Liberalism in Europe
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Liberalism in Europe is a political movement that supports a broad tradition of individual liberties and constitutionally-limited and democratically accountable government. These European derivatives of classical liberalism are found in centrist movements and parties, as well as some parties on the centre-left and the centre-right.
Most liberalism in Europe is conservative or classical whilst European social liberalism and progressivism is rooted in classical radicalism, a left-wing classical liberal idea. Liberalism in Europe is broadly divided into two groups: "social" (or "left-") and "conservative" (or "right-").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This differs from the USA's method of dividing liberalism into "modern" (simply liberal) and "classical" (or libertarian, albeit there is some disagreement), although the two groups are very similar to their European counterparts.
Liberal practicesEdit
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Liberal political parties have specific policies, which the social scientist can either read from party manifestos, or infer from actual actions and laws passed by ostensibly liberal parties. The sources listed below serve to illustrate some of the current liberal attitudes in Europe:
- the policies of liberal parties in government, including those in coalition arrangements (taking into mind that coalition partners make compromises), since they show what liberals are prepared to accept, as well as the policies of liberal parties in opposition;
- the positions of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe faction in the European Parliament,<ref>ALDE Group in the European Parliament : HomeTemplate:Dead link</ref> as well as the Electoral Manifestos of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party;<ref>European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Manifestos</ref>
- the forum of Germany's Free Democratic Party,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> which is relatively unmoderated, and illustrates grassroots liberal concerns. Sites of other Liberal parties, such as Britain's Liberal Democrats,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or the Netherlands' Democrats 66,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> are more heavily moderated and therefore more representative for the policy of liberal parties;
- the Belgian website/think tank Liberales.be,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> which has longer essays on new liberal policies;
- the views and policies of the Open Society Institute, since they explicitly claim to derive from the principles of the major liberal philosopher Karl Popper;
- the Lisbon Strategy of the European Union, since it is strongly supported by the liberal parties, and sets out a vision of a future Europe.
Additionally, liberal value preferences can be inferred from the liberalisation programmes and policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The liberalism visible in these sources emphasizes in comparison with other ideologies more belief in individual development as a motor for society and the state providing a social safety net. The liberal policies differ from country to country and from party to party.
IdeologyEdit
European liberalism is largely divided into classical (in practical terms, liberalism as it is applied to the economy), social, and conservative.<ref name="Close2019"/> Liberalism in the European context is distinct from liberalism in the United States.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> In the United States, people who are called liberals generally advocate for a larger government, some forms of protectionism, and more economic interventionism,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and are sometimes also called social democrats, or even leftists. In contrast, European liberals usually favor limited government, free trade, and adhere to economic liberalism.<ref name=":0" />
In the context of European politics, a liberal (when the word is used without a modifier) is generally understood to refer to a classical liberal, who may be either centre-left or centre-right. As a result, a European classical liberal usually refers to a centre-right person with prominent economically liberal tendencies; Germany's Free Democratic Party, for example, follows classical liberalism in this sense. Under one interpretation, a European mainstream conservative liberal (a proponent of ordoliberalism or Christian democracy) usually has weaker economically liberal tendencies than a social liberal;<ref name="Close2019" /> however, some consider classical liberals (economic liberals) to also be conservative liberals.<ref>R.T. Allen, Beyond Liberalism, p. 2.</ref><ref name="Hayek">Template:Cite book</ref>
European UnionEdit
European liberalists tend to support the European Union.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="expat2" /><ref name="Program" /><ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Edwards2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopediaTemplate:Dead link</ref> One example is Emmanuel Macron, the incumbent president of France, who campaigned against Marine Le Pen, a candidate from the far-right, nationalist, and Eurosceptic party known as the National Rally.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some prominent European liberalists, such as Guy Verhofstadt (former Prime Minister of Belgium),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Viviane Reading (current Vice-President of the European Commission),<ref>Europa – Press Release – Why we need a United States of Europe now</ref> and Matteo Renzi (former Prime Minister of Italy),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> are proponents of a future federalisation of the European Union.
Social issuesEdit
Among European liberals, classical liberals and social liberals support cultural liberalism, for example LGBT rights issues including same-sex marriage, legalization of some drugs, opening immigration, etc., while most conservative liberals, including ordoliberals, Christian democrats, and some agrarians, take a moderate-to-conservative stance on cultural issues. For example, Finland's Centre Party, a Nordic agrarian party, follows conservative liberalism in this sense.<ref name="Kaleva.fi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Cracking open the numbers in the same-sex marriage vote Template:Webarchive, YLE 28 November 2014, accessed 5 November 2014.</ref>
PartiesEdit
GovernmentEdit
See alsoEdit
- Liberalism by country for discussion of individual states of Europe
- Classical liberalism (mainly economic liberalism)
- Conservative liberalism (right-liberalism)
- Social liberalism (left-liberalism)
- Libertarianism
- Ordoliberalism
- Radicalism (historical)