London and North Western Railway

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox rail The London and North Western Railway (LNWR, L&NWR) was a British railway company between 1846 and 1922. In the late 19th century, the LNWR was the largest joint stock company in the world.<ref name="ODNB-Moon">Template:Cite ODNB</ref><ref>Template:Cite book "The LNWR was the largest joint-stock company of its time, with a capitalisation of over £29 million in 1851".</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Dubbed the "Premier Line", the LNWR's main line connected four of the largest cities in England; London, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool, and, through cooperation with their Scottish partners, the Caledonian Railway also connected Scotland's largest cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. Today this route is known as the West Coast Main Line. The LNWR's network also extended into Wales and Yorkshire.

In 1923, it became a constituent of the London, Midland and Scottish (LMS) railway, and, in 1948, the London Midland Region of British Railways.

History

File:LNWR & Caledonian Railway map.jpg

Early 1900s map of the LNWR system and that of their Scottish partners, the Caledonian Railway (north of Template:Rws) The thick black lines denote the lines of the two companies

File:LNWR lodge Euston left detail.jpg

LNWR's initials carved in Portland stone on one of Euston Station's entrance lodges

The company was formed on 16 July 1846 by the Template:Visible anchor (9 & 10 Vict. c. cciv), which authorised the amalgamation of the Grand Junction Railway, London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway. This move was prompted, in part, by the Great Western Railway's plans for a railway north from Oxford to Birmingham.<ref name="histrib111"/> The company initially had a network of approximately Template:Convert,<ref name="histrib111"/> connecting London with Birmingham, Crewe, Chester, Liverpool and Manchester.

The headquarters were at Euston railway station. As traffic increased, it was greatly expanded with the opening in 1849 of the Great Hall, designed by Philip Charles Hardwick in classical style. It was Template:Convert long, Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert high and cost £150,000<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (Template:Inflation).Template:Inflation-fn The station stood on Drummond Street.<ref>www.motco.com Template:Webarchive – 1862 map, showing position of 1849 station.</ref> Further expansion resulted in two additional platforms in the 1870s with four more in the 1890s, bringing the total to 15.<ref name=NREuston>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The LNWR described itself as the Premier Line. This was justified, as it included the pioneering Liverpool and Manchester Railway of 1830 and the original LNWR main line linking London, Birmingham and Lancashire had been the first big railway in Britain, opened throughout in 1838. As the largest joint stock company in the United Kingdom, it collected a greater revenue than any other railway company of its era.<ref name="histrib111">Template:Cite book</ref>

With the Grand Junction Railway acquisition of the North Union Railway in 1846, the London and North Western Railway operated as far north as Preston.<ref name="E120924">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1859, the Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway amalgamated with the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway and this combined enterprise was leased to the London and North Western Railway, giving it a direct route from London to Carlisle.<ref name="E190924">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1858, they merged with the Chester and Holyhead Railway and became responsible for the lucrative Irish Mail trains via the North Wales Main Line to Holyhead.<ref name=LNWRSCarriages>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 1 February 1859, the company launched the limited mail service, which was only allowed to take three passenger coaches, one each for Glasgow, Edinburgh and Perth. The Postmaster General was always willing to allow a fourth coach, provided the increased weight did not cause time to be lost in running. The train was timed to leave Euston at 20.30 and operated until the institution of a dedicated post train, wholly of Post Office vehicles, in 1885.<ref name="E260924">Template:Cite journal</ref> On 1 October 1873 the first sleeping carriage ran between Euston and Glasgow, attached to the limited mail. It ran three nights a week in each direction. On 1 February 1874 a second carriage was provided and the service ran every night.<ref name="E260924"/>

In 1860, the company pioneered the use of the water trough designed by John Ramsbottom.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref> It was introduced on a section of level track at Mochdre, between Llandudno Junction and Colwyn Bay.<ref name="E260924"/>

File:Crewe-lnwr-works-c1890.jpg

The erecting shop at the Crewe Locomotive Works Template:Circa

The company inherited several manufacturing facilities from the companies with which it merged, but these were consolidated and in 1862, locomotive construction and maintenance was done at the Crewe Locomotive Works, carriage building was done at Wolverton and wagon building was concentrated at Earlestown.

At the core of the LNWR system was the main line network connecting London Euston with the major cities of Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester, and (through co-operation with the Caledonian Railway) Edinburgh and Glasgow. This route is today known as the West Coast Main Line. A ferry service also linked Holyhead to Greenore in County Louth, where the LNWR owned the Template:Convert Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway, which connected to other lines of the Irish mainline network at Dundalk and Newry.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The LNWR also had the Huddersfield Line connecting Liverpool and Manchester with Leeds, and secondary routes extending to Nottingham, Derby, Peterborough and South Wales.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

At its peak just before World War I, it ran a route mileage of more than Template:Convert, and employed 111,000 people. In 1913, the company achieved a total revenue of £17,219,060 (Template:Inflation)Template:Inflation-fn with working expenses of £11,322,164<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (Template:Inflation).Template:Inflation-fn

On 1 January 1922, one year before it amalgamated with other railways to create the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), the LNWR amalgamated with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (including its subsidiary the Dearne Valley Railway) and at the same time absorbed the North London Railway and the Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company, both of which were previously controlled by the LNWR. With this, the LNWR achieved a route mileage (including joint lines, and lines leased or worked) of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The company built a war memorial in the form of an obelisk outside Euston station to commemorate the 3,719 of its employees who died in the First World War. After the Second World War, the names of the LMS's casualties were added to the LNWR's memorial.<ref>Template:National Heritage List for England</ref>

The LNWR were also involved in the mass manufacture of replacement legs in the mid 19th century and the early 20th century. This is due-to the routine demand for prostheses for disabled staff. Serious injuries that resulted in the loss of limbs were common at this time with over 4,963 casualties in the year of 1910 on the LNWR alone, and over 25,000 injuries across the whole industry, manufacturing prostheses resulted in self-sufficiency for the company.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Electrification

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} From 1909 to 1922, the LNWR undertook a large-scale project to electrify the whole of its London inner-suburban network. The London and North Western Railway London inner-suburban network, encompassed the lines from London Broad Street to Richmond, London Euston to Watford, with branch lines such as Watford to Croxley Green. There were also links to the District Railway at Earl's Court and over the route to Richmond. With the Bakerloo Tube Line being extended over the Watford DC lines, the railway was electrified at 630 V DC fourth rail.Template:Clarify The electricity was generated at the LNWR's power station in Stonebridge Park and a depot built at Croxley Green.

Successors

The LNWR became a constituent of the London, Midland and Scottish (LMS) railway when the railways of Great Britain were merged in the grouping of 1923. Ex-LNWR lines formed the core of the LMS's Western Division.

Nationalisation followed in 1948, with the English and Welsh lines of the LMS becoming the London Midland Region of British Railways. Some former LNWR routes were subsequently closed, including the lines running east to west across the Midlands (e.g. Peterborough to Northampton and Template:Stnlnk to Oxford). Others were developed as part of the Inter City network, such as the main lines from London to Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Carlisle, which are collectively known in the modern era as the West Coast Main Line. These lines were electrified in the 1960s and 1970s, and further upgraded in the 1990s and 2000s, with trains now running at up to 125 mph.

Other LNWR lines survive as part of commuter networks around major cities such as Birmingham and Manchester. In 2017, it was announced that the new franchisee for the West Midlands and semi-fast West Coast services between London and North West England would utilise the brand London Northwestern Railway as homage to the LNWR.

Acquisitions

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Locomotives

File:London and North Western passenger locomotive - circa 1852 illustration.jpg

Illustration of a LNWR passenger locomotive, Template:Circa

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The LNWR's main engineering works were at Crewe (locomotives), Wolverton (carriages) and Earlestown (wagons). Locomotives were usually painted green at first, but in 1873 black was adopted as the standard livery. This finish has been described as "blackberry black".

Accidents and incidents

Major accidents on the LNWR include:

• On 26 March 1850, the boiler of a locomotive exploded at Wolverton, Buckinghamshire due to tampering of the safety valves. One person was injured.<ref name=Hewison>Template:Cite book</ref>
• On 30 April 1851 a train returning from Chester Races broke down in Sutton tunnel, and the following train ran into it. Six passengers were killed.<ref name="E260924"/>
• On 6 September 1851 a train run for the Great Exhibition returning from Euston to Oxford derailed at Bicester and six passengers were killed.<ref name="E260924"/>
• On 6 March 1853, the boiler of a locomotive exploded at Longsight, Lancashire. Six people were killed and the engine shed was severely damaged.<ref name=Hewison/>
• On 27 August 1860 a passenger train collided with a goods train at Craven Arms and one passenger was killed.<ref name="E260924"/>
• On 16 November 1860 the Irish night mail ran into a cattle train at Atherstone. The fireman of the mail train, and nine drovers in the cattle train were killed.<ref name="E260924"/>
• On 11 June 1861, a cast-iron bridge collapsed under a freight train at Leek Wootton, Warwickshire. Both engine crew were killed.
• On 2 September 1861 a ballast train came out of a siding onto the main line just past Kentish Town Junction without the signalman's permission, and an excursion train from Kew ran past the signals and collided with it, resulting in the deaths of fourteen passengers and two employees.<ref name="E260924"/>
• On 29 June 1867, a passenger train ran into the rear of a coal train at Warrington, Cheshire due to a pointsman's error which was compounded by the lack of interlocking between points and signals. Eight people were killed and 33 were injured.
• On 20 August 1868, a rake of wagons ran away from Template:Rws, Denbighshire during shunting operations. The wagons subsequently collided with the Irish Mail at Abergele, Denbighshire. Kerosene being carried in the wagons set the wreck on fire. Thirty-three people were killed in what was then the deadliest rail accident to have occurred in the United Kingdom.
• On 14 September 1870, a mail train was diverted into a siding at Template:Rws station, Staffordshire due to a signalman's error. The train crashed through the buffers and ended up in the River Anker, killing three people.<ref name=Hall>Template:Cite book</ref>
• In 1870, a North Eastern Railway freight train overran signals and collided with a passenger train at St. Nicholas Crossing, Carlisle, Cumberland. Five people were killed. The driver of the freight train was intoxicated.<ref name=Hall/>
• On 26 November 1870, a mail train was in a rear-end collision with a freight train at Harrow, Middlesex. Eight people were killed.<ref name=Hall/>
• On 2 August 1873, a passenger train derailed at Wigan, Lancashire due to excessive speed. Thirteen people were killed and 30 were injured.
• On 22 December 1894, a wagon was derailed fouling the main line at Template:Rws, Cheshire. It was run into by an express passenger train, which was derailed. Fourteen people were killed and 48 were injured.
• On 15 August 1895, an express passenger train was derailed at Template:Rws, Lancashire due to excessive speed on a curve. One person was killed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• On 12 January 1899, An express freight train was derailed at Penmaenmawr, Caernarfonshire due to the trackbed being washed away by the sea during a storm. Both locomotive crew were killed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• On 15 August 1903, two passenger trains collided at Template:Rws, Lancashire due to faulty points.<ref name=Earnshaw6>Template:Cite book</ref>
• On 15 October 1907, a mail train was derailed at Template:Rws, Shropshire due to excessive speed on a curve. Eighteen people were killed.<ref name=Trevenna/>
• On 19 August 1909, a passenger train was derailed at Friezland, West Yorkshire. Two people were killed.<ref name=Hoole3>Template:Cite book</ref>
• On 5 December 1910, a passenger train was in a rear-end collision at Template:Rws, London. Three people were killed and more than 40 were injured.<ref name=Earnshaw7>Template:Cite book</ref>
• On 17 September 1912, the driver of an express train misread signals at Ditton Junction, Cheshire. The train was derailed when it ran over points at an excessive speed. Fifteen people were killed.
• On 14 August 1915, an express passenger train was derailed at Weedon, Northamptonshire due to a locomotive defect. Ten people were killed and 21 were injured.
• On 11 November 1921, the boiler of a locomotive exploded at Buxton, Derbyshire. Two people were killed.<ref name=Earnshaw8>Template:Cite book</ref>

Minor incidents include:

• In 1900, wagons of a permanent way train carrying sleepers were set on fire by the heat of the sun at Earlestown, Lancashire, destroying some of them.<ref name=Trevenna>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ships

Template:Infobox UK legislation {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The LNWR operated ships on Irish Sea crossings between Holyhead and Dublin, Howth, Kingstown or Greenore. At Greenore, the LNWR built and operated the Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway to link the port with the Belfast–Dublin line operated by the Great Northern Railway.

The LNWR also operated a joint service with the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway from Fleetwood to Belfast and Derry.

Notable people

Chairmen of the Board of Directors

• 1846–1852 – George Glyn, later 1st Baron Wolverton
• 1852–1853 – Major-General George Anson
• 1853–1861 – Marquess of Chandos, later 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
• 1861 – Admiral Constantine Richard Moorsom
• 1861–1891 – Richard Moon, Sir Richard Moon from 1887
• 1891–1911 – The Lord Stalbridge
• 1911–1921 – Gilbert Claughton, Sir Gilbert Claughton from 1912
• 1921–1923 – Hon. Charles N. Lawrence, later Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate

Members of the Board of Directors

• John Pares Bickersteth<ref name=BSG-1905-201>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Michael Linning Melville<ref>Railway Reminiscences by George P. Neele Late Superintendent of the Line of the London and North Western Railway, Morquorquodale & Co., London 1904, Chapter VII</ref>
• Frederick Baynes<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Henry Booth
• John Albert Bright<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Ralph Brocklebank<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Sir Thomas Brooke, 1st Baronet<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Philip Henry Chambres<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• William E. Dorrington<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Edmund Faber, 1st Baron Faber<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Alfred Fletcher<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Samuel Robert Graves<ref name=Debrett>Debretts House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1870</ref>
• Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Theodore Julius Hare<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• John Hick<ref name='obit'>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• The Hon. A. H. Holland-Hibbert<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Sir William Houldsworth, 1st Baronet<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• J. Bruce Ismay<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Lieut-Col. Amelius Lockwood, 1st Baron Lambourne<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• The Hon. William Lowther<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Brigadier-General Lewis Vivian Loyd<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Miles MacInnes<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Edward Nettlefold<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />
• Henry Ward<ref name=BSG-1905-201 />

General Managers

• 1846–1858 – Captain Mark Huish
• 1858–1874 – William Cawkwell
• 1874–1893 – Sir George Findlay (knighted 1892)
• 1893–1908 – Sir Frederick Harrison (knighted in 1902)
• 1909–1914 – Sir Frank Ree (knighted 1913)
• 1914 – Sir Robert Turnbull (knighted 1913)
• 1914–1919 – Sir Guy Calthrop (made a baronet 1918)
• 1919–1920 – Isaac Thomas Williams (knighted c.1919)
• 1920–1923 – Arthur Watson

Chief Civil Engineers

• Robert Stephenson until 1859
• William Baker 1859 – 1878<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• Francis Stevenson 1879 – 1902<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• Edward Baylies Thornhill 1902<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> – 1909
• Ernest Frederic Crosbie Trench 1909<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> – 1923 (afterwards chief engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway)

Locomotive Superintendents and Chief Mechanical Engineers

Southern Division:

• 1846–1847 – Edward Bury
• 1847–1862 – James McConnell

North Eastern Division:

• 1846–1857 – John Ramsbottom<ref name="Engrs">Template:Cite book</ref>

NE Division became part of N Division in 1857.

Northern Division:

• 1846–1857 – Francis Trevithick
• 1857–1862 – John Ramsbottom<ref name="Engrs"/>

File:LNWR No1881.JPG

LNWR No. 1881, a Webb 0-8-0 four cylinder compound – frontispiece from The Railway Magazine June 1903

Northern and Southern Divisions amalgamated from April 1862:

• 1862–1871 – John Ramsbottom<ref name="Engrs"/>
• 1871–1903 – Francis William Webb
• 1903–1909 – George Whale
• 1909–1920 – Charles Bowen Cooke
• 1920–1921 – Hewitt Pearson Montague Beames
• 1922 – George Hughes (ex-Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway)

Solicitors

• 1830–1861 – Samuel Carter, with continuing role for subsidiary companies<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Preservation

• Sections of the former L&NWR are preserved as the Battlefield Line Railway, Nene Valley Railway and Northampton & Lamport Railway, the latter giving the name Premier Line to its quarterly journal.<ref>Premier Line Template:Webarchive. Northampton and Lamport Railway (26 January 2008). Retrieved 29 December 2010.</ref>
• A section of the former L&NWR line and station buildings are preserved at Quainton near Aylesbury. It is administered by the Buckinghamshire Railway preservation Society and houses some original L&NWR rolling stock in the former Oxford Rewley Road station. It regularly runs steam trains using various locomotives.

See also

• Great Northern and London and North Western Joint Railway
• Nickey Line
• Croxley Rail Link
• Rail transport in Great Britain

References

• Reed, M. C. (1996). The London & North Western Railway. Penryn: Atlantic Transport. Template:ISBN

Further reading

• Template:Citation
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• Template:Citation, 1861 edition
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External links

• Template:Citation
• Template:Citation, Registered Charity L&NWR Society No. 1110210

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