Intelsat • Interpol • IOC • IOM • ISO • ITU • LAES • LAIA • Mercosul • MINUSTAH • NAM^{Template:Small} • NSG • OAS • OEI • OPANAL • OPCW • PCA • Rio Group • Rio Treaty • UN • UNASUR • UNCTAD • UNESCO • UNHCR • UNIDO • UNITAR • UNMIL • UNMIS • UNMOVIC • UNOCI • UNTAET • UNWTO • UPU • WCO • WHO • WIPO • WMO • WTO • ZPCAS

Diplomatic relations

Template:Further Brazil has a large global network of diplomatic missions, and maintains diplomatic relations with As of 2019, Brazil's diplomatic network consisted of 194 overseas posts.<ref>Consular network of Brazil Template:Webarchive, Ministry of External Relations of Brazil. Template:In lang</ref>

Relations with non-UN members or observers:

• Template:Flag - Brazil does not recognize Kosovo as an independent state and has announced it has no plans to do so without an agreement with Serbia.<ref>Brasil não reconhece Kosovo sem acordo com Sérvia Template:Webarchive Clic RBS. Retrieved on 2008-02-22. Template:In lang</ref> However, Brazil accepts the Kosovan passport.<ref name="visas">Entry Visas to Brazil, Ministry of External Relations of Brazil, September 30, 2022.</ref>
• Template:Flag - Brazil does not recognize the Republic of China as it has recognized the People's Republic of China, although it has non-diplomatic relations and maintains a special office in Taiwan.<ref>Notice Template:Webarchive Brazilian Commercial Office in Taipei. Retrieved on 2011-09-20.</ref> Brazil also accepts the Taiwan passport.<ref name="visas" />

List

File:Diplomatic missions of Brazil.png

Diplomatic missions of Brazil
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List of countries which Brazil maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Brazil.svg
#	Country	Date
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Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	28 November 1962	See Algeria–Brazil relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1962<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Algeria has an embassy in Brasilia. Brazil has an embassy in Algiers.
Template:Flag	12 November 1975	See Angola–Brazil relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975<ref name="Relação Diplomática no Brasil"/> Angola has an embassy in Brasilia and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Brazil has an embassy in Luanda.
Template:Flag		Brazil has an embassy in Yaoundé. Cameroon has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	1975	See Brazil–Cape Verde relations Brazil has an embassy in Praia. Cape Verde has an embassy in Brasilia.
Template:Flag	8 October 1996	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1996. In 2012, Chadian President Idriss Déby Itno paid a visit to Brazil.<ref>Brasil e Chade (in Portuguese)</ref> Brazil is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Chad is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Template:Flag	21 June 1968	See Brazil–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1968<ref name="books.google.com"/> Brazil has an embassy in Kinshasa. DR Congo has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	31 October 1968	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1968<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Brazil has an embassy in Abidjan. Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	27 February 1924	See Brazil–Egypt relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1924<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Brasília, a consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro, and a commercial office in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	9 January 1951	See Brazil–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1951 when was accredited first Minister of Ethiopia to Brazil Mr. Blatta Dawit Ogbazgy<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	11 January 1974	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1974<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Libreville. Gabon has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	1960	Ghana and Brazil share a historically close relationship. Brazil has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	4 September 1974	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Conakry. Guinea has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	22 November 1974	See Brazil–Guinea-Bissau relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 1974.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Bissau. Guinea-Bissau has an embassy in Brasília..
Template:Flag	4 July 1967	See Brazil–Kenya relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1967<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Brazil has an embassy in Nairobi. Kenya has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	9 April 1967	See Brazil–Libya relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 April 1967<ref name="Africa Research Bulletin"/> Libya has an embassy in Brasília. Brazil is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Tunis, Tunisia.
Template:Flag	7 October 1996	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique. Madagascar is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Template:Flag	23 August 1990	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1990<ref name="ReferenceE"/>
Template:Flag		Brazil has an embassy in Bamako. Mali has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	15 November 1975	See Brazil–Mozambique relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1975<ref name="gov.br"/> Brazil has an embassy in Maputo. Mozambique has an embassy in Brasília. Mozambique is the country that receives the highest amount of Brazilian aid in Africa. Almost 50% of Brazilian aid allocated to the African continent between 1998 and 2010 was allocated to Mozambique.Template:Sfn
Template:Flag	21 March 1990	See Brazil–Namibia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1990<ref name="Ministério das Relações Exteriores"/> Brazil has an embassy in Windhoek. Namibia has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	16 August 1961	See Brazil–Nigeria relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1961<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bilateral relations between Nigeria and Brazil focus primarily upon trade and culture. The largest country in Latin America by size, and the largest country in Africa by population are remotely bordered across from one another by the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil and Nigeria for centuries, have enjoyed a warmly, friendly, and strong relationship on the basis of culture (many Afro-Brazilians trace their ancestry to Nigeria) and commercial trade. Brazil has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos. Nigeria has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	1975	See Brazil–São Tomé and Príncipe relations Brazil has an embassy in São Tomé. São Tomé and Príncipe is accredited to Brazil from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
Template:Flag	26 April 1961	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Dakar. Senegal has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	31 January 1948	See Brazil–South Africa relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1948<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil-South Africa relations have traditionally been close. Brazil has provided military assistance to South Africa in the form of warfare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's new South-South foreign policy aimed to strengthen integration between the major powers of the developing world. South Africa is part of the IBSA Dialogue Forum, alongside Brazil and India. Brazil has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town. South Africa has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	10 October 1968	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1968<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Brazil has an embassy in Khartoum. Sudan has an embassy in Brasília.

Americas

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	5 August 1823	See Argentina–Brazil relations Argentina is the first country to recognize Brazil's independence and to establish diplomatic relations with the empire. The Argentine envoy Valentín Gómez presents the Brazilian Foreign Minister with a credential letter signed by Bernardino Rivadavia, with the recognition of Brazil's independence (August 5), and is received by Dom Pedro I (August 11)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> After democratization, a strong integration and partnership began between the two countries. In 1985 they signed the basis for the MERCOSUL, a Regional Trade Agreement. In the field of science, the two regional giants had been rivals since the 1950s when both governments launched parallel nuclear and space programs, however, several agreements were signed since then such as the creation of the Brazilian–Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC) to verify both countries' pledges to use nuclear energy only for peaceful purposes. National spaces agencies CONAE and the AEB had also begun working together since the 1990s. Brazil's decision to prevent a Royal Navy ship docking in Rio de Janeiro was seen as backing Argentina over the Falklands dispute.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also on the military side there has been greater rapprochement. In accordance with the friendship policy, both armies dissolved or moved major units previously located at their common border (for example, Argentine's 7th Jungle and 3rd Motorized Infantry Brigades). Brazilian soldiers are embedded in the Argentine peacekeeping contingent at UNFICYP in Cyprus and they are working together at MINUSTAH in Haiti and, as another example of collaboration, Argentine Navy aircraft routinely operate from the Brazilian Navy carrier NAe São Paulo. Argentina has an embassy in Brasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country. Brazil has an embassy in Buenos Aires and maintains several consulates throughout the country. In May 2023, Argentina and Brazil announced plans to continue working on the development of a mechanism allowing them to avoid using the US dollar in bilateral trade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		See Bolivia–Brazil relations Bolivia has an embassy in Brasilia and maintains several consulates throughout the country. Brazil has an embassy in La Paz and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Canada relations Brazil-Canada relations have been cordial but relatively limited, although the relationship between the two countries has been gradually evolving over time. Brazil has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Canada has an embassy in Brasília, and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Template:Flag	22 April 1836	See Brazil–Chile relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1836<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chile and Brazil have acted numerous times as mediators in international conflicts, such as in the 1914 diplomatic impasse between the United States and Mexico, avoiding a possible state of war between those two countries. More recently, since the 2004 Haiti rebellion, Chile and Brazil have actively participated in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, which is led by the Brazilian Army. They are also two of the three most important economies in South America along with Argentina. Brazil has an embassy in Santiago. Chile has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Colombia relations Brazil has an embassy in Bogotá and a vice-consulate in Leticia. Colombia has an embassy in Brasilia and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Costa Rica relations Brazil has an embassy in San José. Costa Rica has an embassy in Brasilia.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Cuba relations Brazilian-Cuban relations were classified as "excellent" in May 2008 following a meeting of foreign ministers.<ref name="juventudrebelde.co.cu">Cuba-Brazil Relations Get New Impulse Template:Webarchive Juventuderebelde.co.cu. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.</ref> During a January 2008 state visit to Cuba by Brazilian President Lula da Silva, the Brazilian leader expressed desire for his country to be Cuba's "number one partner".<ref name="juventudrebelde.co.cu"/> Bilateral trade increased by 58% between April 2007 and April 2008.<ref>Brazil Wants to Be Cuba's Number-One Trade Partner CubaNews.cu. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.</ref> Brazilian-Cuban relations have deteriorated greatly during the presidency of Brazilian rightwing president Jair Bolsonaro since 2019 .He stopped Mais Médicos (More Doctors) programme and thousands of Cuban doctors left Brazil.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2019, Brazil voted for the first time against an annual United Nations resolution condemning and calling for an end to Washington's economic embargo on Cuba.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Havana. Cuba has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	9 February 1981	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 1981<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brazil is accredited to Dominica from its embassy in Bridgetown, Barbados. Dominica is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Template:Flag	18 November 1968	See Brazil–Guyana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1968<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brazil–Guyana relations have traditionally been close. Brazil has provided military assistance to Guyana in the form of warfare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's new South-South foreign policy aimed to strengthen South American integration. Brazil has an embassy in Georgetown. Guyana has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Boa Vista.
Template:Flag	1928	See Brazil–Haiti relations Brazil has an embassy in Port-au-Prince. Haiti has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	14 October 1962	See Brazil–Jamaica relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1962<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are full members of the Group of 15. Brazil has an embassy in Kingston. Jamaica has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	7 August 1824	See Brazil–Mexico relations Brazil and Mexico have the two largest emerging economies in Latin-America and the global stage. Both nations are considered to be regional powers and highly influential within the American continent. Both nations have historically been friendly and they have both participated in and are members of several multilateral organizations such as the G20, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, Rio Group and the United Nations. Several high-level diplomatic meeting have been held by presidents of both nations to enhance bilateral relations. Brazil has an embassy in Mexico City. Mexico has an embassy in Brasilia and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Paraguay relations Paraguay–Brazil relations have improved greatly after Brazilian President Lula's decision in 2009 to triple its payments to Paraguay for energy from a massive hydro-electric dam on their border, ending a long-running dispute. Under the accord, Brazil will pay Paraguay $360m a year for energy from the jointly-operated Itaipu plant. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva called it a "historic agreement" and the deal slated as a political victory for Paraguayan President Fernando Lugo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2019, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro praised the late military strongman of Paraguay, Alfredo Stroessner, calling him "a man of vision." Bolsonaro made the comments during a ceremony at the Itaipu hydroelectric dam on the countries' shared border. At his side was his close ally, Paraguayan right-wing President Mario Abdo Benitez.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Asunción and maintains several consulates throughout the country. Paraguay has an embassy in Brasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Peru relations Brazil has an embassy in Lima and a consulate in Iquitos. Peru has an embassy in Brasilía and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Template:Flag	25 November 1975	See Brazil–Suriname relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1975<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Paramaribo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Suriname has an embassy in Brasilia,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a consulate-general in Belém.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	27 July 1965	See Brazil-Trinidad and Tobago relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1965<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago has an embassy in Brasilia.
Template:Flag	26 May 1824	See Brazil–United States relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1824<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil-United States relations has a long history, characterized by some moments of remarkable convergence of interests but also by sporadic and critical divergences on sensitive international issues.<ref>Developing a partnership with Brazil - An emerging power Template:Webarchive Bassoli, Douglas. U.S. Army War College. 2004-04-03.</ref> The United States has increasingly regarded Brazil as a significant power, especially in its role as a stabilizing force and skillful interlocutor in Latin America.<ref name="WilsonCenter">US Congress Report on Brazil-U.S. Relations Template:Webarchive United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-06-23</ref> As a significant political and economic power, Brazil has traditionally preferred to cooperate with the United States on specific issues rather than seeking to develop an all-encompassing, privileged relationship with the United States.<ref name="WilsonCenter"/> In October 2020, Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro said that the Brazil-US relations have elevated to "its best moment ever."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and maintains several consulates throughout the country. United States has an embassy in Brasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Template:Flag	1828	See Brazil–Uruguay relations Brazil and Uruguay are neighboring countries that share close historical, cultural and geographical ties. The singularity of the bilateral relationship between the two countries originates from the strong historical connection - marked by important events, such as the establishment of the Colônia do Sacramento in 1680, the annexation by Brazil and the subsequent creation of the Província Cisplatina in 1815, and Uruguay's independence from Brazil in 1828.<ref>Embaixada do Brasil em Montevideo: Relações Bilaterais Template:Webarchive Embassy of Brazil in Montevideo. Retrieved on 2009-06-23. Template:In lang</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Montevideo and maintains several consulates throughout the country. Uruguay has an embassy in Brasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Venezuela relations During the Brazilian government of President Jair Bolsonaro since 2019, Brazil has cut off the relations with the current Venezuelan leftwing and disputed government of president Nicolás Maduro. Brazil downgraded its diplomatic relations with the ruling Venezuelan government. Brazil has recognised Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó as the legitimate President of Venezuela.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Caracas and maintains several consulates throughout the country. Venezuela has an embassy in Brasilia and maintains several consulates throughout the country.

Asia

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	17 February 1992	See Armenia–Brazil relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1992<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Armenia has an embassy in Brasília.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Yerevan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has recognized the Armenian genocide in 2015.
Template:Flag	21 October 1993	See Azerbaijan–Brazil relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1993<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Azerbaijan has an embassy in Brasília.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Baku.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	8 July 1974	See Bangladesh-Brazil relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1974<ref name="diariodasleis.com.br">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Relations have been good. In 2013, Bangladesh has sought Brazil's support for its candidature at the Human Rights Council in 2015 and non-permanent seat of the UN Security Council for 2016–17 term. In 2014, Brazil assured its support to Bangladesh for the posts of United Nations Human Rights Commission and CEDAW (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). Bangladesh also supported Brazil's candidature for the post of Director General of World Trade Organization. Bangladesh has an embassy in Brasília. Brazil has an embassy in Dhaka.
Template:Flag	15 August 1974	See Brazil–China relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1974<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai. China has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Recife, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Template:Flag	28 April 1993	See Brazil–Georgia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1993<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Tbilisi. Georgia has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	6 April 1948	See Brazil–India relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1948<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The two countries share similar perceptions on issues of interest to developing countries and have cooperated in the multilateral level on issues such as reform to the UN and the UNSC expansion.<ref>Indian Embassy in Brazil: Bilateral Relations Template:Webarchive Embassy of India in Brasília. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.</ref> Brazil has an embassy in New Delhi and a consulate-general in Mumbai. India has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	March 1953	See Brazil–Indonesia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in March 1953<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both are large tropical country endowed with rich natural resources, Brazil and Indonesia possess the largest tropical rain forest of the world that contains the world's richest biodiversity, which gave them a vital role in global environment issues, such as ensuring tropical forests protection. Both countries leading the list of Megadiverse countries with Indonesia second only to Brazil. Brazil has an embassy in Jakarta. Indonesia has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Iran relations Brazil has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	1 December 1967	See Brazil–Iraq relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1967<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil maintains an embassy in Baghdad. Iraq maintains an embassy in Brasília. Both countries are full members of the Group of 77. Brazil was the first Latin American country to reopen its embassy in Iraq since the 1991 Gulf War.<ref name=BrazilToResumeRelationsWithIraq>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1949-2-7<ref>Israel International Relations: International Recognition of Israel Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2013-11-13.</ref>	See Brazil–Israel relations Brazil played a large role in the establishment of the State of Israel. Brazil held the Presidency office of the UN General Assembly in 1947, which proclaimed the Partition Plan for Palestine. The Brazilian delegation to the U.N., supported and heavily lobbied for the partition of Palestine toward the creation of the State of Israel. Brazil was also one of the first countries to recognize the State of Israel, on 7 February 1949, less than one year after Israeli Declaration of Independence. Nowadays, Brazil and Israel maintains close political, economic and military ties. Brazil is a full member state of Israel Allies Caucus,<ref>Member Nations Template:Webarchive. Israel Allies Fondation. Retrieved 2013-12-01.</ref> a political advocacy organization that mobilizes pro-Israel parliamentarians in governments worldwide. The two nations enjoy a degree of arms cooperation as Brazil is a key buyer of Israeli weapons and military technology.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also, Brazil is Israel's largest trading partner in Latin America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has the 9th largest Jewish community in the world, about 107,329 by 2010, according to the IBGE census.<ref>2010 Brazilian censusTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved on 2013-11-13</ref> The Jewish Confederation of Brazil (CONIB) estimates to more than 120,000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil-Israel relations have improved significantly during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro since 2019. Brazilian president Bolsonaro has expressed his love for Israel several times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He has even said to have turned Brazil into Israel's new best friend.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Israel has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	1895	See Brazil–Japan relations Brazil has an embassy in Tokyo and consulates-general in Hamamatsu and Nagoya.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Japan has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Belém, Curitiba, Manaus, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and consular offices in Recife and Porto Alegre.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	6 April 1959	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	22 September 1993	See Brazil–Kazakhstan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1993<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Astana. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	20 January 1968	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Kuwait City. Kuwait has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	13 November 1945	See Brazil–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	11 August 1959	See Brazil–Malaysia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1959<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Brazil–North Korea relations Brazil has an embassy in Pyongyang. North Korea has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	January 1951	See Brazil–Pakistan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in January 1951<ref name="Pakistan Quarterly - Volume 6"/> Brazil-Pakistan relations are characterized as friendly and cooperative. In 2008, Brazil approved the sale of 100 MAR-1 anti-radiation missiles to Pakistan despite India's pressure on Brazil to avoid doing so.<ref>Brazil to Sell MAR-1 SEAD Missiles to Pakistan Defense Industry Daily. Retrieved on 2009-01-05.</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Islamabad. Pakistan has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Palestine relations Brazil has a representative office in Ramallah. Palestine has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Philippines relations In June 2009, Brazil and the Philippines made their pledges as they signed mutual cooperation agreements in the fields of bio-energy and agriculture.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The two countries committed themselves to take the necessary steps to implement the signed Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Agriculture and the Memorandum of Understanding on Bioenergy Cooperation.<ref>"PGMA, Brazilian President Lula agree to further strengthen RP-Brazil relations"Template:Dead link, ISRIA</ref> The Philippines and Brazil signed six memoranda of understanding and agreements on the development and production of renewable energy, and agriculture cooperation.<ref>"Bioenergy deals top 6 RP, Brazil agreements" Template:Webarchive</ref> It intends to "facilitate technical cooperation... on the production and use of biofuels, particularly ethanol, and promote the expansion of bilateral trade and investment in biofuel,"<ref>"RP, Brazil ink 5 accords " Template:Webarchive</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Manila. Philippines has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	20 May 1974	See Brazil–Qatar relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1974<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Doha.<ref>Embassy of Brazil in Doha</ref> Qatar has an embassy in Brasília.<ref>Embassy of Qatar in Brasília</ref>
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Saudi Arabia relations Brazil has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	2 November 1967	See Brazil–Singapore relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1967<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Singapore. Singapore has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	31 October 1959	See Brazil–South Korea relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1959<ref name="Overview"/> South Korea has an embassy in Brasília.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Seoul.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	13 November 1945	See Brazil–Syria relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Damascus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Syria has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Taiwan relations Brazil has a Commercial Office in Taipei. Taiwan has an Economic and Cultural Office in Brasília and in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	17 April 1959	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand has an embassy in Brasília. Brazil is the main trading partner of Thailand in Latin America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Timor-Leste relations Brazil has an embassy in Dili. Timor-Leste has an embassy in Brasilia.
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>||See Brazil–Turkey relations Brazil has an embassy in Ankara, a Consulate General in Istanbul.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/> Turkey has an embassy in Brasília and a Consulate General in São Paulo.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/> Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo 7 times per week.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/> Trade volume between the two countries was US$3.1 billion in 2019 (Brazilian exports/imports: 2.6/0.48 billion USD.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/>
Template:Flag		Brazil has an embassy in Abu Dhabi. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Brasília and an consulate-general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	8 May 1989	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1989<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Brazilian Embassy in Hanoi was opened in 1994, being the first Latin American country to open an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnamese Presidents Lê Đức Anh and Trần Đức Lương have visited Brazil in October 1995 and November 2004, respectively.<ref>Vietnam-Brazil Relations Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnam has an embassy in Brasília.

Europe

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	4 April 1961	See Albania–Brazil relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 April 1961<ref name="punetejashtme.gov.al"/> Albania has an embassy in Brasília. Brazil has an embassy in Tirana.
Template:Flag	9 July 1996	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Andorra does not have an accreditation to Brazil. Brazil is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain and maintains an honorary consulate in Andorra la Vella.
Template:Flag		See Austria–Brazil relations Austria has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo. Brazil has an embassy in Vienna.
Template:Flag	12 June 1934	See Brazil–Bulgaria relations Brazil has an embassy in Sofia. Bulgaria has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	23 December 1992	Brazil has an embassy in Zagreb. Croatia has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	1918	See Brazil–Czech Republic relations Brazil has an embassy in Prague. Czech Republic has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Denmark relations Brazil has an embassy in Copenhagen. Denmark has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	16 December 1991	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Tallinn. Estonia is accredited to Brazil from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tallinn.
Template:Flag	8 April 1929	See Brazil–Finland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1929<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil recognised the independence of Finland on December 26, 1919. Brazil has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	25 October 1825	See Brazil–France relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1825 when France recognized independent of Brazil<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> France has recognized Brazil as its special partner in South America and as a global player in international affairs. The two countries are committed to strengthening their bilateral cooperation in the areas for which working groups have been created: nuclear power, renewable energies, defence technologies, technological innovation, joint cooperation in African countries and space technologies, medicines and the environment.<ref name="diplomatie.gouv.fr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Recently, France announced its support to the Brazilian bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.<ref name="diplomatie.gouv.fr"/> Brazil has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Marseille and in Cayenne and Saint-Georges (both in French Guiana). France has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo and a consulate in Recife.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Germany relations Brazil has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Greece relations The countries have enjoyed "Bilateral relations [that] have always been good and are progressing smoothly," according to the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<ref name=Greek>Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Brazil Template:Webarchive. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece. Accessed on 2009-05-04.</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Athens. Greece has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Holy See relations Brazil has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome. Holy See has an Apostolic nunciature in Brasília.
Template:Flag	1927	See Brazil–Hungary relations Brazil has an embassy in Budapest. Hungary has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo. The two countries signed the Brazil-Hungary Cultural Agreement in 1992.
Template:Flag	1952	Brazil is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is accredited to Brazil from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík and maintains honorary consulates in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Template:Flag	1 September 1975	See Brazil–Ireland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 September 1975<ref name="Relatório"/> Brazil has an embassy in Dublin. Ireland has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	1834	See Brazil–Italy relations Brazil has an embassy in Rome, a consulate-general in Milan, and honorary consulates in Bari, Catanzaro, Florence, Naples, Palermo, Genoa, Trieste, Turin and Venice.<ref>Resident diplomatic missions of Brazil in Italy</ref> Italy has an embassy in Brasília,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> consulates-general in Curitiba,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Porto Alegre,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rio de Janeiro,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> São Paulo,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and consulates in Belo Horizonte<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in Recife.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	7 November 1991	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil is accredited to Latvia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Latvia is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
Template:Flag	5 November 1991	See Brazil–Lithuania relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1991<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark and maintains an honorary consulate in Vilnius.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lithuania has a consulate-general in São Paulo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Brazil is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia. Montenegro is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Template:Flag		See Brazil–Netherlands relations Brazil has an embassy in The Hague a consulate-general in Rotterdam<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a consulate in Curaçao.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Netherlands has an embassy in Brasilia and two consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	11 May 1908	See Brazil–Norway relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1908<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Oslo. Norway has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro.
Template:Flag	27 May 1920	See Brazil–Poland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1920<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Poland has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Curitiba. Brazil has an embassy in Warsaw.
Template:Flag	29 August 1825	See Brazil–Portugal relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1825<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Portugal and Brazil have countless bilateral agreements in areas such as culture, language, R&D, immigration, defence, tourism, economy, environment, among others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Portugal and Brazil hold regular Summits to discuss bilateral and multilateral agreements and current topics (last one in Bahia in 2008, before that one in Porto in 2005).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> One rather controversial topic was the spelling reform that aims at homogenising spelling in lusophone countries. Both countries share a common heritage and are committed in its preservation, be it through bilateral agreements or involving other nations, such as in the framework of CPLP.<ref>Ministério das relações exteriores - CPLP http://www.mre.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1185 Template:Webarchive</ref> Both countries lobby within the UN to upgrade Portuguese to a working language in that Organisation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Portugal has also lobbied for Brazil to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Finally, Portugal hosted the 1st EU-Brazil summit, in 2007. Brazil has an embassy in Lisbon and consulates-general in Faro and Porto. Portugal has an embassy in Brasília, consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, São Paulo and consulates in Belém, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife and Santos.
Template:Flag	1928	See Brazil–Romania relations Brazil has an embassy in Bucharest. Romania has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro.
Template:Flag	October 3, 1828	See Brazil–Russia relations Brazil–Russia relations have seen a significant improvement in recent years, characterized by an increasing commercial trade and cooperation in military and technology segments. Today, Brazil shares an important alliance with the Russian Federation, with partnerships in areas such as space and military technologies, and telecommunications. Brazil has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	1 April 2002	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	15 June 1938	See Brazil–Serbia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1938<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	1834	See Brazil–Spain relations Brazil has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and in São Paulo.
Template:Flag	1826	See Brazil–Sweden relations Brazil has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag		Brazil has an embassy in Bern and consulates-general in Geneva and Zürich. Switzerland has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	11 February 1992	See Brazil–Ukraine relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1992<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Kyiv. Ukraine has an embassy in Brasilia, a consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro and a consulate in Curitiba.
Template:Flag	18 October 1825	See Brazil–United Kingdom relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1825 when United Kingdom recognized independent of Brazil<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>Template:Better source needed Brazil maintains an embassy in London,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a Consulate-General in Edinburgh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The United Kingdom is accredited to Brazil through its embassy in Brasília, and consulates in Belo Horizonte, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,<ref name="pac"/> the G20, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization.

Oceania

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag		See Australia–Brazil relations Australia has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo. Brazil has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
Template:Flag	16 February 2006	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil is accredited to Fiji from its embassy in Canberra, Australia. Fiji does not have an accreditation to Brazil.
Template:Flag	4 March 1964	See Brazil–New Zealand relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1964<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Wellington. New Zealand has an embassy in Brasilia and a consulate-general in São Paulo.

See also

• Brazil and the European Union
• Brazil–Nicaragua relations
• Brazil and the United Nations
• Brazil and weapons of mass destruction
• Brazilian Antarctica
• List of diplomatic missions in Brazil
• List of diplomatic missions of Brazil
• Mercosul
• Ministry of Foreign Relations of Brazil
• Union of South American Nations
• Visa requirements for Brazilian citizens

Bibliography

• Template:Cite conference
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Academic Journal

• Casarões, Guilherme et al. "Brazilian foreign policy under Jair Bolsonaro: far-right populism and the rejection of the liberal international order." Cambridge Review of International Affairs vol 34 (September 2021), p1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2021.1981248
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• Rossone de Paula, Francine. "Brazil's non-indifference: a case for a feminist diplomatic agenda or geopolitics as usual?." International Feminist Journal of Politics 21.1 (2019): 47–66.
• Saraiva, Miriam Gomes. "The democratic regime and the changes in Brazilian foreign policy towards South America." Brazilian Political Science Review 14 (2020). online
• Smith, Joseph. Brazil and the United States: Convergence and Divergence (U of Georgia Press; 2010), 256 pages
• Visentini, Paulo. "The Brazil of Lula: a global and affirmative diplomacy (2003-2010)" Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations 1.1 (2012): 23–35. online
• Vigevani, Tullo, and Gabriel Cepaluni, eds. Brazilian Foreign Policy in Changing Times: The Quest for Autonomy from Sarney to Lula (Lexington Books, 2009).
• Weiffen, Brigitte. "Foreign Policy and International Relations: Taking Stock after Two Years of the Bolsonaro Administration." in Brazil under Bolsonaro. How endangered is democracy? (2022): 55–66. online

Historical

• Bethell, Leslie. The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question (2009) excerpt
• Fritsch, Winston. External Restraints on Economic Policy in Brazil, 1889-1930 (1988), emphasis on role of Great Britain.
• Garcia, Eugenio V. "Antirevolutionary diplomacy in oligarchic Brazil, 1919–30." Journal of Latin American Studies 36.4 (2004): 771–796. onlineTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
• Graham, Richard. Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil 1850–1914 (1972) excerpt
• Harmer, Tanya. "Brazil's Cold War in the Southern Cone, 1970–1975' Cold War History (2012) 12#4 pp 659-681.
• Hilton, Stanley E. "The Argentine factor in twentieth-century Brazilian foreign policy strategy." Political Science Quarterly 100.1 (1985): 27–51. online
• Mota, Isadora Moura. "On the Verge of War: Black Insurgency, the 'Christie Affair', and British Antislavery in Brazil." Slavery & Abolition 43.1 (2022): 120–139. London threatened war in 1862–1863 in the "Christie Affair."
• Rivere, Peter. Absent Minded Imperialism: Britain and the Expansion of Empire in 19th-Century Brazil (1995)
• Rodrigues, Jose Honorio. "The Foundations of Brazil's Foreign Policy." International Affairs 38.3 (1962): 324–338; covers 1822 to 1889. online
• Roett, Riordan. "Brazil ascendant: international relations and geopolitics in the late 20th century." Journal of international affairs (1975): 139–154. online
• Skidmore, Thomas E. "The Historiography of Brazil, 1889-1964," Hispanic American Historical Review (1976) 56#1 pp 81–109; emphasis is on economics and foreign policy. DOI: 10.2307/2513726
• Smith, Joseph. Unequal Giants: Diplomatic Relations between the United States & Brazil, 1889-1930 1991).
• Topik, Steven C. Trade & Gunboats: The United States & Brazil in the Age of Empire (1997), covers 1870 to 1899.

External links

• The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research Wisconsin International Law Journal, 13 May 2015
• Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Official website of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Relations Template:In lang
• Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Official website of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Relations
• Brazilian Mission to the United Nations - Official website Template:In lang
• Agência Brasileira de Cooperação - Official website of the Brazilian Agency of Cooperation Template:In lang
• IBSA News and Media - IBSA Dialogue Forum | India, Brazil and South Africa | News, Opinion and Analysis