Hiroo Onoda

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Eastern name order Template:Infobox military person

Template:Nihongo was a Japanese soldier who served as a second lieutenant in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. One of the last Japanese holdouts, Onoda continued fighting for nearly 29 years after the war's end in 1945, carrying out guerrilla warfare on Lubang Island in the Philippines until 1974.

Onoda initially held out with three other soldiers: one surrendered in 1950, and two were killed, one in 1954 and one in 1972. The men did not believe flyers and letters from their families stating that the war was over. They survived on wild fruits, game, and stolen rice, and occasionally engaged in shootouts with locals and the police. Onoda was contacted in the jungles of Lubang by a Japanese explorer in 1974, but still refused to surrender until he was formally relieved of duty by his former commanding officer, Major Yoshimi Taniguchi, who flew from Japan to the island to issue the order.

Onoda surrendered on 10 March 1974, and received a hero's welcome when he returned to Japan. That year he wrote and published a best-selling autobiography, and later moved to Brazil, where he became a cattle rancher. In 1984, Onoda returned to Japan, where he died in 2014 at the age of 91.

Early life and serviceEdit

Onoda was born on 19 March 1922, in Kamekawa, Wakayama, in the Empire of Japan. In 1939, he left to work at a branch of the Tajima Yoko trading company in Wuhan, China,<ref name="Brown2010">Brown, P. (2010): Hiroo Onoda's Twenty-Nine Year Private War Template:Webarchive Pattaya Daily News (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 16 September 2011.</ref><ref name="Wanpela">2nd Lt. Hiroo Onoda.. Template:Webarchive (c. 2010). Retrieved on 3 April 2011.</ref> and in 1942 was conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army.<ref name="Brown2010" /> Onoda trained as an intelligence officer at the Futamata branch of the army's Nakano School, where he was instructed in guerrilla warfare.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Hiroo and shigeo onoda 1944.jpg

Hiroo Onoda (right) and his younger brother Shigeo, Template:Circa 1944

On 26 December 1944, Onoda was sent to lead guerrilla warfare operations on Lubang Island in the Japanese-occupied Philippines.<ref name="Kawaguchi2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} Template:Webarchive.</ref> His mission was to destroy the island's airstrip and the pier at its harbor ahead of the Allied invasion, as well as to destroy any enemy planes or boats that attempted to land. His orders explicitly stated that under no circumstances was he to surrender or take his own life.<ref name=":0" /> When Onoda arrived on Lubang, he encountered officers who outranked him and prevented him from carrying out his mission, which aided United States and Philippine Commonwealth forces in capturing the island when they landed on 28 February 1945. After a short period, all but Second Lieutenant Onoda and three other soldiers (Private Yuichi Akatsu, Corporal Shōichi Shimada, and Private First Class Kinshichi Kozuka) had died or surrendered. Onoda led the three men into the island's mountains.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Time in hidingEdit

While in hiding, Onoda and his companions continued their mission, carrying out guerrilla activities, surviving on bananas, coconuts, stolen rice and cattle, and on several occasions engaging in shootouts with locals and the police.<ref name="McFadden">McFadden, Robert, "Hiroo Onoda, whose war lasted decades, dies at 91," The New York Times, 18 January 2014, p.18</ref> They successfully evaded American and Filipino search parties, and attacked villagers whom they believed to be enemy guerrillas, allegedly killing up to 30 civilians on the island during their time in hiding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first time Onoda's group saw a leaflet announcing that Japan had surrendered was in October 1945; a separate group of Japanese holdouts showed them a note left behind by islanders that read: "The war ended on 15 August. Come down from the mountains!"Template:Sfn The men concluded that the leaflet was Allied propaganda, and reasoned that they would not have been fired on before if the war had ended. Near the end of 1945, leaflets with a surrender order from General Tomoyuki Yamashita of the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army were dropped by air on Lubang. Onoda's group studied them to determine whether they were genuine, and decided they were not.<ref name="Willacy2010">Willacy, M. (2010): Japanese holdouts fought for decades after WWII Template:Webarchive ABC Lateline (12 November 2010). Retrieved on 16 September 2011.</ref>

Akatsu separated from the group in September 1949, and after six months on his own surrendered to Philippine forces in March 1950. The others considered this a desertion and a betrayal, and became even more cautious. In February 1952, letters from the three soldiers' families urging their surrender, along with family photographs, were dropped by air, but the group concluded that it was a trick. Shimada was wounded in the leg in a shootout with local fishermen in June 1953, after which Onoda nursed him back to health. On 7 May 1954, Shimada was killed in a shootout with a Philippine Army mountain unit who accidentally encountered the soldiers while training on the island. On 19 October 1972, Kozuka was killed in a shootout with local police while conducting a recurring raid in which he and Onoda burned piles of rice harvested by the villagers, which they intended as a signal to fellow Japanese forces that their group was still alive and carrying out its duties on Lubang. Onoda was alone from this point.Template:Sfn

On 20 February 1974, Onoda encountered Norio Suzuki, a Japanese adventurer who was traveling around the world and had told friends he was looking for "Lieutenant Onoda, a panda, and the abominable snowman, in that order".<ref name="Wanpela" /> Suzuki located Onoda after four days of searching on Lubang. Onoda later described their meeting in an interview: "This hippie boy, Suzuki, came to the island to listen to the feelings of a Japanese soldier".<ref name="Willacy2010" /> He and Suzuki became friends, but Onoda still refused to surrender, telling Suzuki that he was waiting for orders from his commanding officer. He named Major Yoshimi Taniguchi (commander of the Special Intelligence Squadron of the Fourteenth Area Army who had given Onoda his final instructions) as such, although in truth Onoda's immediate superior was Lieutenant General Shizuo Yokoyama, the commander of the Eighth Division who had issued his orders.Template:Sfn

Suzuki returned to Japan with photographs of Onoda as proof of their encounter, after which the government located Taniguchi, who had become a bookseller following the war. Taniguchi flew to Lubang with Suzuki, and on 9 March met with Onoda in the jungle and issued him the following orders:

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File:President Marcos and Hiroo Onoda.jpg

Onoda surrendering his sword to Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos at the ceremony on 11 March 1974

Onoda was thus relieved of duty, and on 10 March 1974 surrendered to Philippine forces at Lubang's radar base. On 11 March, a formal surrender ceremony was held by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos at Malacañang Palace in Manila, in an international media sensation. Marcos granted Onoda a full pardon for any crimes he had committed while in hiding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Onoda turned over his sword, a functioning Arisaka Type 99 rifle, 500 rounds of ammunition and several hand grenades, as well as a dagger his mother had given him in 1944 to kill himself if captured.<ref name="Economist2014">Template:Cite news</ref> Onoda had held out for 28 years, 6 months, and 8 days (10,416 days) after Japan's surrender in 1945. Only Private Teruo Nakamura, arrested on 18 December 1974 in Indonesia, held out longer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Later lifeEdit

Onoda, who had been declared dead by the Japanese government in 1959, received a hero's welcome upon his return to Japan in 1974. The Japanese government offered him a large sum of money in back pay, which he refused. When money was pressed on him by well-wishers, he donated it to Yasukuni Shrine.Template:Citation needed

Onoda was reportedly unhappy at receiving such attention and at what he saw as the withering of traditional Japanese values. He wrote No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War, a best-selling autobiography published in 1974. In April 1975, he followed the example of his elder brother Tadao and left Japan for Brazil, where he became a cattle farmer. He married in 1976 and assumed a leading role in the Colônia Jamic ("Jamic Colony"), a Japanese Brazilian community in Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul. After reading about a case in which a Japanese teenager murdered his parents in 1980, Onoda returned to Japan in 1984 and established the Onoda Shizen Juku ("Onoda Nature School"), an educational camp for young people in Fukushima Prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

After the war, Filipino media interviewed villagers who had lived on Lubang during Onoda's time in hiding and alleged that he and his men had killed up to 30 civilians. Onoda did not mention these deaths in his autobiography.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1996, he visited the town of Looc on Lubang after his wife Machie (née Honoku) arranged a US$10,000 scholarship donation on his behalf to the local school. The town council presented Onoda with a resolution asking him to compensate the families of seven people whom he had allegedly killed, and about 50 relatives of the alleged victims staged a protest against his visit.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

After 1984, Onoda spent three months of the year in Brazil and the rest in Japan. For allowing the Brazilian Air Force to conduct training sessions on his land,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> he was awarded the Santos-Dumont Merit Medal on 6 December 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 21 February 2010, the Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso do Sul awarded him citizenship.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2006, his wife Machie became head of the conservative Japan Women's Association (JWA), which had been established in 2001 by the ultranationalist organization Nippon Kaigi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DeathEdit

On 16 January 2014, Onoda died of heart failure resulting from pneumonia at St. Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo.<ref name="guardian" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga commented on his death, saying "I vividly remember that I was reassured of the end of the war when Mr Onoda returned to Japan".<ref name="guardian">Template:Cite news</ref>

BibliographyEdit

InterviewsEdit

Hiroo Onoda describes his private thirty years of war against the United States. Broadcast on The Mike Douglas Show, February 14, 1975. Template:OCLC

Representation in other mediaEdit

Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle – 2021 French film co-written and directed by Arthur Harari based on historic accounts of Onoda's life
The Twilight World – 2021 novel by German director Werner Herzog based on Onoda's life