Foreign relations of Jordan

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists The foreign relations of Jordan have been consistently a pro-Western foreign policy.

United Kingdom and United States

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Jordan has had close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom for many years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the first Gulf War (1990), these relations were damaged by Jordan's neutrality and its maintenance of relations with Iraq. Later, Jordan restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq and in the Southwest Asia peace process. After King Hussein's death in 1999, relations between Jordan and the Persian Gulf countries greatly improved.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2000, Jordan signed a Free Trade Agreement with the United States, which went into effect in 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2013, the U.S. approved the CIA–led Timber Sycamore covert operation, based in Jordan, to train and arm Syrian rebels.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

European Union

Template:See also Jordan enjoys "advanced status" with the European Union and is part of the European Neighbourhood Policy, which aims to increase links between the EU and its neighbours.<ref name="EU">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Regional neighbours

File:Hussein Clinton Rabin.jpg

Hussein I of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin, with Bill Clinton, after signing the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, 26 October 1994

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Owing to its location, bordering Israel, Syria, and Iraq, Jordan has experienced wars along its borders for decades, and maintains careful diplomatic relations with Israel and its main ally, the U.S.<ref name=stein2023>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Along with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, Template:As of Jordan was one of only three Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel, Jordan's direct neighbour.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Jordan views an independent Palestinian state with the 1967 borders, as part of the two-state solution and of supreme national interest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ruling Hashemite dynasty has had custodianship over holy sites in Jerusalem since 1924, a position reinforced in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. Turmoil in Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa mosque between Israelis and Palestinians created tensions between Jordan and Israel concerning the former's role in protecting the Muslim and Christian sites in Jerusalem.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Jordan signed a non-aggression pact with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, D.C., on 25 July 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary of State Warren Christopher.<ref name=stein2023/>Template:Better source needed The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions during which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Israel captured East Jerusalem and the West Bank, which was annexed by Jordan since 1950, in 1967. Since 1967, Pakistan has been demanding its vacation at the international level. Jordan, together with Pakistan, is playing an effective role in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.Template:Citation needed

Gaza war

Template:Further The political landscape of Jordan has changed as a consequence of the conflict between Israel and Hamas from October 2023. Prime minister Bisher al Khasawneh expressed his country's disapproval of Israel's offensive in Gaza by recalling its ambassador from Israel, and declared that Israel's ambassador, who had departed Amman following Hamas' attack, would not be permitted to return. Khasawneh argued that Israel's blockade of the heavily-populated Gaza Strip could not be justified as self-defense, and criticised the indiscriminate Israeli assault, which had included safe zones and ambulances in its targets.<ref>Jordan open to 'all options' as Gaza conflict intensifies reuters.com Retrieved 8 November 2023</ref><ref>Over 10,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza, Hamas-run health ministry says; UN calls Gaza a children’s graveyard cnbc.com Retrieved 8 November 2023</ref>

Jordanian residents (including the approximately 2 million Palestinian refugees and others with Palestinian roots) have staged protests against Israel's actions in Gaza, which adds pressure to the government to take action on the issue.<ref name=stein2023/> There is also evidence that there is more sympathy with Hamas among Jordanians in recent years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Jordan's Western allies view the kingdom as a potentially vital mediator, should Israel and Hamas agree to negotiate. King Abdullah has been taking part in diplomatic meetings in Europe, aiming to secure safe passage of humanitarian aid; however, the government is also grappling with domestic problems such as inflation, unemployment, and trafficking of arms and drugs through Jordan to the West Bank. The king and Queen Rania have criticised Israel's action in Gaza, and called for a ceasefire. Jordan's ambassador to Israel was recalled, and the Israeli ambassador was told to stay away. Queen Rania, whose family is Palestinian with roots in the West Bank town of Nablus, called on Western leaders to denounce Israel's attacks on Palestinian civilians in an interview aired on CNN in the U.S. There are fears of a huge influx of refugees into Jordan as a result of the Gaza war.<ref name=stein2023/>

UN and other affiliations

Template:See also Jordan is an active member of the UN<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and several of its specialised and related agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, and World Health Organization.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jordan is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and of the Arab League.<ref name="ALO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

It is also a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Jordan and Morocco tried to join the Gulf Cooperation Council in 2011, but the Gulf countries offered a five-year development aid programme instead.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Others

On February 3, 2025, the Jordan Chamber of Commerce and the Uzbekistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry signed a memorandum of understanding to enhance trade and economic cooperation. The agreement includes organizing joint events, exchanging delegations, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, and addressing trade barriers to foster investment partnerships.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Jordan maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Jordan.svg
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List of bilateral relations

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag		Armenia is represented by a consulate in the capital Amman.
Template:Flag		See Azerbaijan-Jordan relations On December 28, 1991, Jordan recognized the independence of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Baku.
Template:Flag		Brazil has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag		In May 2008, King Abdullah II visited Brunei, to bolster ties between Jordan and the southeast Asian nation, as well as discuss issues facing the Muslim world. Along with Sultan of Brunei Darussalam, Abdullah signed agreements devised to enhance cooperation in the economic, tourism and defense fields.<ref>Azaraimy, H. "Brunei, Jordan Ties To Reach New Level Template:Webarchive," Brudirect.com News</ref>
Template:Flag	28 September 1954	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1954 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Jordan to Chile Mr. Issa Bandak.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Chile has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Santiago.
Template:Flag	7 April 1977	See China–Jordan relations Jordan recognized the Republic of China on Taiwan in August 1957, official diplomatic relations of the People's Republic of China began on 7 April 1977<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> China has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Beijing. 2 Confucius Institutes were established in Jordan, the first at the Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Global organization in September 2008 and the second at Amman's Philadelphia University, in September 2012.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flag		Cyprus has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Nicosia.
Template:Flag	18 January 1958	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1958 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Jordan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Eggert Holten<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Denmark has an honorary consulate in Amman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jordan has an honorary consulate in Copenhagen<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	28 May 1947	See Egypt–Jordan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Egypt has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Cairo.
Template:Flag		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jordan has an embassy in Paris<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> France has an embassy in Amman<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		See Georgia–Jordan relations
Template:GER		See Germany–Jordan relations Both countries are close allies and Germany is the second-largest bilateral donor of development aid to Jordan after the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Germany has an embassy in Amman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jordan has an embassy in Berlin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		See Greece–Jordan relations Greece has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Athens.
Template:Flag		See Holy See–Jordan relations The Holy See has a nunciature in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. The Holy See has maintained comparatively good relations with Jordan. The name of the country comes from the Jordan River, which is significant to Christians because it was the place where Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist. Various Christian clerics in the Arab world have a Jordanian background, such as Maroun Lahham in Tunisia and Fouad Twal in Palestine.
Template:Flag		See India–Jordan relations The Republic of India and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan signed their first bilateral agreement for cooperation and friendly relations in 1947, which was formalised in 1950 when India became a sovereign democratic republic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India stated in August 2011 that, 'India and Jordan have very warm, cordial and cooperative relations; and it is our hope that the existing mutually beneficial relationship would be further deepened and strengthened in the days ahead.'<ref name="meaindia.nic.in">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Indian tourists visited Jordan in large numbers in 2010, with nearly 51,000 visitors. Apart from this, military, cultural and economic exchanges between the two nations is widespread. Quoting the Indian Foreign Ministry, 'India was the largest export partner and ninth largest import partner of Jordan in 2008. The trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$1.785 billion in 2008 i.e. Jordan's imports from India stood at about US$503 million in 2008 while its exports to India reached at US$1.283 billion in 2008. India's position in 2009 is third and fifteenth respectively as the trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$983 million in 2009 i.e. India's exports to Jordan in 2009 stood at US$297 million while imports were valued at US$686 million. In 2010, the India-Jordan trade volume stood at US$1.16 billion i.e. India's exports to Jordan stood at US$382 million in 2010 while imports were to the tune of US$783 million in 2010.'<ref name="meaindia.nic.in" /> Jordan is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and has thus forged close relations with India.
Template:Flag		See Iran–Jordan relations Iran has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Tehran.
Template:Flag	24 May 1947	See Iraq–Jordan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1947 when Jamil Pasha el Rawi, the first Iraqi Minister to Transjordan, presented his credentials.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> Despite periodic crises of confidence and lingering Iraqi resentment over Jordan's close ties with Saddam Hussein, the two countries have managed to forge deep ties, in fact, Jordan has taken the lead among Arab states to do so. In the face of repeated attacks and threats, Jordan has maintained a strong diplomatic presence in Baghdad. The economic impact of the Iraq crisis in Jordan has been mixed. Jordan has benefited greatly from serving as a "gateway" to Iraq for governments, aid workers, contractors, and businesspeople, the real estate and banking sectors are booming, and it stands to reap more benefits from increased trade and transport should the situation in Iraq improve. However, with the fall of Saddam Hussein, Jordan lost the sizable oil subsidies and customary shipments it received from Iraq.<ref name="JordanAndIraq">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Unlike many of Iraq's other neighbors, Jordan can claim only modest influence over developments in Iraq. The kingdom does have notable intelligence capabilities vis-à-vis Iraq, and it reportedly helped the United States track down and kill Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Although some Jordanians highlight cross-border tribal and family connections with Iraqi Sunni Arabs, they pale in comparison to those of the West Bank, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan's most significant means of influence is its hosting of a large and ever-changing Iraqi expatriate community, mostly of Sunni Arab origin.
Template:Flag	27 November 1994	See Israel–Jordan relations Both countries established full diplomatic relations with the ratification of the peace treaty on 27 November 1994.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jordan and Israel have had official relations since 1994, when their leaders signed a peace treaty.<ref name="dschenker">Template:Cite book</ref> Historically, Jordan has had relatively warm relations with Israel compared to other Arab nations. Jordan, Egypt, the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco are the only Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel.
Template:Flag		Japan is one of Jordan’s biggest donors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag		Jordan recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 7 July 2009.<ref>Jordan recognizes the Republic of Kosovo Template:Webarchive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-07-08</ref> Jordan supported Kosovo at the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in December 2009.<ref name="Day 7">Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Kuwait relations Kuwait's relations with Jordan weakened during the Gulf War because of Jordan's stand with Iraq. However, the two nations have apparently decided to bury the past. King Abdullah II and the Emir of Kuwait are working to restore good relations and further strengthen them.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Lebanon relations Jordan has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Malaysia relations Jordan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Malaysia has an embassy in Amman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Relations between the two countries are mainly in economic and Islamic affairs.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Mexico relations Jordan has an embassy in Mexico City.<ref>Embassy of Jordan in Mexico City</ref> Mexico has an embassy in Amman.<ref>Embassy of Mexico in Amman</ref>
Template:Flag		Jordan has an embassy in The Hague. the Netherlands has an embassy in Amman.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Pakistan relations The preliminary and initial forms of Pakistan-Jordan contact can date as early as up to the 1970s and 1980s, although associations have risen at firmer altitudes since the mid-1990s up to 2000. In 2001, some prominent Pakistani leaders completed a visit to Amman, where they discussed with leaders of Jordan about pledging full-scale cooperations. In the duration of the convention, the King of Jordan had lauded what he called "deep, strong and historical relations" between the two countries and affirmed Jordan's keenness on consolidating its ties with Pakistan for the benefit of the two peoples.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Palestine relations Jordan has an embassy in Ramallah and a representative office in Gaza City. Palestine has an embassy in Amman.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Portugal relations
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Qatar relations During the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Jordan downgraded diplomatic ties with Qatar.<ref name="CNNlist">Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag		Jordan has an embassy in Bucharest. Romania has an embassy in Amman.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Russia relations Russia has an embassy in Amman, while Jordan has an embassy in Moscow.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Saudi Arabia relations Jordan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Amman.
Template:Flag	26 July 1962	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jordan has an embassy in Seoul. South Korean embassy in Amman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Spain relations Jordan has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Amman.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Syria relations Relations between Jordan and Syria have fluctuated widely between normal diplomatic relations and full armed confrontation. At times, each side has attempted to subvert the other, and has supported and provided refuge to the other's internal opposition groups.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–Turkey relations Jordan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Amman.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–United Arab Emirates relations The United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Amman. Jordan maintains an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. Both countries are part of the Middle East region and share close cultural ties. Most notably, Princess Haya bint Al Hussein of Dubai is of Jordanian origin.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–United Kingdom relations File:Royal Navy Sea King Helicopter Landing in the Desert MOD 45156001.jpg British Sea King of 845 NAS in the Jordanian desert during Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013 The royal family has close ties to Britain - King Abdullah's mother Princess Muna is British by birth and Queen Noor has a country house in Berkshire. Jordan has good relations with the British armed services, with regular visits and training events such as Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013.
Template:Flag		See Jordan–United States relations U.S. policy seeks to reinforce Jordan's commitment to peace, stability, and moderation. Jordan has an embassy in Washington, DC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> United States has an embassy in Amman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Jordan
• List of diplomatic missions of Jordan
• Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens

External links

• The Washington Declaration between Jordan and Israel
• EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Jordan Template:Webarchive