Korean Empire won

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox currency

The Korean won (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Korean, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) or Korean Empire won (Template:Korean), was the official currency of the Korean Empire between 1900 and 1910. It was subdivided into 100 jeon (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Korean, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).

Template:Infobox Korean name

EtymologyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Won is a cognate of the Chinese yuan and Japanese yen, which were both derived from the Spanish-American silver dollar. It is derived from the hanja {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, won), meaning "round", which describes the shape of the silver dollar.

HistoryEdit

Template:See also The Korean won, Chinese yuan and Japanese yen were all derived from the Spanish-American silver dollar, a coin widely used for international trade between Asia and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries.

On May 22, 1901 the Korean Empire adopted the gold standard in response to many other countries doing the same.<ref name="primaltrek">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The won was introduced in 1902, replacing the yang at a rate of 1 won = 10 yang. Units: 1 won = 100 jeon (錢), 1 jeon = 5 bun (分, "fun" ec. yesteryear spellings) of the preceding currency. Gold coins were produced in the denominations of 5, 10, and 20 won. All of these coins had a composition of 90% gold and 10% copper.<ref name="primaltrek"/> Another notable feature of these coins is that they, unlike the earlier yang coinage, contained no English inscriptions as they only contained Chinese and Hangul legends.<ref name="primaltrek"/>

As a part of the Russian influence in Korea at the time, the Koreans introduced a small number of "Russified" coins between the years 1901 and 1902, but these coins would prove to be unsuccessful as they were swept away by the flood of cupronickel coins.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The disagreements between the Japanese and Russian Empires led to the Russo-Japanese War when Japan attacked Port Arthur in Russian Dalian and Incheon in Korea, the war ended in a Japanese victory, Japan occupied the Kwantung Leased Territory and the Korean peninsula.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Japanese immediately took control over Korean financial matters. On October 16, 1904 the Koreans accepted Baron Megata Tanetarō from the Japanese Ministry of Finance as financial adviser to their government,<ref name="LibraryOfCongressMegataTenetarou">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="TheKoreaHeraldEmperorGojong">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Megata was assigned to assume complete jurisdiction over Korea's finances.<ref name="OxfordMoon">Template:Cite journal</ref> When Megata arrived in Korea, he told Sir John Newell Jordan, the British Minister-Resident in Korea at the time, that the Japanese protectorate over Korea was being modeled on British rule in Egypt.<ref name="JapaneseEgypt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One of the first recommendations by Baron Megata was to close all Korean Mints and commence a reform of the Korean currency. One of the primary policies he proposed was removing the cupronickel coins from circulation.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

After the Japanese had pressured the Korean Mint Bureau, which had been striking coins for 20 years, to close in November of the year 1904,<ref name="primaltrek"/> all gold coins of the won were produced at the Japan Mint in Osaka (日本大阪造幣局).<ref name="primaltrek"/> In 1905 the Japan Mint began to produce the Korean won's new coinage, this entirely new series was modeled almost exactly on the patterns of contemporary Japanese coins and even used the same planchets.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

As the coins of the Korean won were being struck on the same planchets as the Japanese yen, when the Japanese would reduce the weight of the minor coinages of the yen in 1906, the weights and sizes of Korean coins were also reduced in 1907.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> This was also because the Japanese and Korean coins were circulating as equivalents to each other in exchange at the time.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

In the year 1907 the imperial Korean government had designated the Japanese Dai-Ichi Bank to carry out the monetary reforms that were suggested by the Japanese adviser to Korea Baron Megata Tanetarō.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Dai-Ichi Bank attempted to withdraw the cupronickel coinage, recall the yeopjeon, and help circulate the newly introduced coinage that was minted in Osaka. During this era Korean cash coins were still largely circulating in the regions of southern and north-eastern Korea.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The task of withdrawing the cupronickel coinage from circulation proved to not be an easy one because of the substantial number of counterfeit cupronickel coins that were circulating in Korea at the time, these counterfeit coins were redeemed by the Dai-Ichi Bank at reduced rates from the "official" cupronickel coins; during the exchange process, it was assumed by everybody that theirs cupronickel were "official" cupronickel coins and demanded the maximum exchange rate.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The withdrawal of copper-alloy Korean cash coins was made easier due to a global rise in the price of copper, during this era thousands of pounds of copper-alloy Korean cash coins were exported at a profit.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

In the year 1908, Korea was hit by a panic when the value of nickel dropped significantly, this led to the Korean public quickly exchanging their cupronickel at the banks.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins">GXSeries.com - Korean coin type set (1888 - 1910) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref> A staggering amount of 266.480,000 of cupronickel coins were exchanged during this panic.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins"/> This panic would lead to the demonetisation of the Korean cupronickel coinage in November 1908.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins"/> In the year 1909 there were supposedly 4,000,000 of 5 jeon nickel coins that were struck at the Japan Mint, however, most were melted down due to their demonetised status.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins"/> Copper coins during this period were not affected by the panic exchange. Older coins collected by the banks from July 1905 to October 1907 resulted to be more than 375 tonnes. If it assumed that only cupronickel 5 fun coins of 7 grams were collected by the banks, more than 53,000,000 would have been collected from general circulation.<ref name="GXSeriesKoreanCoins"/>

After 1908, circulation of the old cupronickel coins was outlawed by the imperial Korean government, while the cast copper-alloy cash coins remained to be legal tender in Korea at a value of 0.2 jeon, which meant that they had a nominal value of Template:Frac won.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

Prince Hirobumi Ito pointed out to the Korean government the anomalous situation of having a foreign (Japanese) commercial bank as the central bank of their government and recommended that the Koreans create their own central bank in the same way that others nations had,<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> and so in 1909, the Bank of Korea (Template:Korean) was founded in Seoul as a central bank and began issuing currency of a modern type.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> And on 10 November 1909 many of the functions of the Dai-Ichi Bank were passed onto the newly established Bank of Korea.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

The Bank of Korea assumed responsibility for the banknotes issued by the Dai-Ichi Bank that were still in circulation (which totalled 12,000,000 yen), the Dai-Ichi Bank would further transfer to the Bank of Korea the 4,000,000 yen in specie reserves which backed its banknotes. The balance was converted by the Bank of Korea to an interest-free 20-year loan to the Dai-Ichi Bank.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

In the year 1910 the Japanese had formally annexed Korea, this meant that Korea's native currency system would become an arm of the Japanese currency system.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> As a part of the reforms of Korea during the colonial period Korean coinage was suspended;<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Japanese coinage was then introduced to the peninsula to replace it, although the Japanese created no "crash" program of recall,<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> nine years later in 1919 as much as 25% of all Korean won coins remained in circulation as only 75% of the Korean coinage had been withdrawn by the Japanese.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

The won was equivalent to the Japanese yen and was replaced by the Korean yen in 1910 during the Colonial Era. In 1911, the Bank of Korea was renamed the Bank of Chōsen (Template:Langx; 朝鮮銀行), which issued notes denominated in yen and sen.

CoinsEdit

File:Korea 1907 20 Won.jpg

Korea 1907 20 gold Won

File:Korea half won 1905.jpg

Korea 1905 ½ Won silver coin

Coins were minted in the denominations of Template:Frac, 1, 5, 10 and 20 jeon, Template:Frac, 5, 10 and 20 won.<ref name="primaltrek"/> The coins all carried the title of the "state", Daehan (Template:Korean),<ref name="primaltrek"/> and the Korean era name, Gwangmu (Template:Korean) and then Yunghui (Template:Korean), whilst the specifications were equivalent to the coins of the Japanese yen.<ref name="primaltrek"/>

In 1906 Korea's first gold coinage was created, in denominations of 5 won, 10 won, and 20 won.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> These coins were also of identical weight and fineness to their Japanese counterparts, but used a dragon which was similar to the previous generation of Japanese yen gold coins in their designs.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

The dragon symbol was replaced by the phoenix on the Template:Frac jeon, 1 jeon, and 5 jeon coins when these coins started being produced by the Japan Mint.<ref name="primaltrek"/>

List of coins of the Korean won:<ref name="primaltrek"/>

Korean Won Coins
Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	Composition	Diameter (in millimeters)	Weight (in grams)	Thickness (in millimeters)	Years of production
File:1909 Ban jeon of the Korean Empire 01.jpg	File:1909 Ban jeon of the Korean Empire 02.jpg	Template:Frac jeon (半錢)<ref>Numista - Template:Frac Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref>	95% copper, 4% tin, 1% zinc	21.9 (1906) 19.1 (1907–1910)	3.4 (1906) 2.1 (1907–1910)	1.5 (1906) 1 (1907–1910)	1906–1910
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	1 jeon (一錢)	98% copper, 1% tin, 1% zinc	28 (1905–1906) 22.5 (1907–1910)	7.1 (1905–1906) 4.1 (1907–1910)	1.5 (1905–1906) 1 (1907–1910)	1905–1910
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	5 jeon (五錢)	Cupronickel (75% copper and 25% nickel)	20.8	4	2	1905, 1907, and 1909
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	10 jeon (十錢)<ref>Numista - 10 Chon (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - 10 Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - 10 Chon (Yung Hee) 2-4 (1908-1910). Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref>	800‰ silver, 200‰ copper	17.6	2.5, 2.25 (1907 only)	1.5	1906–1910
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	20 jeon (二十錢)<ref>Numista - 20 Chon (Gwang Mu) 9-10 (1905-1906) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - 20 Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - 20 Chon (Yung Hee) 2-4 (1908-1910) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref>		22.8 (1905–1906) 20.3 (1907–1910)	5.4 (1905–1906) 4 (1907–1910)	1.5	1905–1910
File:Korea half won 1905.jpg		Template:Frac won (半圜)<ref>Numista - Template:Frac Won (Gwang Mu) 9-10 (1905-1906) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - Template:Frac Won (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - Template:Frac Won (Yung Hee) 2 (1908) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref>		31 (1905–1906) 27.5 (1907–1908)	13.5 (1905–1906) 10.13 (1907–1908)	2	1905–1908
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	5 won (五圜)<ref>Numista - 5 Won (Yung Hee) 2-3 (1908-1909) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref>	900‰ gold, 100‰ copper	17	4.1666	1	1908–1909
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	10 won (十圜)<ref>Numista - 10 Won (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - 10 Won (Yung Hee) 3 (1909) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref>		21.2	8.3	1.5	1906 and 1909
File:Korea 1907 20 Won.jpg		20 won (二十圜)<ref>Numista - 20 Won (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref><ref>Numista - 20 Won (Yung Hee) 2-3 (1908-1909). Retrieved: 16 October 2019.</ref>		28.8	16.667	2	1906, 1908, and 1909

Rare coinsEdit

There is some question as to whether or not any Template:Frac jeon coins were minted in the year Gwangmu 11.<ref name="primaltrek"/>
The Template:Frac jeon coins minted in the years 1907 (隆熙元年) and 1910 (隆熙四年) are known to be very scarce.<ref name="primaltrek"/>
In September 2011 a 5 jeon coin from 1909 was at auction for $138,000.<ref name="primaltrek"/>
The 5 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1908 (隆熙二年) and 1909 (隆熙三年).<ref name="primaltrek"/> Only two known pieces of the 1909 version of the 5 won are known to be extent, one of these pieces was sold at an auction for $460,000 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/>
The 10 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1906 (光武十年) and 1909 (隆熙三年).<ref name="primaltrek"/> Only two known pieces of the 1909 version of the coin are known to be extent with one specimen of this series being sold at an auction for $299,000 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/>
The 20 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1906 (光武十年), 1908 (隆熙二年), and 1909 (隆熙三年).<ref name="primaltrek"/> Only two specimens of the 1909 coin are known to be extent with one specimen of this series being sold at an auction for $632,500 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/>

BanknotesEdit

File:1 Yen in Gold - Bank of Korea (1909) 02.jpg

A banknote of 1 yen "in gold or Nippon Ginko notes" issued by the Bank of Korea in the year 1909.

No banknotes were issued denominated in won. However, Korean yen notes were issued by Dai-Ichi Ginko (First National Bank (of Japan), 주식회사제일은행, 株式會社第一銀行). The Dai-Ichi Bank's role as treasury bank for the imperial Korean government, its responsibility for recalling the old cupronickel and Korean cash coinage, and the fact that this bank issued the only banknotes that ever gained universal acceptance in Korea at the time emphasised the fact that the Dai-Ichi Bank held a status of being the de facto "Central Bank of Korea" until the founding of the Bank of Korea.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

Both local banks and quasi-governmental firms had tried to establish a paper money system in Korea during this era, but none of their issues seemed to have been readily accepted by the public.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The Dai-Ichi Bank had petitioned the imperial Japanese government to be granted permission to issue banknotes in Korea, to augment the demonetised Japanese yen coins that it was importing, this was because in the year 1885 the imperial government had monopolised the issuing of banknotes and prohibited banks from doing this in Japan.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

After the imperial Japanese government has granted this permission, the Dai-Ichi Bank released banknotes in the year 1902 that were printed by the Japanese Finance Ministry Printing Bureau.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> In Southern Korea they were well received in the trade port cities, but faced rejection in the Russian influenced cities of Seoul and Incheon. This was because of the ongoing rivalry between Japan and Russia. In the year 1902 the Russians successfully petitioned the Korean government to ban all banknotes issued by the Dai-Ichi Bank, but this ban only lasted for a few months.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

The Dai-Ichi Bank had enough fiscal and economic strength to redeem every banknote that was presented to them when they were banned from circulating, later the Dai-Ichi Bank was able to withstand yet another run on its banknotes, this meant that public confidence in the issues of the Dai-Ichi Bank grew in Korea which helped the bank succeed.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

In the year 1905 the Dai-Ichi Bank had been designated the "treasury bank" for the Korean government, which meant that it served as the Korean government's agent for depositories and disbursing finances.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

The Dai-Ichi Bank would issue fractional denomination banknotes (banknotes with denominations smaller than 1 yen) for the Imperial Japanese Army soldiers that were operating in northern Korea and Manchuria.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Since these banknotes were printed by the Japanese Ministry of Finance, they were almost identical to the banknotes issued by the imperial Japanese government themselves for these same soldiers.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> The fractional banknotes issued by the Dai-Ichi Bank were seen as being very convenient, and were soon circulating all over the Korean peninsula.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

Following the establishment of the Bank of Korea, it would immediately begin to issue its own banknotes, these new banknotes were redeemable "in gold or Nippon Ginko notes."<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/> Most of the reserves held by the Bank of Korea at the time were banknotes issued by the Bank of Japan and commercial paper.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

Korean "Eagle" coinsEdit

Following the Japanese victory during the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing dynasty's influence over the Korean peninsula was replaced by that of the Japanese Empire.<ref name="primaltrek"/> Furthermore China's weakened position during this era allowed for the interests of the Russian Empire in the Far East to expand significantly as well.<ref name="primaltrek"/> The Russian Empire sent Mr. Alexiev as the financial advisor to Korea. On March 1, 1898 the first branch of the Russo-Korean Bank in Asia was established.<ref name="primaltrek"/> In the year 1901, Alexiev authorised the minting of a new set of three coins, these were Korean "Eagle" coins were issued by the Russo-Korean Bank.<ref name="primaltrek"/>

These coins are known as the Korean "Eagle" coins because the fact that instead of having a Korean dragon or Korean phoenix in their design they have a crowned eagle based on the coat of arms of Russia.<ref name="primaltrek"/> All of the Korean "Eagle" coins were minted at the Yongsan Mint (龍山典局).<ref name="primaltrek"/> These coins would prove to be unsuccessful as they were swept away by the flood of cupronickel coins.<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash"/>

The Russo-Korean bank also created a set of experimental coins (or "trial coins") that were produced but never saw any circulation. This unissued coin series included a copper 10 won (十圜), a copper 20 won (二十圜), and a silver "half dollar" (半圜, "half won").<ref name="primaltrek"/> While all of these unissued Korean "Eagle" coins were reportedly minted in the year 1901, the coins display various other dates such as 1899, 1901, 1902, or 1903.<ref name="primaltrek"/>

Following the Japanese victory during the Russo-Japanese War and Korea becoming a Japanese protectorate under the Eulsa Treaty, the Japanese would confiscate and destroy almost all Korean "Eagle" coins.<ref name="primaltrek"/> Because of this, surviving Korean "Eagle" coins are extremely rare.<ref name="primaltrek"/>

List of issued Korean "Eagle" coins:<ref name="primaltrek"/>

Korean "Eagle" Coins Issued by the Russo-Korean Bank
Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	Composition	Diameter (in millimeters)	Weight (in grams)	Thickness (in millimeters)	Years of production
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	1 jeon (一錢)<ref>Numista - 1 Chon (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref>	98% copper, 1% tin, 1% zinc	28	8		1902 (光武六年)
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	5 jeon (五錢)<ref>Numista - 5 Chon (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref>	Cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel)	20.5	5.4		1902 (光武六年)
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	Template:Frac won (半圜)<ref>Numista - Template:Frac Won (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref>	90% silver, 10% copper	30.9	13.5	2	1901 (光武五年)

List of unissued Korean "Eagle" pattern coins:<ref name="primaltrek"/>

Unissued Korean "Eagle" pattern coins created by the Russo-Korean Bank
Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	Composition	Diameter (in millimeters)	Weight (in grams)	Thickness (in millimeters)	Dates on the coins
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	10 won (十圜)<ref>Numista - 10 Won (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref>	Copper				1903 (光武七年)
File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	File:Imperial Seal of the Korean Empire.svg	20 won (二十圜)<ref>Numista - 20 Won (Gwang Mu - Russian Occupation) Template:Webarchive. Retrieved: 17 October 2019.</ref>	Copper				1902 (光武六年)

Rare Korean "Eagle" coinsEdit

A specimen of a 1 jeon Korean "Eagle" coin dated 1902 (光武六年) sold at an auction for $149,500 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/>
A specimen of a 20 won Korean "Eagle" coin dated 1902 (光武六年) sold at the same auction as the coin above for $115,000 in September 2011.<ref name="primaltrek"/>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist