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North River (Hudson River)

Article Discussion

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File:Wpdms terra northriver.jpg
The North River portion of the Hudson River highlighted in red between North Jersey and Manhattan Island
File:North River Gutenberg jeh.JPG
The river seen from atop The Palisades in New Jersey

North River (Template:Langx) is an alternative name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States.<ref>The Random House Dictionary (2009) ("Part of the Hudson River between NE New Jersey and SE New York.")</ref><ref>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,'Fourth Edition (2006) ("An estuary of the Hudson River between New Jersey and New York City flowing into Upper New York Bay.")</ref><ref>Webster's New World College Dictionary (2005) ("The lower course of the Hudson River, between New York City & NE N.J.")</ref><ref>The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009) Template:Webarchive ("An estuary of Hudson River between SE New York & NE New Jersey" )</ref><ref>Joint Report With Comprehensive Plan and Recommendations New York, New Jersey Port and Harbor Development Commission (1926)</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

HistoryEdit

NameEdit

File:Manhattan1781.jpg
A 1781 map, developed during the Revolutionary War, that refers to the "North River or Hudson River", using both names interchangeably

In the early 17th century, the entire watercourse was named the North River (Dutch: Noort Rivier") by the Dutch colonial empire; by the early 18th century, the term fell out of general use for most of the river's 300+ mile course.<ref>Steinhauer, Jennifer."F.Y.I",The New York Times, May 15, 1994. Accessed January 17, 2008. "The North River was the colonial name for the entire Hudson River, just as the Delaware was known as the South River. These names went out of use sometime early in the century, said Norman Brouwer, a historian at the South Street Seaport Museum."</ref> The name remains in limited use among local mariners and others<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>The Great North River Tugboat Race and Competition Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and on some nautical charts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and maps. The term is also used to describe infrastructure on and under the river, including the North River piers, North River Tunnels, and Riverbank State Park.

The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch.<ref name="WDL1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called the present-day Hudson River the "North River", the present-day Connecticut River the "Fresh River", and the Delaware River the "South River".<ref>Roberts, Sam. "Brooklyn Murders, Depression Love, a Glamorous Librarian", The New York Times, June 24, 2007. Accessed January 6, 2008. "You may even be directed to the sewage treatment plant in West Harlem, practically the last vestige of the name that, legend has it, the Dutch bestowed on the tidal estuary navigated by Henry Hudson to distinguish it from the South River, now known as the Delaware."</ref> Another theory is that the North River and East River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay.<ref>Dougherty, Steve. "MY MANHATTAN; Away From the Uproar, Before a Strong Wind", The New York Times, May 31, 2002. Accessed January 17, 2008. "'Because it's the river you sail to go north,' Captain Freitas explained. 'To sail east, to Long Island Sound, you would take the East River.'"</ref>

At various times, North River has referred to:

The river's history is strongly connected to the shipping industry in the Port of New York and New Jersey, which shifted primarily to Port Newark in the mid-20th century due to the construction of the Holland Tunnel and other river crossings and the advent of containerization.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Throughout this multi-century history, the name for the lower portion of the river has remained interchangeable with both North River and Hudson River used to describe it.

19th centuryEdit

In 1808, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin issued a report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance. The North River figured prominently among his proposals as the best route toward western and northern lands; similar routes were chosen for the Erie Canal and other early canals built by the New York state.

Gallatin noted the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers, writing:<ref>Portions of the Gallatin Report, 1808, Included in the Preliminary Report of the Inland Waterways Commission, 1908</ref>

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20th centuryEdit

In 1909, two tunnels were under construction: one was called the North River Tunnels, the other, the Hudson Tubes. That year the Hudson–Fulton Celebration was held, commemorating Henry Hudson, the first European to record navigating the river, and Robert Fulton, the first man to use a paddle steamer in America, named the North River Steamboat, to sail up it, leading to controversy over what the waterway should be called.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Much of the shoreline previously used for maritime, rail, and industrial activities has given way to recreational promenades and piers. On the Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey, the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs for about 18 miles. In Manhattan, the Hudson River Park runs from Battery Park to 59th Street.

North River on mapsEdit

File:North River (Hagstrom map of Manhattan 1997).png
The label "North River" used on a 1997 Hagstrom Map to describe the stretch of the Hudson River between Hudson County, New Jersey and Lower Manhattan

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's current charts call the lower river the "Hudson",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the United States Geological Survey lists "North River" as an alternative name of the Hudson River without qualifying it as any particular portion of the river.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hagstrom Maps, formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area and known for occasional quirky and anachronistic names, features, and artifacts on their maps, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as "North River" on several of its products. For instance, on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan, the stretch of river between Hudson County, New Jersey, and Lower Manhattan, roughly corresponding to the location of the North River piers, was labeled "North River", with the label "Hudson River" used above Midtown Manhattan.

On a 2000 map of "Northern Approaches to New York City" included in Hagstrom's New York [State] Road Map, the entire river adjacent to Manhattan was labeled "Hudson River (North River)" with the river further north at Tappan Zee labeled the "Hudson River".

North River piersEdit

Piers along the Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, "Pier 14, North River". As with the river, the name "North River piers" has largely been supplanted by "Hudson River piers", or just by a pier and number, e.g., "Pier 54". Pier 40 is located at Houston Street, and the numbering of the piers to the north correspond to the nearest numbered street plus 40 – thus, for example, North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street.

Most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street. Many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of the Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery. The park, a joint project between New York City and New York State commenced in 1998, consists of several non-contiguous parcels of land and piers totaling Template:Convert, plus another Template:Convert of the river itself.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several piers were rebuilt for adaptive re-use as part of the park project, with approximately 70% of the planned work complete by 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

StatusEdit

File:Chelsea-lusitania.png
Chelsea Piers with the RMS Lusitania docked, Template:Circa
File:Pier 97 pile hoisting jeh.jpg
Rebuilding of Pier 97 in Hudson River Park in July 2011
File:HudsonRiverJavitsCenter.agr.JPG
Javits Center behind NY Waterway's West Midtown Ferry Terminal at Pier 79; Weehawken Terminal was located across the river at the base of the Hudson Palisades from its opening in 1884 and its closing in 1959.
  • Pier A is a designated national and New York City landmark. The building on the pier dates to 1886, and was used by the city's Department of Docks, Harbor Police, and was later a fireboat station. The pier was closed and renovated from 1992 to November 2014, after which it reopened as a restaurant.<ref name="eat">Template:Cite news</ref>
  • What little remained of Piers 1 through 21 were buried under landfill from the World Trade Center construction project in 1973 and turned into Battery Park City.
  • Pier 25 is a sports and docking facility at the foot of North Moore Street with a mini golf course.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 26 was rebuilt over 2008–2009 and is home to a new park designed by OLIN and Rafael Viñoly and opened in September 2020, featuring a sports court and an engineered wetland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Pier 34, at Canal Street, contains a ventilation shaft for the Holland Tunnel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 40, at Houston Street, was built as a terminal for the Holland America Line in 1962,<ref name="NYTimes-PeerlessPier-19632">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-workbeginssoon-19582">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and now contains various playing fields, long-term parking spaces and the Trapeze School of New York on the roof (during the summer).<ref name="NYTimes-Pier40-20142">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Pier40Construction2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • The term "Christopher Street Pier" usually refers specifically to Pier 45 opposite West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. However, it refers to three other piers as well, between Piers 42–51.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pier 51 houses a water-themed playground, part of Hudson River Park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> They are being converted into a public park, expected to be complete in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also at the end of Pier 53 is the FDNY's Marine 1 fireboat facility, occupying a new building completed in 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 54 and Pier 55, part of Hudson River Park since its creation in 1998, was closed in 2011 when it was deemed structurally unsound.<ref name="NYTimes-Pier 55-April20154">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Plans were unveiled in November 2014 for a new park designed by Heatherwick Studio and costing $130 million.<ref name="wsj 2014113">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The project was temporarily canceled in 2017 after costs had grown to $250 million,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but was later revived as part of an agreement to complete the remainder of Hudson River Park.<ref name="NYTimes-Diller-Back-20173">Template:Cite news</ref> The new park, dubbed "Little Island," took the place of the now-dismantled Piers 54 and 55, and opened in May 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> a food hall, and a rooftop park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Piers 59–62 are used as Chelsea Piers, which were originally a passenger ship terminal in the early 1900s that was used by the RMS Lusitania and was the destination of the RMS Titanic.<ref name="ChelseaPiersHistory1012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Chelsea Piers Sports & Entertainment Complex opened at the site in 1995.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 66 is part of Hudson River Park, It is located at 26th Street and is used for sailing and paddle sports.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 76, formerly the NYPD impound lot, was reopened by the Hudson River Park Trust on June 9, 2021 as a park and cultural space.<ref name="tow">Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Pier 78 is the only Hudson River pier that is privately owned,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and is used for sightseeing cruises.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 84 served as a concert venue from the former Schaefer Music Festival.<ref name="HRP-Pier842">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The pier also houses a water-themed playground within Hudson River Park,<ref name="HRP-Pier842" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a stop for New York Water Taxi, and has a bicycle rental shop and other businesses serving primarily tourists.<ref name="HRP-Pier842" />

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> This pier once served as the passenger ship terminal for the United States Lines.<ref>See, for instance:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pier 92 was subsequently used as an exhibition space, but closed in 2019 after the pier was found to be unsafe.<ref name="goldbaum">Template:Cite news</ref>

  • Pier 94 was formerly also part of the Passenger Ship Terminal, and until 2020 housed the "UnConvention Center", the second-largest exhibition hall in New York City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of 2023, it is slated to be redeveloped into a film studio.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 96 is part of Hudson River Park. It is the home of Manhattan Community Boathouse, an all-volunteer non-profit organization that offers free kayaking to the public each summer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 97 is part of Hudson River Park. It was until 1975 the home of the Swedish American Line passenger ship terminal.<ref name="HRP-Pier972">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The terminal was demolished some time after 1984 and the pier has since been used for various purposes, including many years as a Sanitation Department parking lot and a brief period as a live event venue sponsored by JBL and Live Nation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In November 2019, it was announced that the pier would be converted into a park, with construction expected to start in September 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of September 2020, the pier is now expected to reopen in March 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 98 is used for Con Edison employee car parking, a training facility and delivery by barge and storage of fuel oil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pier 99 houses the West 59th Street Marine Transfer Station, used by the New York City Sanitation Department.
  • Pier I and most of Riverside Park South were originally part of the abandoned Penn Central railyard between 59th and 72nd Streets. These lettered piers were built at a 55-degree angle to the shore to facilitate the transfer of rail cars from their tracks to a waiting barge. Pier I is the only remaining rail pier.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 69th Street Transfer Bridge of the New York Central Railroad is still extant and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Railroads and ferriesEdit

File:New York City Railroads ca 1900.png
Railroad and ferry terminals along the North River, Template:Circa

Prior to the opening of the North River Tunnels and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes in the early 1900s,<ref>Open Pennsylvania Station To-night, The New York Times November 26, 1910 page 5</ref> passengers and freight were required to cross the river for travel to points east. This led to an extensive network of intermodal terminals, railyards, ferry slips, docks, barges, and carfloats. The west shore of the river from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century was home to expansive facilities operated by competing railroads.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Most are now gone, allowing for public access to the waterfront at piers, parks, promenades and marinas along the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. New ferry slips and terminals exclusively for pedestrian use have been built.

Fixed crossingsEdit

Crossing Carries Opened Location Coordinates
George Washington Bridge File:I-95.svg I-95
File:US 1.svg US 1
File:US 9.svg US 9
File:US 46.svg US 46 		1931 (upper level)
1962 (lower level) 		Fort Lee and Upper Manhattan Template:Coord
Lincoln Tunnel Template:Jct
Template:Jct 		1937 (center tube)
1945 (north tube)
1957 (south tube) 		Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan Template:Coord
North River Tunnels
(Part of the New York Tunnel Extension) 		Amtrak
New Jersey Transit 		1910 Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan Template:Coord
Gateway Program Amtrak 2035 (projected) Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan
Uptown Hudson Tubes PATH 1908 Jersey City and Midtown Manhattan
Holland Tunnel File:I-78.svg I-78
Template:Jct 		1927 Jersey City and Lower Manhattan Template:Coord
Downtown Hudson Tubes PATH 1909 Exchange Place and World Trade Center

The last crossing to be built was the south tube of the Lincoln Tunnel in 1957, but in 1962, another deck was added to the George Washington Bridge.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Since 2003, various proposals have been made to add a new train line. This includes an extension of the completed 7 Subway Extension, the canceled Access to the Region's Core, and the ongoing Gateway Program.

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Template:New York City waterways Template:Authority control

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