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Lenapehoking

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File:Lenape Languages.png
Map of Lenapehoking and approximate boundaries of languages spoken, including all of present-day New Jersey, most of eastern Pennsylvania, and southern New York

Lenapehoking (Template:Langx<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>) is widely translated as 'homelands of the Lenape', which in the 16th and 17th centuries, ranged along the Eastern seaboard from western Connecticut to Delaware, and encompassed the territory adjacent to the Delaware and lower Hudson river valleys, and the territory between them.

Beginning in the 17th century, European colonists started settling on traditional Lenape lands. Combined with the concurrent introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases and encroachment from the colonists, the Lenape were severely depopulated and lost control over large portions of Lenapehoking. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the United States government forcibly removed the Lenape to the American Midwest, including the state of Oklahoma.<ref name="AmHeritageBk">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Lenape nations today control lands within Oklahoma (Delaware Nation and Delaware Tribe of Indians), Wisconsin (Stockbridge-Munsee Community), and Ontario (Munsee-Delaware Nation, Moravian of the Thames First Nation, and Delaware of Six Nations).

MeaningEdit

Lenape speakers in Oklahoma called their northeastern homelands Template:Transliteration translating to: in the land of the Lenape. It was popularized when Nora Thompson Dean shared the term with conservationist Theodore Cornu in 1970, and later with archaeologist Herbert C. Kraft.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This term has gained widespread acceptance and is found widely in recent literature on the Lenape and in New York institutions today as part of land acknowledgement.

Another historical Lenape term for much of the same region is Scheyischbi or Scheyichbi, although this is also often cited as referring specifically to New Jersey.

Range and boundsEdit

At the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Lenape homeland ranged along the Atlantic's coast from western Connecticut to Delaware, which generally encompassed the territory adjacent to the Delaware and lower Hudson river valleys, as well the hill-and-ridge dominated territory between them. Relatives of the Algonquian Amerindians whose territories ranged along the entire coast from beyond the Saint Lawrence River in today's Canada, and the tribes throughout all of New England,<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> down into northern South Carolina,<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> the Delaware ConfederationTemplate:Efn stretched from the southern shores of modern-day Delaware along the Atlantic seaboard into western Long Island and Connecticut, then extended westwards across the Hudson water gap into the eastern Catskills part of the Appalachians range around the headwaters of the Delaware River and along both banks of its basin down to the mouth of the Lehigh River.

Inland, the tribe had to deal with the fierce and territorial Susquehannocks; the Delawares' territory has generally been plotted with boundariesTemplate:Efn along mountain ridgesTemplate:Efn topped by the drainage divides between the right bank tributaries of the Delaware River on the east—and on the west and south—the left bank tributaries of the Susquehanna and Lehigh Rivers; bounds which included the Catskills, parts of Northeastern Pennsylvania through the entire Pocono Mountains along the left bank of the Lehigh River. The Schuylkill River and its mouth in the present-day Philadelphia area or right bank of the Lehigh River were contested hunting grounds, generally shared with the Susquehannock and the occasional visit by a related Potomac tribe when there wasn't active tribal warfare. The greater Philadelphia area was known to host European to Indian contacts from the Dutch traders contacts with the Susquehanna (1600), English traders (1602), and both tribes with New Netherland traders after 1610.

Along the left bank Delaware valley, the territory extended to all of present-day New Jersey, and the southern counties of New York State, including Rockland, Orange, Westchester, Dutchess and Putnam Counties, Nassau County, and the five boroughs of New York City.Template:Efn

Present dayEdit

Several indigenous peoples from diverse tribes, both from the region historically and from elsewhere, live in the Northeast megalopolis or Eastern Seaboard. Many of people from the Haudenosaunee Confederacy moved into the area in the 1920s to 1960s and were employed as skyscraper construction workers (many belonged to the Mohawk Tribe) and played an important role in building the skyline of Philadelphia and New York City. In the University City section of West Philadelphia, there has been some political activity by Urban Indian residents of the area, who adapted the namesake Template:Transliteration to where they live.

Lenape nations today control lands within Oklahoma (Delaware Nation and Delaware Tribe of Indians), Wisconsin (Stockbridge-Munsee Community), and Ontario (Munsee-Delaware Nation, Moravian of the Thames First Nation, and Delaware of Six Nations).

Lenape place namesEdit

Lenape place names are used throughout the region. The following are merely examples and the list is by no means exhaustive.

New YorkEdit

ManhattanEdit

Template:Further

File:R P Bolton, indicating Native American Paths in Manhattan ,rendered 1922.jpg
Lenape sites in Lower Manhattan

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Encyclopedia of New York City offers other derivations, including from the Munsee dialect of Lenape: Template:Transliteration ('place of general inebriation'), Template:Transliteration ('place where timber is procured for bows and arrows'), or Template:Transliteration ('island').<ref>"More on the names behind the roads we ride" Template:Webarchive, The Record (Bergen County), April 21, 2002. Accessed 2007-10-26. "The origin of Manhattan probably is from the language of the Munsee Indians, according to the Encyclopedia of New York City. It could have come from Template:Transliteration, meaning 'place of general inebriation', or Template:Transliteration, meaning 'place where timber is procured for bows and arrows', or Template:Transliteration, meaning 'island'."</ref> Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman) defined it as: 'place that is an island', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45">Kraft, Herbert C.; Kraft, John T. (1985). The Indians of Lenapehoking (First ed.). South Orange, NJ: Seton Hall University Press. p. 45. Template:ISBN</ref>

Staten IslandEdit

BrooklynEdit

QueensEdit

  • Rockaway, evolved from the Lenape word Template:Transliteration, which apparently referred to 'a sandy place'.<ref>William Martin Beauchamp: Aboriginal place names of New York (1907); p.179 [1]</ref>
  • Maspeth originally Mas-pet were a part of the Rockaway band that lived along Maspeth Creek.<ref>History of Long island from its discovery and settlement to the present time. Volume 1 By Benjamin Franklin Thompson, Charles Jolly Werner (1918)[2]</ref>

Westchester CountyEdit

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Rockland CountyEdit

  • Monsey – from the name of the Munsees, northern branch of the Lenapes

New JerseyEdit

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  • Kittatinny – 'great hill' or 'endless mountain' / *Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman): 'big mountain', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45"/>
  • Mahwah – 'meeting place'
  • Manahawkin – 'place where there is good land' / *Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman): 'where the land slopes', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45"/>
  • Manalapan – municipality's name is said to have come from Lenape and is said to mean 'land of good bread'
  • Mantoloking – said to be either 'frog ground', 'sandy place' or 'land of sunsets'
  • Manasquan – "Man-A-Squaw-Han", meaning 'stream of the island of squaws' / *Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman): 'place to gather grass', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45"/>
  • Mantua – said to have come from the "Munsees", North Jersey Lenapes, but the township is in South Jersey.<ref name="Indian" />
  • Matawan – 'hill on either side'<ref name="Indian" />
  • Metuchen – 'dry firewood'<ref name="Indian" />
  • Minisink – 'from the rocky land', is the old name for the Munsee, and the name of an ancient Lenape trade route that ran along a good part of what is now US Highway 46 in Northern New Jersey
  • Musconetcong
  • Netcong – Abbreviation of Template:Transliteration.
  • Parsippany – original form was Template:Transliteration, which means 'the place where the river winds through the valley'<ref name="Indian" />
  • Passaic – 'valley' or 'river flowing through a valley'<ref name="Indian" /> / *Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman): 'valley', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45"/>
  • Peapack – 'place of water roots'<ref name="Indian" />
  • Raritan – original form was Template:Transliteration; may have meant 'river behind the island' or 'forked river'.<ref name="Indian" />
  • Scheyichbi – Meaning of name varies.<ref name="Indian" /> notes two possible meanings: the land that the Lenapes called their country, or 'land of the shell money' (Template:Transliteration).<ref name="Indian" />
  • Secaucus – 'black snakes'.<ref name="Indian" />
  • Weehawken – 'place of gulls'.<ref name="Indian" />
  • Whippany – meaning from the original Template:Transliteration, 'place of the arrow wood' or 'place of the willow trees'<ref name="Fariello 2004">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} Reprinted from Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Cheslow 1999">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PennsylvaniaEdit

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  • Catasauqua – 'thirsty ground'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Catawissa – 'growing fat'<ref>Nude Walker: A Novel By Bathsheba Monk</ref>
  • Chinquapin – The name is taken from a small nut-bearing tree or shrub, resembling the American Chestnut.
  • Cocalico – 'where the snakes collect in dens to pass the winter'<ref>Names which the Lenni Lennape Or Delaware Indians Gave to Rivers, Streams ... edited by William Cornelius Reichel</ref>
  • Cohocksink Creek – from a Lenape word for 'pine lands'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> / *Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman): 'elegant land', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45"/>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> *Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman): 'where the hills are clustered', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45"/>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (This Lenape placename does not occur within the bounds of Lenapehoking, as defined by the map accompanying this article.)

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> / *Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman): 'in the valley', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45"/>

  • Paxtang – 'where the waters stand'<ref>History of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, Volume 1 By Luther Reily Kelker</ref> (This Lenape placename does not occur within the bounds of Lenapehoking, as defined by the map accompanying this article.)
  • Paunacussing Creek – means 'where the powder was given to us'.<ref name=":0" />
  • Pennypack Creek – 'downward-flowing water'; a creek in and near Philadelphia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref> / *Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman): 'turtle land', from Lenape Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Kraft, Herbert C. 1985 p. 45"/>

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Template:Indigenous countries of the Americas

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