La Marseillaise
Template:Short description{{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox anthem
"La Marseillaise"Template:Efn is the national anthem of France. It was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by the First French Republic against Austria, and was originally titled "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}".Template:Efn
The French National Convention adopted it as the First Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by Fédéré (volunteers) from Marseille marching to the capital. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music.
The Italian violinist Guido Rimonda pointed out in 2013<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> that the incipit of "Tema e variazioni in Do maggiore" of Giovanni Battista Viotti<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> has a strong resemblance to the anthem.<ref>La Marseillaise, un hymne à l'histoire tourmentée Template:Webarchive.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}.</ref> This incipit was first thought to have been published before La Marseillaise, but it appeared to be a misconception as Viotti published several variations of "La Marseillaise" in 1795<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and wrote as a note "I have never composed the quartets below" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="bufala">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
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As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. The War of the First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least contain it to France. Initially, the French army did not distinguish itself, and Coalition armies invaded France. On 25 April 1792, Baron Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich, the Mayor of Strasbourg and Worshipful Master of the local Masonic lodge, asked his Freemason guest Rouget de Lisle to compose a song "that will rally our soldiers from all over to defend their homeland that is under threat".<ref>Dictionnaire Universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, p. 601 – Jode and Cara (Larousse 2011)</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}"<ref name="Weber1976">Template:Cite book</ref> ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine"), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian freemason in French service from Cham.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror.<ref name=Spach3>Template:In lang Louis Spach, Frederic de Dietrich, premier maire de Strasbourg. Template:Webarchive, Strasbourgh, Vve. Berger-Levrault & fils, 1857.</ref>
The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as "La Marseillaise" after the melody was first sung on the streets by volunteers (fédérés in French) from Marseille by the end of May. These fédérés were making their entrance into the city of Paris on 30 July 1792 after a young volunteer from Montpellier called François Mireur had sung it at a patriotic gathering in Marseille, and the troops adopted it as the marching song of the National Guard of Marseille.<ref name="Weber1976"/> A newly graduated medical doctor, Mireur later became a general under Napoléon Bonaparte and died in Egypt at age 28.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The song's lyrics reflect the invasion of France by foreign armies (from Prussia and Austria) that was under way when it was written. Strasbourg itself was attacked just a few days later. The invading forces were repulsed from France following their defeat in the Battle of Valmy. As the vast majority of Alsatians did not speak French, a German version („Auf, Brüder, auf dem Tag entgegen") was published in October 1792 in Colmar.<ref>Wochenblatt, dem Unterricht des Landvolks gewidmet, Colmar 1792 [1] Template:Webarchive.</ref>
The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on 14 July 1795, making it France's first anthem.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It later lost this status under Napoleon I, and the song was banned outright by Louis XVIII and Charles X, being re-instated only briefly after the July Revolution of 1830.<ref name="Halsall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During Napoleon I's reign, Veillons au salut de l'Empire was the unofficial anthem of the regime, and in Napoleon III's reign, it was "Partant pour la Syrie", but the government brought back the iconic anthem in an attempt to motivate the French people during the Franco-Prussian War. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, La Marseillaise was recognized as the anthem of the international revolutionary movement; as such, it was adopted by the Paris Commune in 1871, albeit with new lyrics under the title "La Marseillaise de la Commune". Eight years later, in 1879, it was restored as France's national anthem, and has remained so ever since.<ref name=Halsall />
MusicEdit
Several musical antecedents have been cited for the melody:
- Tema e variazioni in Do maggiore, a work by the Italian violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti;<ref>"La Marseillaise, un hymne à l'histoire tourmentée" Template:Webarchive by Romaric Godin, La Tribune, 20 November 2015 Template:In lang</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> the 1781 dating of the manuscript has been questioned,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but it seems to have been published after "La Marseillaise", in 1795.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="bufala"/>
- Mozart's Allegro maestoso from the Piano Concerto No. 25 (composed in 1786).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The oratorio Esther by Jean Baptiste Lucien Grison (composed in 1787).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite NIE</ref>
Other attributions (the credo of the fourth Mass of Holtzmann of Mursberg)<ref>Template:Cite AmCyc See also Geschichte eines deutschen Liedes at German Wikisource.</ref> have been refuted.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
LyricsEdit
Generally only the first verse is sung.
| French originalTemplate:Efn | IPA transcriptionTemplate:Efn | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| <poem lang="fr">Allons enfants de la Patrie,
Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! Contre nous de la tyrannie Template:Music repeat Entendez-vous dans les campagnes Mugir ces féroces soldats ? Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes ! Template:Small Template:Music repeat Que veut cette horde d'esclaves, De traîtres, de rois conjurés ? Pour qui ces ignobles entraves, Template:Music repeat Français, pour nous, ah ! quel outrage Quels transports il doit exciter! C'est nous qu'on ose méditer De rendre à l'antique esclavage ! Quoi ! des cohortes étrangères Feraient la loi dans nos foyers ! Quoi ! Ces phalanges mercenaires Template:Music repeat Grand Dieu ! Par des mains enchaînées Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient De vils despotes deviendraient Les maîtres de nos destinées ! Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides L'opprobre de tous les partis, Tremblez ! vos projets parricides Template:Music repeat Tout est soldat pour vous combattre, S'ils tombent, nos jeunes héros, La terre en produit de nouveaux, Contre vous tout prêts à se battre ! Français, en guerriers magnanimes, Portez ou retenez vos coups ! Épargnez ces tristes victimes, Template:Music repeat Mais ces despotes sanguinaires, Mais ces complices de Bouillé, Tous ces tigres qui, sans pitié, Déchirent le sein de leur mère ! Amour sacré de la Patrie, Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs Liberté, Liberté chérie, Template:Music repeat Sous nos drapeaux que la victoire Accoure à tes mâles accents, Que tes ennemis expirants Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire ! Template:SmallTemplate:Efn Nous entrerons dans la carrière Quand nos aînés n'y seront plus, Nous y trouverons leur poussière Template:Music repeat Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre Que de partager leur cercueil, Nous aurons le sublime orgueil De les venger ou de les suivre. Template:Yesitalic</poem> |
]
[lə ʒuʁ də glwaʁ ɛ.t‿a.ʁi.ve ‖] [kõ.tʁə nu də la ti.ʁa.ni.ə |] 𝄆 [le.tɑ̃.daʁ sɑ̃.glɑ̃.t‿ɛ lə.ve ‖] 𝄇 [ɑ̃.tɑ̃.de vu dɑ̃ le kɑ̃.pa.ɲə |] [my.ʒiʁ se fe.ʁɔ.sə sɔl.da ‖] [il vjɛ.nə ʒys.kə dɑ̃ vo bʁɑ |] [e.gɔʁ.ʒe vo fis vo kõ.pa.ɲə ‖] Template:Small 𝄆 [o.z‿aʁ.mə si.twa.jɛ̃ |] [fɔʁ.me vo ba.ta.jõ |] [maʁ.ʃõ | maʁ.ʃõ ‖] [kœ̃ sɑ̃ ɛ̃.pyʁ |] [a.bʁœ.və no si.jõ ‖] 𝄇 [kə vø sɛ.tə ɔʁ.də dɛs.kla.və |] [də tʁɛ.tʁə də ʁwa kõ.ʒy.ʁe ‖] [puʁ ki se.z‿i.ɲɔ.blə.z‿ɑ̃.tʁa.və |] 𝄆 [se fεʁ de lõg.tɑ̃ pʁe.pa.ʁe ‖] 𝄇 [fʁɑ̃.sɛ puʁ nu a kɛl u.tʁa.ʒə |] [kɛl tʁɑ̃s.pɔʁ.z‿il dwa.t‿ɛk.si.te ‖] [sɛ nu kõ.n‿o.zə me.di.te |] [də ʁɑ̃.dʁ‿a lɑ̃.tik ɛs.kla.va.ʒə ‖] [kwa de ko.ɔʁ.tə.z‿e.tʁɑ̃.ʒɛ.ʁə |] [fə.ʁe la lwa dɑ̃ no fwa.je ‖] [kwa se fa.lɑ̃.ʒə mɛʁ.sə.nɛ.ʁə |] 𝄆 [tɛ.ʁa.sə.ʁe no fje gɛ.ʁje ‖] 𝄇 [gʁɑ̃ djø paʁ de mɛ̃.z‿ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne.ə |] [no fʁõ su lə ʒu sə plwa.ʁɛ ‖] [də vil dɛs.pɔ.tə də.vjɑ̃.dʁɛ |] [le mɛ.tʁə də no dɛs.ti.ne.ə ‖] [tʁɑ̃.ble ti.ʁɑ̃.z‿e vu pɛʁ.fi.də |] [lɔ.pʁɔ.bʁə də tu le paʁ.ti ‖] [tʁɑ̃.ble vo pʁɔ.ʒe pa.ʁi.si.də |] 𝄆 [võ.t‿ɑ̃.fɛ̃ ʁə.sə.vwaʁ lœʁ pʁi ‖] 𝄇 [tu.t‿ɛ sɔl.da puʁ vu kõ.ba.tʁə |] [sil tõ.bə no ʒœ.nə e.ʁo ‖] [la tɛ.ʁ‿ɑ̃ pʁɔ.dɥi də nu.vo |] [kõ.tʁə vu tu pʁɛ.z‿a sə ba.tʁə ‖] [fʁɑ̃.sɛ ɑ̃ gɛ.ʁje ma.ɲa.ni.mə |] [pɔʁ.te.z‿u ʁə.tə.ne vo ku ‖] [e.paʁ.ɲe se tʁis.tə vik.ti.mə |] 𝄆 [a ʁə.gʁe saʁ.mɑ̃ kõ.tʁə nu ‖] 𝄇 [me.se dɛs.pɔ.tə sɑ̃.gi.nɛ.ʁə |] [me.se kõ.pli.sə də bwi.je ‖] [tu.se ti.gʁə ki sɑ̃ pi.tje |] [de.ʃi.ʁə lə sɛ̃ də lœʁ mɛ.ʁə ‖] [a.muʁ sa.kʁe də la pa.tʁi.ə |] [kõ.dɥi su.tjɛ̃ no bʁa vɑ̃.ʒœʁ ‖] [li.bɛʁ.te li.bɛʁ.te ʃe.ʁi.ə |] 𝄆 [kõ.ba.z‿a.vɛk te de.fɑ̃.sœʁ ‖] 𝄇 [su no dʁa.po kə la vik.twa.ʁə |] [a.kuʁ a.te mɑ.lə.z‿a.ksɑ̃ ‖] [kə.te.z‿ɛ.nə.mi.z‿ɛks.pi.ʁɑ̃ |] [vwa tõ tʁi.õ.pe nɔ.tʁə glwa.ʁə ‖] Template:Small [nu.z‿ɑ̃.tʁə.ʁõ dɑ̃ la ka.ʁjɛ.ʁə |] [kɑ̃ no.z‿ɛ.ne ni sə.ʁõ ply ‖] [nu.z‿i tʁu.və.ʁõ lœʁ pu.sjɛ.ʁə |] 𝄆 [e la tʁa.sə də lœʁ vɛʁ.ty ‖] 𝄇 [bjɛ̃ mwɛ̃ ʒa.lu də lœʁ syʁ.vi.vʁə |] [kə də paʁ.ta.ʒe lœʁ sɛʁ.kœj ‖] [nu.z‿o.ʁõ lə sy.blim ɔʁ.gœj |] [də le vɑ̃.ʒe u də le sɥi.vʁə ‖] Template:Small</poem> |
<poem>Arise, children of the Fatherland,
The day of glory has arrived! Against us, of tyranny Template:Music repeat Do you hear in the countryside, Those blood-thirsty soldiers ablare? They're coming right into your arms To tear the throats of your sons, your wives! Template:Small Template:Music repeat What do they want, this horde of slaves, Of traitors, of conjured kings? For whom these ignoble chains, Template:Music repeat Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage What outburst it must arouse! It's us they dare to conspire To return to the old slavery! What! These foreign cohorts Would make the law in our homes! What! These mercenary phalanxes Template:Music repeat Great God! With chained hands Under the yoke we'd yield ourselves Vile despots would become The masters of our destinies! Tremble, tyrants and ye traitors The disgrace of all parties, Tremble! Your parricidal schemes Template:Music repeat Everyone is a soldier to fight you, If our young heroes fall, The earth will produce new ones, Ready to fight against you! Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriors, Endure or hold back your blows! Spare these pitiful victims, Template:Music repeat But these bloodthirsty despots, But these accomplices of Bouillé, All these tigers who, without mercy, Would tear apart their mother's breast! Sacred love of the Fatherland, Lead, support our avenging arms Liberty, Liberty beloved, Template:Music repeat Under our flags may victory Hurry to your virile accents, So that your dying enemies See your triumph and our glory! Template:Small We will start our career When our elders are no more, We will find their dust there Template:Music repeat Much less jealous to survive them Than to share their coffin, We will have the sublime pride To avenge them or follow them. Template:Yesitalic</poem> |
Cultural impact and musical adaptationsEdit
"La Marseillaise" was arranged for soprano, chorus and orchestra by Hector Berlioz in about 1830.<ref>William Apthorp (1879) Hector Berlioz; Selections from His Letters, and Aesthetic, Humorous, and Satirical Writings, Henry Holt, New York</ref>
Franz Liszt wrote a piano transcription of the anthem.<ref>L. J. de Bekker (1909) Stokes' Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians, Frederick Stokes, New York</ref>
During World War I, bandleader James Reese Europe played a jazz version of "La Marseillaise".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The anthem was used as a protest song in the Korean March First Movement protests against Japanese rule in 1919.<ref name="Yonhap 10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Adaptations in other musical worksEdit
- Robert Schumann uses a brief quote of "La Marseillaise" in his solo piano work's Faschingsschwank aus Wien (1839) first movement, "Allegro". Singing "La Marseillaise" was forbidden in Austria at the time because "such a revolutionary piece might cause public disorder".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Schumann also quotes the melody in the last verse of his song "Die beiden grenadiere" Op. 49 no. 1 (1840)
- Richard Wagner quotes the melody in last verse of his "Les deux grenadiers" (1840)
- Thomas Wiggins quotes the melody in his "Battle of Manassas" (ca 1861)
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky quotes "La Marseillaise" in his 1812 Overture (1880), representing the invading French Army under Napoleon (although it had not been the French national anthem at that time), and it is drowned out by cannon fire, symbolizing the Russian defense at the Battle of Borodino.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Pavlos Carrer quotes the tune in the overture to his opera Maria Antonietta (1884)
- Julián Felipe incorporated elements of "La Marseillaise" in the fifth and last bar of his incidental piece Marcha Filipina-Magdalo (1898) which eventually became the Filipino national anthem Lupang Hinirang.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Erik Satie's song "Un Dîner à l'Élysée" quotes the tune
- The anthem has been sampled to reference France or Paris in countless film scores
- Dmitri Shostakovich quotes "La Marseillaise" at some length during the fifth reel of the film score he composed for the 1929 silent movie The New Babylon (set during the Paris Commune), where it is juxtaposed contrapuntally with the "Infernal Galop" from Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld.<ref>Described and played on BBC Radio 3's CD Review program "Building a Library: Elgar: Violin Concerto" Template:Webarchive (14 January 2012)Template:Time needed</ref>
- The Australian rules football team the Brisbane Lions use the melody of "La Marseillaise" in their club song, which their predecessor, the Fitzroy Lions, adopted in 1952.<ref>"Origins of our Club song" Template:Webarchive, Brisbane Lions</ref>
- The Beatles' 1967 single "All You Need Is Love" uses the opening bars of "La Marseillaise" as an introduction.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- On Simchat Torah (18–19 October) 1973, the Lubavitcher Rebbe adapted the melody to the Jewish prayer "HaAderet v'HaEmunah". In Chabad, the melody is believed to convey the idea of a "spiritual French revolution" – in that Torah should be spread around the world as an advent to the Messianic era.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Sarah Schachner used and reinterpreted the melody of "La Marseillaise" in the track "Rather Death Than Slavery" that is included in the official soundtrack to the video game Assassin's Creed Unity (2014), itself set during the French Revolution. This track was also used in 2015 in a trailer for season 5 of the TV drama Game of Thrones.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Historical Russian useEdit
In Russia, "La Marseillaise" was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by those who knew French starting in the 18th century, almost simultaneously with its adoption in France. In 1875 Peter Lavrov, a narodnik revolutionary and theorist, wrote a Russian-language text (not a translation of the French one) to the same melody. This "Worker's Marseillaise" became one of the most popular revolutionary songs in Russia and was used in the Revolution of 1905. After the February Revolution of 1917, it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the new Russian republic. Even after the October Revolution, it remained in use for a while alongside "The Internationale".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
CritiqueEdit
The English philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham, who was declared an honorary citizen of France in 1791 in recognition of his sympathies for the ideals of the French Revolution, was not enamoured of "La Marseillaise". Contrasting its qualities with the "beauty" and "simplicity" of "God Save the King", he wrote in 1796:
The War whoop of anarchy, the Marseillais Hymn, is to my ear, I must confess, independently of all moral association, a most dismal, flat, and unpleasing ditty: and to any ear it is at any rate a long winded and complicated one. In the instance of a melody so mischievous in its application, it is a fortunate incident, if, in itself, it should be doomed neither in point of universality, nor permanence, to gain equal hold on the affections of the people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France for most of the 1970s, said that it is ridiculous to sing about drenching French fields with impure Prussian blood as a Chancellor of the modern democratic Germany takes the salute in Paris.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A 1992 campaign to change the words of the song involving more than 100 prominent French citizens, including Danielle Mitterrand, wife of then-President François Mitterrand, was unsuccessful.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The British historian Simon Schama discussed "La Marseillaise" on BBC Radio 4's Today programme on 17 November 2015 (in the immediate aftermath of the Paris attacks), saying it was "... the great example of courage and solidarity when facing danger; that's why it is so invigorating, that's why it really is the greatest national anthem in the world, ever. Most national anthems are pompous, brassy, ceremonious, but this is genuinely thrilling. Very important in the song ... is the line 'before us is tyranny, the bloody standard of tyranny has risen'. There is no more ferocious tyranny right now than ISIS, so it's extremely easy for the tragically and desperately grieving French to identify with that".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1979, a reggae version, "Aux armes et cætera" by Serge Gainsbourg, was received poorly by some in France, particularly in Le Figaro, where Michel Droit accused Gainsbourg of making money from the national anthem and suggesting that he was feeding antisemitism. Gainsbourg was also criticised for removing some of the military-focused aspects of the song.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- "A Portuguesa", the current national anthem of Portugal with a similar refrain
- "Belarusian Marseillaise", a patriotic song in Belarus
- "Chant du départ", the official anthem of the Napoleonic Empire
- "Ça Ira", another famous anthem of the French Revolution
- "Deșteaptă-te, române!", the current national anthem of Romania, sometimes referred to as the "Romanian Marseillaise"
- "Deutsche Arbeiter-Marseillaise", anthem of the General German Workers' Association
- "Gens du pays", the unofficial state song of Quebec
- "Gloria al Bravo Pueblo", the current national anthem of Venezuela, formerly called the "Venezuelan Marsaillaise" and showing similarities to the "French Marsaillaise"
- "La Bayamesa", the current national anthem of Cuba
- "La Marseillaise des Blancs", the Royal and Catholic variation
- "Maamme", the current national anthem of Finland, formerly a candidate anthem along with "La Marsaillaise" and "The Internationale" upon the country's independence in 1917
- "Marche Henri IV", the national anthem of the Kingdom of France
- "National Anthem of Honduras", the only national anthem that mentions the French Revolution
- "Onamo, 'namo!", a Montenegrin patriotic song popularly known as the "Serbian Marseillaise"
- "The Internationale", a popular left-wing anthem, originally intended to be sung to the tune of "La Marsaillaise"
- "The Women's Marseillaise", a women's suffrage protest song
- "Worker's Marseillaise", the national anthem of Russia from 1917 to 1918; written by Robert Schumann, and based on "La Marseillaise"
Explanatory notesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
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- La Marseillaise, Iain Patterson's comprehensive website