List of epidemics and pandemics

File:Pandemics-Timeline-Death-Tolls-OWID 9818.png

Pandemics timeline death tolls

This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease in humans. Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included. An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time; in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.<ref name="Green">Template:Cite journal</ref> Due to the long time spans, the first plague pandemic (6th century – 8th century) and the second plague pandemic (14th century – early 19th century) are shown by individual outbreaks, such as the Plague of Justinian (first pandemic) and the Black Death (second pandemic).

Infectious diseases with high prevalence are listed separately (sometimes in addition to their epidemics), such as malaria, which may have killed 50–60 billion people.<ref name=Whitfield>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Major epidemics and pandemics

By death toll

Ongoing epidemics and pandemics are in Template:Strong. For a given epidemic or pandemic, the average of its estimated death toll range is used for ranking. If the death toll averages of two or more epidemics or pandemics are equal, then the smaller the range, the higher the rank. For the historical records of major changes in the world population, see world population.<ref name=":9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Epidemics and pandemics with at least 1 million deaths

Rank	Epidemics/pandemics	Disease	Death toll	Percentage of population lost	Years	Location
1	1918 "Spanish" influenza pandemic	Influenza A/H1N1	17–100 million	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1918–1920	Worldwide
2	Plague of Justinian	Bubonic plague	15–100 million	25–60% of European population<ref name=":4" />	541–549	North Africa, Europe, and Western Asia
3	HIV/AIDS pandemic	HIV/AIDS	44 million (Template:As of)	–	1981–present<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Worldwide
4	Black Death	Bubonic plague	25–50 million	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1346–1353	Europe, Asia, and North Africa
5	COVID-19 pandemic	COVID-19	7.1–36.5 million<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (Template:As of)	–	2019Template:Efn–present<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn	Worldwide
6	Third plague pandemic	Bubonic plague	12–15 million	–	1855–1960	Worldwide
7	Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548	Cocoliztli, caused by an unidentified pathogen	5–15 million	27–80% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />	1545–1548	Mexico
8	Antonine Plague	Smallpox or measles	5–10 million	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	165–180 (possibly up to 190)	Roman Empire
9	1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic	Smallpox	5–8 million	23–37% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />	1519–1520	Mexico
10	1957–1958 influenza pandemic	Influenza A/H2N2	1–4 million	–	1957–1958	Worldwide
11	Hong Kong flu	Influenza A/H3N2	1–4 million	–	1968–1969	Worldwide
12	1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic	Typhus	2–3 million	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1918–1922	Russia
13	Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576	Cocoliztli	2–2.5 million	50% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />	1576–1580	Mexico
14	1772–1773 Persian Plague	Bubonic plague	2 million	–	1772–1773	Persia
15	735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic	Smallpox	2 million	33% of Japanese population<ref name="Suzuki" />	735–737	Japan
16	Naples Plague	Bubonic plague	1.25 million	–	1656–1658	Southern Italy
17	1889–1890 pandemic	Influenza or human coronavirus OC43<ref name="Knowable">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite journal</ref>	1 million	–	1889–1890	Worldwide
18	1629–1631 Italian plague	Bubonic plague	1 million	–	1629–1631	Italy
19	1846–1860 cholera pandemic	Cholera	1 million	–	1846–1860	Worldwide

Depopulation of the Americas

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Not included in the above table are many waves of deadly diseases brought by Europeans to the Americas and Caribbean. Western Hemisphere populations were ravaged mostly by smallpox, but also typhus, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, mumps, yellow fever, and pertussis. The lack of written records in many places and the destruction of many native societies by disease, war, and colonization make estimates uncertain. Deaths probably numbered in the tens or perhaps over a hundred million, with perhaps 90% of the population dead in the worst-hit areas. Lack of scientific knowledge about microorganisms and lack of surviving medical records for many areas makes attribution of specific numbers to specific diseases uncertain.

Infectious diseases with high prevalence

There have been various major infectious diseases with high prevalence worldwide, but they are currently not listed in the above table as epidemics/pandemics due to the lack of definite data, such as time span and death toll.

File:Malaria Patient, Nyangaton, Ethiopia (15151075077).jpg

CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Malaria has had multiple documented temporary epidemics in otherwise non-affected or low-prevalence areas. Malaria is commonly spread by mosquitoes. The vast majority of its deaths are due to its constant prevalence in affected areas.<ref name=Whitfield/>
• Tuberculosis (TB) became epidemic in Europe in the 18th and 19th century, showing a seasonal pattern, and is still taking place globally. TB causes symptoms including consumption (coughing up blood due to TB). TB is serious and if caught, needs strong antibiotics immediately. <ref name=":03">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":52">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The morbidity and mortality of TB and HIV/AIDS have been closely linked, known as "TB/HIV syndemic".<ref name=":8" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to the World Health Organization, approximately 10 million new TB infections occur every year, and 1.5 million people die from it each year – making it the world's top infectious killer (before COVID-19 pandemic).<ref name=":8" /> However, there is a lack of sources which describe major TB epidemics with definite time spans and death tolls.

• Hepatitis B: According to the World Health Organization, Template:As of there are about 296 million people living with chronic hepatitis B, with 1.5 million new infections each year. In 2019, hepatitis B caused about 820,000 deaths, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer).<ref name=":13">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> In many places of Asia and Africa, hepatitis B has become endemic.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In addition, a person is sometimes infected with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, and this population (about 2.7 million) accounts for about 1% of the total HBV infections.<ref name=":13" />

• Hepatitis C: According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately 58 million people with chronic hepatitis C, with about 1.5 million new infections occurring per year. In 2019, approximately 290,000 people died from the disease, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> There have been many hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemics in history.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Chronology

Events in Template:Strong are ongoing.

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events in human history

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
1350 BC plague of Megiddo	c. 1350 BC	Megiddo, land of Canaan	Amarna letters EA 244, Biridiya, mayor of Megiddo complains to Amenhotep III of his area being "consumed by death, plague and dust"	Unknown	<ref name="Amarna">Amarna Tablet 244 Template:Webarchive.</ref>
Hittite Plague/"Hand of Nergal"	c. 1330 BC	Near East, Hittite Empire, Alashiya, possibly Egypt	Unknown, possibly Tularemia. Mentioned in Amarna letter EA 35 as the "Hand of Nergal", cause of death of Šuppiluliuma I.	Unknown
Plague of Athens	430–426 BC	Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia	Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever	75,000–100,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
412 BC epidemic	412 BC	Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic)	Unknown, possibly influenza	473,000 (10% of the Roman Population)	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Antonine Plague	165–180 (possibly up to 190)	Roman Empire	Unknown, possibly smallpox	5–10 million	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"Past pandemics that ravaged Europe" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 7 November 2005</ref>
Jian'an Plague	217	Han dynasty	Unknown, possibly typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever	2 Million	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Plague of Cyprian	249–262	Europe	Unknown, possibly smallpox	310,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Plague of Justinian (beginning of first plague pandemic)	541–549	Europe and West Asia	Bubonic plague	15–100 million	<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
580 Dysentery Epidemic in Gaul	580	Gaul	Dysentery or possibly smallpox	450,000 (10% of the Gaul population)	<ref>Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916</ref>
Roman Plague of 590 (part of first plague pandemic)	590	Rome, Byzantine Empire	Bubonic plague	Unknown	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Plague of Sheroe (part of first plague pandemic)	627–628	Bilad al-Sham	Bubonic plague	25,000+
Plague of Amwas (part of first plague pandemic)	638–639	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa	Bubonic plague	25,000+	<ref name=Turner1990>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Plague of 664 (part of first plague pandemic)	664–689	British Isles	Bubonic plague	Unknown	<ref name=Maddicott1997>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Plague of 698–701 (part of first plague pandemic)	698–701	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia	Bubonic plague	Unknown	<ref name="Little">Template:Cite book</ref>
735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic	735–737	Japan	Smallpox	2 million (approx. Template:Frac of Japanese population)	<ref name="Suzuki">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Kohn">Template:Cite book</ref>
Plague of 746–747 (part of first plague pandemic)	746–747	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa	Bubonic plague	Unknown	<ref name=Turner1990/>
Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic)	1346–1353	Eurasia and North Africa	Bubonic plague	75–200 million (30–60% of European population and 33% percent of the Middle Eastern population)	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks)	1485–1551	Britain (England) and later continental Europe	Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus	10,000+	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1489 Spain typhus epidemic	1489	Spain	Typhus	17,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1510 influenza pandemic	1510	Asia, North Africa, Europe	Influenza	Unknown, around 1% of those infected	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic	1519–1520	Mexico	Smallpox	5–8 million (40% of population)	<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548	1545–1548	Mexico	Possibly Salmonella enterica	5–15 million (80% of population)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Acuna-SotoRomero2000">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Acuna-SotoStahle2002">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="sal">Template:Cite journal</ref>
1557 influenza pandemic	1557–1559	Asia, Africa, Europe, and Americas	Influenza	2.5–5 Million (10% of the infected)
1561 Chile smallpox epidemic	1561–1562	Chile	Smallpox	120,000–150,000 (20–25% of native population)	<ref>Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575 Template:Webarchive. Cervantesvirtual.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-06.</ref>
1563 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1563–1564	London, England	Bubonic plague	20,100+	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576	1576–1580	Mexico	Possibly Salmonella enterica	2–2.5 million (50% of population)	<ref name="American plague" /><ref name="Acuna-SotoRomero2000" /><ref name="Acuna-SotoStahle2002" /><ref name=sal/>
1582 Tenerife plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1582–1583	Tenerife, Spain	Bubonic plague	5,000–9,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1592–1596 Seneca nation measles epidemic	1592–1596	Seneca nation, North America	Measles	Unknown	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1592–1593	Malta	Bubonic plague	3,000	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1592–1593 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1592–1593	London, England	Bubonic plague	19,900+	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1596–1602 Spain plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1596–1602	Spain	Bubonic plague	600,000–700,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1600–1650 South America malaria epidemic	1600–1650	South America	Malaria	Unknown	Template:Citation needed
1603 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1603	London, England	Bubonic plague	40,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Bell, Walter George (1951). Belinda Hollyer (ed.). The great Plague in London (folio society ed.). Folio society by arrangement with Random House. pp. 3–5</ref>
1616 New England infections epidemic	1616–1620	Southern New England, British North America, especially the Wampanoag people	Unknown, possibly leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D	1,143,000–3,429,000 (estimated 30–90% of population)	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1629–1631 Italian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1629–1631	Italy	Bubonic plague	1 million	<ref name="Hays">Template:Cite book</ref>
1632–1635 Augsburg plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1632–1635	Augsburg, Germany	Bubonic plague	13,712	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Massachusetts smallpox epidemic	1633–1634	Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thirteen Colonies	Smallpox	1,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1634–1640 Wyandot people epidemic	1634–1640	Wyandot people, North America	Smallpox and Influenza	15,000–25,000	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1637 London plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1636–1637	London and Westminster, England	Bubonic plague	10,400	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty (part of the second plague pandemic)	1633–1644	China	Bubonic plague	200,000+	<ref name=":12">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Brook1999">Template:Cite book</ref>
Great Plague of Seville (part of the second plague pandemic)	1647–1652	Spain	Bubonic plague	500,000	<ref>Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1, Ch 15 The Seventeenth-Century Decline Template:Webarchive THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE, accessed 26 May 2020</ref>
1648 Central America yellow fever epidemic	1648	Central America	Yellow fever	Unknown	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Naples Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1656–1658	Italy	Bubonic plague	1,250,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1663–1664 Amsterdam plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1663–1664	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Bubonic plague	24,148	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Great Plague of London (part of the second plague pandemic)	1665–1666	England	Bubonic plague	100,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1668 France plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1668	France	Bubonic plague	40,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1675–1676	Malta	Bubonic plague	11,300	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1676–1685 Spain plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1676–1685	Spain	Bubonic plague	Unknown	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1677–1678 Boston smallpox epidemic	1677–1678	Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America	Smallpox	750–1,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Great Plague of Vienna (part of the second plague pandemic)	1679	Vienna, Austria	Bubonic plague	76,000	<ref name=EB1911>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
1681 Prague plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1681	Prague, Czech Kingdom	Bubonic plague	83,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1687 South Africa influenza outbreak	1687	South Africa	Unknown, possibly influenza	Unknown	<ref>History of South Africa 1486–1691, George McCall Theal, London, pub. Swan Sonnenschein, 1888. p. 332 "Towards the beginning of the winter of 1687 the colony was visited by a destructive disease, a kind of fever which carried off many of the inhabitants. The natives suffered very..."</ref>
1693 Boston yellow fever epidemic	1693	Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America	Yellow fever	3,100+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1699 Charleston and Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic	1699	Charleston and Philadelphia, British North America	Yellow fever	520 (300 in Charleston, 220 in Philadelphia)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1702 New York City yellow fever epidemic	1702	New York City, British North America	Yellow fever	500	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1702–1703 St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic	1702–1703	New France, Canada	Smallpox	1,300	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1707–1708 Iceland smallpox epidemic	1707–1709	Iceland	Smallpox	18,000+ (36% of population)	<ref name="Hays2005p131">Template:Cite book</ref>
Great Northern War plague outbreak (part of the second plague pandemic)	1710–1712	Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania	Bubonic plague	164,000	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} Specific sections: Danzig Template:Webarchive; Königsberg Template:Webarchive; Stettin Template:Webarchive; Memel Template:Webarchive; Tilsit Template:Webarchive; Narva Template:Webarchive; Stargard Template:Webarchive; Riga Template:Webarchive; Pernau Template:Webarchive; Reval Template:Webarchive; Stralsund Template:Webarchive; Stockholm Template:Webarchive; Visby Template:Webarchive; Linköping Template:Webarchive; Jönköping Template:Webarchive; Ystad Template:Webarchive; Malmö Template:Webarchive; Helsingør Template:Webarchive; Kopenhagen Template:Webarchive; Hamburg Template:Webarchive</ref>
1713–1715 North America measles epidemic	1713–1715	Thirteen Colonies and New France, Canada	Measles	Unknown	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Great Plague of Marseille (part of the second plague pandemic)	1720–1722	France	Bubonic plague	100,000+	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1721 Boston smallpox outbreak	1721–1722	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Smallpox	844	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1730 Cádiz yellow fever epidemic	1730	Cádiz, Spain	Yellow fever	2,200	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1732–1733 Thirteen Colonies influenza epidemic	1732–1733	Thirteen Colonies	Influenza	Unknown	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1733 New France smallpox epidemic	1733	New France, Canada	Smallpox	Unknown	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1735–1741 diphtheria epidemic	1735–1741	New England, Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, British North America	Diphtheria	20,000	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Great Plague of 1738 (part of the second plague pandemic)	1738	Balkans	Bubonic plague	50,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic	1738–1739	Province of Carolina, Thirteen Colonies	Smallpox	7,700–11,700	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1741 Cartagena yellow fever epidemic	1741	Cartagena, Colombia	Yellow fever	20,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1743 Sicily plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1743	Messina, Sicily, Italy	Bubonic plague	40,000–50,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1759 North America measles outbreak	1759	North America	Measles	Unknown	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1760 Charleston smallpox epidemic	1760	Charleston, British North America	Smallpox	730–940	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1762 Havana yellow fever epidemic	1762	Havana, Cuba	Yellow fever	8,000	<ref name="Thomas Jefferson University"/>
1763 Pittsburgh area smallpox outbreak	1763	North America, present-day Pittsburgh area	Smallpox	Unknown	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1770–1772 Russian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1770–1772	Russia	Bubonic plague	50,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1772 North America measles epidemic	1772	North America	Measles	1,080	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1772–1773 Persian Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1772–1773	Persia	Bubonic plague	2 million	<ref name="Shahraki">Template:Cite journal</ref>
1775–1776 England influenza outbreak	1775–1776	England	Influenza	Unknown	<ref name="Lancet">Template:Cite journal</ref>
1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic	1775–1782	Native populations in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States	Smallpox	11,000+	<ref>Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s" Template:Webarchive, 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1778 Spain dengue fever outbreak	1778	Spain	Dengue fever	Unknown	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1782 Influenza pandemic	1782	Worldwide	Influenza	Unknown
1788 Pueblo Indians smallpox epidemic	1788	Pueblo Indians in northern New Spain (what is now the Southwestern United States)	Smallpox	Unknown	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1789–1790 New South Wales smallpox epidemic	1789–1790	New South Wales, Australia	Smallpox	125,251–175,351 (50–70% of native population)	main}} After Cook and coinciding with Colonisation "With the arrival of the Europeans, the Gadigal population was virtually wiped. In 1789 and 1790 a smallpox epidemic swept through the Aboriginal population around Sydney" Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic	1793	Philadelphia, United States	Yellow fever	5,000+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1800–1803 Spain yellow fever epidemic	1800–1803	Spain	Yellow fever	60,000+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1801 Ottoman Empire and Egypt bubonic plague epidemic	1801	Ottoman Empire, Egypt	Bubonic plague	Unknown	<ref name="Davidson1893">Template:Cite book</ref>
1802–1803 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic	1802–1803	Saint-Domingue	Yellow fever	29,000–55,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1812 Russia typhus epidemic	1812	Russia	Typhus	300,000	<ref name="Typhus, War, and Vaccines"/>
1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1812–1819	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	300,000+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1813–1814	Malta	Bubonic plague	4,500	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Caragea's plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1813	Romania	Bubonic plague	60,000	<ref>Ştefan Ionescu, Bucureştii în vremea fanarioţilor (Bucharest in the time of the Phanariotes), Editura Dacia, Cluj, 1974. p. 287-293</ref>
1817–1819 Ireland typhus epidemic	1817–1819	Ireland	Typhus	65,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
First cholera pandemic	1817–1824	Asia, Europe	Cholera	100,000+	<ref name="Hays2005p193">Template:Cite book</ref>
1820 Savannah yellow fever epidemic	1820	Savannah, Georgia, United States	Yellow fever	700	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1821 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic	1821	Barcelona, Spain	Yellow fever	5,000–20,000	<ref name=Britannica>Template:Cite EB1911</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Second cholera pandemic	1826–1837	Asia, Europe, North America	Cholera	100,000+	<ref name=Hays2005p211>Template:Cite book</ref>
1828–1829 New South Wales smallpox epidemic	1828–1829	New South Wales, Australia	Smallpox	19,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Groningen epidemic	1829	Netherlands	Malaria	2,800	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1829–1833 Pacific Northwest malaria epidemic	1829–1833	Pacific Northwest, United States	Malaria, possibly other diseases too	150,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1829–1835 Iran plague outbreak	1829–1835	Iran	Bubonic plague	Unknown	<ref>A History of the Human Plague in Iran Template:Webarchive, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi</ref>
1834–1836 Egypt plague epidemic	1834–1836	Egypt	Bubonic plague	Unknown	<ref name="Kuhnke">Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org Template:Webarchive, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.</ref>
1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic	1837–1838	Great Plains, United States and Canada	Smallpox	17,000+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1841 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic	1841	Southern United States (especially Louisiana and Florida)	Yellow fever	3,498	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1847 North American typhus epidemic	1847–1848	Canada	Typhus	20,000+	<ref name="CCHA">Template:Cite journal</ref>
1847 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic	1847	Southern United States (especially New Orleans)	Yellow fever	3,400	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1847–1848 influenza epidemic	1847–1848	Worldwide	Influenza	Unknown	<ref name="AJAMA">Template:Cite journal</ref>
1848–1849 Hawaii epidemic of infections	1848–1849	Hawaiian Kingdom	Measles, whooping cough, dysentery and influenza	10,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1853 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic	1853	New Orleans, United States	Yellow fever	7,970	<ref name=Britannica/>
Third cholera pandemic	1846–1860	Worldwide	Cholera	1 million+	<ref name="Hays2005p236">Template:Cite book</ref>
1853 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic	1853	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	Unknown	<ref name="Practitioner">Template:Cite book</ref>
1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak	1853	Copenhagen, Denmark	Cholera	4,737	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak	1854	London, England	Cholera	616	<ref name="Snow1855">Template:Cite book</ref>
1855 Norfolk yellow fever epidemic	1855	Norfolk and Portsmouth, England	Yellow fever	3,000 (2,000 in Norfolk, 1,000 in Portsmouth)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Third plague pandemic	1855–1960	Worldwide	Bubonic plague	12–15 million (India and China)	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1855–1857 Montevideo yellow fever epidemic	1855–1857	Montevideo, Uruguay	Yellow fever	3,400 (first wave; 900, second wave; 2,500)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1857 Lisbon yellow fever epidemic	1857	Lisbon, Portugal	Yellow fever	6,000	<ref name=Britannica/>
1857 Victoria smallpox epidemic	1857	Victoria, Australia	Smallpox	Unknown	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1857–1859 Europe and the Americas influenza epidemic	1857–1859	Europe, North America, South America	Influenza	Unknown	<ref>Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)Template:Page needed</ref>
1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic	1862–1863	Pacific Northwest, Canada and United States	Smallpox	20,000+	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Boyd>Template:Cite book</ref>
1861–1865 United States typhoid fever epidemic	1861–1865	United States	Typhoid fever	80,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Fourth cholera pandemic	1863–1875	Middle East	Cholera	600,000	<ref name="Hays2005p267">Template:Cite book</ref>
1867 Sydney measles epidemic	1867	Sydney, Australia	Measles	748	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever epidemic	1871	Buenos Aires, Argentina	Yellow fever	13,500–26,200	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1870–1875 Europe smallpox epidemic	1870–1875	Europe	Smallpox	500,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1875 Fiji measles outbreak	1875	Fiji	Measles	40,000	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic	1875–1876	Australia	Scarlet fever	8,000	<ref name="Dictionary of Sydney"/>
1876 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic	1876	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	20,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1878 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic	1878	New Orleans, United States	Yellow fever	4,046	<ref name= "medicina"/>
1878 Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic	1878	Mississippi Valley, United States	Yellow fever	13,000	<ref name= "medicina"/>
Fifth cholera pandemic	1881–1896	Asia, Africa, Europe, South America	Cholera	298,600	<ref name="Hays2005p303">Template:Cite book</ref>
1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic	1885	Montreal, Canada	Smallpox	3,164	<ref>Plague A Story of Smallpox in Montreal Template:Webarchive Michael Bliss, 1991, accessed 8 May 2020</ref>
1889–1890 pandemic	1889–1890	Worldwide	Influenza or Human coronavirus OC43 / HCoV-OC43<ref name="auto"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> (disputed)	1 million	<ref name="Board1893">Template:Cite book</ref>
1894 Hong Kong plague (part of the third plague pandemic)	1894–1929	Hong Kong	Bubonic plague	20,000+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bombay plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)	1896–1905	Bombay, India	Bubonic plague	20,788	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1896–1906 Congo Basin African trypanosomiasis epidemic	1896–1906	Congo Basin	African trypanosomiasis	500,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1899 Porto plague outbreak (part of the third plague pandemic)	1899	Porto, Portugal	Bubonic plague	132	<ref name="Pontes2012">Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Sixth cholera pandemic	1899–1923	Europe, Asia, Africa	Cholera	800,000+	<ref name="Hays2005p345">Template:Cite book</ref>
San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 (part of the third plague pandemic)	1900–1904	San Francisco, United States	Bubonic plague	119	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1900 Sydney bubonic plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)	1900	Australia	Bubonic plague	103	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic	1900–1920	Uganda	African trypanosomiasis	200,000–300,000	<ref name="African trypanosomiasis"/>
Papua New Guinea kuru epidemic	1901–2009	Papua New Guinea	Kuru	2,700–3,000+	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
1903 Fremantle plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)	1903	Fremantle, Western Australia	Bubonic plague	4	<ref>Template:Cite wikisource</ref>
1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon	1906–1936	Ceylon	Malaria	80,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Manchurian plague (part of the third plague pandemic)	1910–1911	China	Pneumonic plague	60,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1916 United States polio epidemic	1916	United States	Poliomyelitis	7,130	<ref name="Ochmann and Roser" >Template:Cite journal</ref>
1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu')	1918–1920	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	17–100 million	<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic	1918–1922	Russia	Typhus	2–3 million	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic	1919–1930	Worldwide	Encephalitis lethargica	500,000	<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak	1924	Los Angeles, United States	Pneumonic plague	30	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic	1924–1925	Minnesota, United States	Smallpox	500	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic	1927	Montreal, Canada	Typhoid fever	538	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic	1929–1930	Worldwide	Psittacosis	100+	<ref name="Honigsbaum2020">Template:Cite book</ref>
1937 Croydon typhoid outbreak	1937	Croydon, United Kingdom	Typhoid fever	43	<ref name="Ravenel1938">Template:Cite journal</ref>
1937 Australia polio epidemic	1937	Australia	Poliomyelitis	Unknown	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1940 Sudan yellow fever epidemic	1940	Sudan	Yellow fever	1,627	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1942–1944 Egypt malaria epidemic	1942–1944	Egypt	Malaria	Unknown	<ref name=Kuhnke /><ref name="Gallagher">Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. American University in Cairo Press. Template:ISBN pp. 4–6</ref>
1946 Egypt relapsing fever epidemic	1946	Egypt	Relapsing fever	Unknown	<ref name=Kuhnke /><ref name=Gallagher />
1947 Egypt cholera epidemic	1947	Egypt	Cholera	10,277	<ref name=Kuhnke /><ref name=Gallagher /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1948–1952 United States polio epidemic	1948–1952	United States	Poliomyelitis	9,000	<ref name="Ochmann and Roser"/>
1957–1958 influenza pandemic ('Asian flu')	1957–1958	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H2N2	1–4 million	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Paul2008">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" />
1960–1962 Ethiopia yellow fever epidemic	1960–1962	Ethiopia	Yellow fever	30,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Seventh cholera pandemic	1961–present	Worldwide	Cholera (El Tor strain)	36,000 Template:Citation needed	<ref name="Hays2005p421">Template:Cite book</ref>
Hong Kong flu	1968–1970	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H3N2	1–4 million	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1971 Staphorst polio epidemic	1971	Staphorst, Netherlands	Poliomyelitis	5	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak	1972	Yugoslavia	Smallpox	35	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
London flu	1972–1973	United States	Influenza A virus subtype H3N2	1,027	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1973 Italy cholera epidemic	1973	Italy	Cholera (El Tor strain)	24	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1974 smallpox epidemic in India	1974	India	Smallpox	15,000	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1977 Russian flu	1977–1979	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	700,000	<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak	1979	Russia	Anthrax	105	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Strong	Template:Strong	Template:Strong	Template:Strong	Template:Strong	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1984 Western Sahara plague	1984	Western Sahara	Bubonic plague	64	Template:Citation needed
1986 Oju yellow fever epidemic	1986	Oju, Nigeria	Yellow fever	5,600+	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1987 Mali yellow fever epidemic	1987	Mali	Yellow fever	145	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1988 Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic	1988	Shanghai, China	Hepatitis A	31–47	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1991 Bangladesh cholera epidemic	1991	Bangladesh	Cholera	8,410–9,432	<ref name=WHOCholeraTable>Summary of cholera cases and deaths reported in the literature, by date, country and World Health Organization (WHO) mortality stratum Mohammad Ali, Anna Lena Lopez, Young Ae You, Young Eun Kim, Binod Sah, Brian Maskery & John Clemens, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Volume 90, Number 3, March 2012, 209-218A www.who.int, accessed 4 May 2020</ref>
1991 Latin America cholera epidemic	1991–1993	Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala	Cholera	8,000	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1994 plague in India	1994	India	Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague	56	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
United Kingdom BSE outbreak	1996–2001	United Kingdom	Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease / vCJD	178	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="vCJD">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }};</ref>
1996 West Africa meningitis epidemic	1996	West Africa	Meningitis	10,000	<ref>Wide Epidemic of Meningitis Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa Template:Webarchive Eoward W. French, 8 May 1996 www.nytimes.com, accessed 26 April 2020</ref>
1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak	1998–1999	Malaysia	Nipah virus infection	105	<ref name="Nipah outbreak Malaysia98_99">Template:Cite journal</ref>
1998–2000 Democratic Republic of the Congo Marburg virus outbreak	1998–2000	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Marburg virus	128	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2000 Central America dengue epidemic	2000	Central America	Dengue fever	40+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2001 Nigeria cholera epidemic	2001	Nigeria	Cholera	400+	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2001 South Africa cholera epidemic	2001	South Africa	Cholera	139	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>2001 – Cholera in South Africa 16 March 2001 www.who.int, accessed 28 April 2020</ref>
2002–2004 SARS outbreak	2002–2004	Worldwide	Severe acute respiratory syndrome / SARS	774	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2003–2019 Asia and Egypt avian influenza epidemic	2003–2019	China, Southeast Asia and Egypt	Influenza A virus subtype H5N1	455	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic	2004	Indonesia	Dengue fever	658	<ref>Dengue fever in Indonesia – update 4 11 May 2004 www.who.int, accessed 16 February 2020</ref>
2004 Sudan Ebola outbreak	2004	Sudan	Ebola	7	<ref name=WHO2014/>
2004–2005 Angola Marburg virus outbreak	2004–2005	Angola	Marburg virus	227	<ref name="auto2"/>
2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore	2005	Singapore	Dengue fever	27	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2006 Luanda cholera epidemic	2006	Luanda, Angola	Cholera	1,200+	<ref>Worst cholera outbreak in Angola Template:Webarchive, BBC</ref>
2006 Ituri Province plague epidemic	2006	Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo	Bubonic plague	61	<ref>Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 June 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020</ref><ref>Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 October 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020</ref>
2006 India malaria outbreak	2006	India	Malaria	17	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2006 dengue outbreak in India	2006	India	Dengue fever	50+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	2006	Pakistan	Dengue fever	50+	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2006 Philippines dengue epidemic	2006	Philippines	Dengue fever	1,000	<ref>Epidemiology of Dengue Disease in the Philippines (2000–2011): A Systematic Literature Review Template:Webarchive November 2014 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases via www.researchgate.net, accessed 16 February 2020</ref>
2006–2007 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak	2006–2007	East Africa	Rift Valley fever	394	<ref>Rift Valley fever Template:Webarchive 19 February 2018 www.who.int, accessed 26 April 2020</ref>
Mweka Ebola epidemic	2007	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ebola	187	<ref>"Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Template:Webarchive Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007</ref>
2007 Ethiopia cholera epidemic	2007	Ethiopia	Cholera	684	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak	2007	Iraq	Cholera	10	<ref>Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing Template:Webarchive, Associated Press</ref>
2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Mexico dengue fever epidemic	2007	Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico	Dengue fever	183	<ref>Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America Template:Webarchive, Reuters</ref>
2007 Uganda Ebola outbreak	2007	Uganda	Ebola	37	<ref name=WHO2014>Template:Cite press release</ref>
2007 Netherlands Q-fever epidemic	2007–2018	Netherlands	Q-fever	95	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2008 Brazil dengue epidemic	2008	Brazil	Dengue fever	67	<ref>Thousands hit by Brazil outbreak of dengue Template:Webarchive edition.cnn.com, accessed 16 February 2020</ref>
2008 Cambodia dengue epidemic	2008	Cambodia	Dengue fever	407	<ref>Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead Template:Webarchive, Reuters</ref>
2008 Chad cholera epidemic	2008	Chad	Cholera	123	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2008–2017 China hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic	2008–2017	China	Hand, foot, and mouth disease	3,322+	<ref name=HFMD>Template:Cite journal2008–2015, ≈13 million HFMD cases were reported, including 123,261 severe cases and 3,322 deaths in 31 provinces of mainland China</ref>
2008 India cholera epidemic	2008	India	Cholera	115	<ref>Cholera death toll in India rises Template:Webarchive, BBC News</ref>
2008 Madagascar plague outbreak	2008	Madagascar	Bubonic plague	18+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2008 Philippines dengue epidemic	2008	Philippines	Dengue fever	172	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak	2008–2009	Zimbabwe	Cholera	4,293	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic	2009	Bolivia	Dengue fever	18	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak	2009	India	Hepatitis B	49	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Queensland 2009 dengue outbreak	2009	Queensland, Australia	Dengue fever	1+ (503 cases)	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak	2009–2010	West Africa	Meningitis	1,100	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2009 swine flu pandemic	2009–2010	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the WHO)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
				Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700–575,400)	citation	CitationClass=web }}()</ref>
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak	2010–2019	Haiti	Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa)	10,075	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak	2010–2014	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Measles	4,500+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2011 Vietnam hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic	2011	Vietnam	Hand, foot, and mouth disease	170	<ref>Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children – Yahoo News Template:Webarchive. News.yahoo.com (2011-08-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	2011	Pakistan	Dengue fever	350+	<ref>Surveillance, forecasting and response International conference on dengue control, 27–29 February 2012 Template:Webarchive www.emro.who.int accessed 16 February 2020</ref>
2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan	2012	Darfur, Sudan	Yellow fever	171	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
MERS outbreak	2012–present	Worldwide	Middle East respiratory syndrome / MERS-CoV	941 (Template:As of)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore	2013	Singapore	Dengue fever	8
2013 Vietnam measles outbreak	2013–2014	Vietnam	Measles	142	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Western African Ebola virus epidemic	2013–2016	Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone	Ebola	11,323+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak	2013–2015	Americas	Chikungunya	183	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2013–19 avian influenza epidemic	2013–2019	China	Influenza A virus subtype H7N9	616	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks	2014–2017	Madagascar	Bubonic plague	292	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Flint water crisis	2014–2015	Flint, Michigan, United States	Legionnaires' disease	12	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak	2014–2015	India	Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A	36	<ref name="Grapples">Template:Cite news</ref>
2015 Indian swine flu outbreak	2015	India	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	2,035	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="DeadlySwineFlu">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="GJDeadlySwineFlu">Template:Cite news</ref>
2015–16 Zika virus epidemic	2015–2016	Worldwide	Zika virus	53	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2016 Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo yellow fever outbreak	2016	Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo	Yellow fever	498 (377 in Angola, 121 in Congo)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak	2016–2023	Yemen	Cholera	4,004 (Template:As of)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2017 Nigeria Lassa fever epidemic	2017–2023	Nigeria	Lassa fever	1103 (as of April 2023)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2017 dengue outbreak in Peshawar	2017	Peshawar, Pakistan	Dengue fever	69	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths	2017	India	Japanese encephalitis	1,317	<ref>Encephalitis outbreak: AES is a perennial issue in eastern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar Template:Webarchive Bihar's AES data summary looks more like a repeat of 2017 when a major JEV outbreak in Uttar Pradesh's Gorakhpur claimed the lives of many children. 17 June 2019 www.indiatvnews.com, accessed 17 February 2020</ref>
2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka	2017	Sri Lanka	Dengue fever	440	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala	2018	India	Nipah virus infection	17	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Kivu Ebola epidemic	2018–2020	Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda	Ebola	2,280	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2018 NDM-CRE outbreak in Italy	2018–2019	Italy	New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae	31 (as of September 2019)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo	2019–2020	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Measles	7,018+	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak	2019–2020	New Zealand	Measles	2	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines	2019	Philippines	Measles	415	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak	2019	Kuala Koh, Malaysia	Measles	15	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2019 Samoa measles outbreak	2019	Samoa	Measles	83	<ref name="Samoa83">Template:Cite news</ref>
2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic	2019–2020	Asia-Pacific, Latin America	Dengue fever	3,931	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
COVID-19 pandemic	2019Template:Efn–present	Worldwide	COVID-19	7.1–36.5 million	<ref name=Economist2023>Template:Cite news</ref>
2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola outbreak	2020	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ebola	55	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore	2020	Singapore	Dengue fever	32	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2020 Nigeria yellow fever epidemic	2020	Nigeria	Yellow fever	296 (as of 31 December 2020)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2021 South Sudan disease outbreak	2021	South Sudan	Unknown	97 (as of December 2021)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2021 India black fungus epidemic	2021–2022	India	Black fungus (COVID-19 condition)	4,332	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2022 hepatitis of unknown origin in children	2021–2022	Worldwide	Hepatitis by Adenovirus variant AF41 (Unconfirmed)	18	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak	2022–present	Southern Africa	Cholera	3000+	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2022–2023 mpox outbreak	2022–2023	Worldwide	Mpox	280	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2022 Uganda Ebola outbreak	2022–2023	Uganda	Sudan ebolavirus	77	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2023–2024 Zambian cholera outbreak (part of the 2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak)	2023–present	Zambia	Cholera	685	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2023 South Poland Legionellosis outbreak	2023	Poland	Legionnaires' disease	41	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
African mpox epidemic	2023–present	Worldwide, primarily Africa	Mpox	812	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak	2023–present	Bangsamoro, Philippines	Measles	14
2023–2024 Oropouche virus disease outbreak	2023–2024	Brazil	Oropouche fever	2	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2024 American dengue epidemic	2024–present	Latin America and the Caribbean	Dengue virus	8,186	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2024 Kwango province malaria outbreak	2024–present	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Malaria	143	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HMPV outbreak in East Asia	2024–present	East Asia	Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)	Unknown

See also

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Further reading

• Eisenberg, Merle, and Lee Mordechai. "The Justinianic Plague and Global Pandemics: The Making of the Plague Concept." American Historical Review 125.5 (2020): 1632–1667.
• Template:Cite journal
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External links

• Template:Commons category-inline