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Liverpool and Manchester Railway

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox rail Template:Liverpool and Manchester Railway

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway<ref>A History and Description of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. T. Taylor, 1832.</ref><ref>Arthur Freeling. Freeling's Grand Junction Railway Companion. Whittaker, 1838</ref><ref>James Cornish. The Grand Junction, and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Companion: Containing an Account of Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester. 1837.</ref> (L&MR) was the first inter-city railway in the world.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn-lr It opened on 15 September 1830 between the Lancashire towns of Liverpool and Manchester in England.Template:Sfn It was also the first railway to rely exclusively on locomotives driven by steam power, with no horse-drawn traffic permitted at any time; the first to be entirely double track throughout its length; the first to have a true signalling system; the first to be fully timetabled; and the first to carry mail.Template:Sfn

Trains were hauled by company steam locomotives between the two towns, though private wagons and carriages were allowed. Cable haulage of freight trains was down the steeply-graded Template:Convert Wapping Tunnel to Liverpool Docks from Edge Hill junction. The railway was primarily built to provide faster transport of raw materials, finished goods, and passengers between the Port of Liverpool and the cotton mills and factories of Manchester and surrounding towns.

Designed and built by George Stephenson, the line was financially successful, and influenced the development of railways across Britain in the 1830s. In 1845 the railway was absorbed by its principal business partner, the Grand Junction Railway (GJR), which in turn amalgamated the following year with the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway to form the London and North Western Railway.Template:Sfn

HistoryEdit

BackgroundEdit

File:First passenger railway 1830.jpg
Illustration of the railway in 1830

During the Industrial Revolution, huge tonnages of raw material were imported through Liverpool and carried to the textile mills near the Pennines where water, and later steam power, enabled the production of the finished cloth, much of which was then transported back to Liverpool for export.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The existing means of water transport, the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, the Bridgewater Canal and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, dated from the 18th century, and were felt to be making excessive profits from the cotton trade and throttling the growth of Manchester and other towns.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Goods were transported between Liverpool and the factories around Manchester either by the canals or by poor-quality roads; the turnpike between Liverpool and Manchester was described as "crooked and rough" with an "infamous" surface.Template:Sfn Road accidents were frequent, including waggons and coaches overturning, which made goods traffic problematic.Template:Sfn

The proposed railway was intended to achieve cheap transport of raw materials, finished goods and passengers between the Port of Liverpool and east Lancashire, in the port's hinterland. There was support for the railway from both Liverpool and London but Manchester was largely indifferent and opposition came from the canal operators and the two local landowners, the Earl of Derby and the Earl of Sefton, over whose land the railway would cross.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The proposed Liverpool and Manchester Railway was to be one of the earliest land-based public transport systems not using animal traction power. Before then, public railways had been horse-drawn, including the Lake Lock Rail Road (1796),<ref>John Goodchild, 'The Lake Lock Railroad', Early Railways 3, pp. 40–50</ref> Surrey Iron Railway (1801) and the Oystermouth Railway near Swansea (1807).Template:Sfn

FormationEdit

File:Replica Rocket and coach.jpg
A replica LMR coach and Rocket at the Rocket 150 event

The original promoters are usually acknowledged to be Joseph Sandars, a rich Liverpool corn merchant, and John Kennedy, owner of the largest spinning mill in Manchester. They were influenced by William James.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name=sim>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> James was a land surveyor who had made a fortune in property speculation. He advocated a national network of railways, based on what he had seen of the development of colliery lines and locomotive technology in the north of England.Template:Sfn

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company was founded on 20 May 1824.Template:Sfn It was established by Henry Booth, who became its secretary and treasurer, along with merchants from Liverpool and Manchester. Charles Lawrence was the Chairman, Lister Ellis, Robert Gladstone, John Moss and Joseph Sandars were the Deputy Chairmen.Template:Sfn

Template:Infobox UK legislation A bill was drafted in 1825 to Parliament, which included a 1-inch to the mile map of the railway's route.Template:Sfn The first bill was rejected but the second passed as the Template:Visible anchor (7 Geo. 4. c. xlix) in May the following year.Template:Sfn In Liverpool 172 people bought 1,979 shares, in London 96 took 844, Manchester 15 with 124, 24 others with 286. The Marquess of Stafford held 1,000, making 308 shareholders with 4,233 shares.

Survey and authorisationEdit

File:Sankey viaduct.jpg
Stephenson's viaduct crosses the Sankey Brook, and the remains of the Sankey Canal. The viaduct is in use to this day.

The first survey for the line was carried out by James in 1822. The route was roughly the same as what was built, but the committee were unaware of exactly what land had been surveyed. James subsequently declared bankruptcy and was imprisoned that November. The committee lost confidence in his ability to plan and build the lineTemplate:Sfn and, in June 1824, George Stephenson was appointed principal engineer.Template:Sfn As well as objections to the proposed route by Lords Sefton and Derby, Robert Haldane Bradshaw, a trustee of the Duke of Bridgewater's estate at Worsley, refused any access to land owned by the Bridgewater Trustees and Stephenson had difficulty producing a satisfactory survey of the proposed route and accepted James' original plans with spot checks.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The survey was presented to Parliament on 8 February 1825,Template:Sfn but was shown to be inaccurate. Francis Giles suggested that putting the railway through Chat Moss was a serious error and the total cost of the line would be around £200,000 instead of the £40,000 quoted by Stephenson.Template:Sfn Stephenson was cross examined by the opposing counsel led by Edward Hall Alderson and his lack of suitable figures and understanding of the work came to light. When asked, he was unable to specify the levels of the track and how he calculated the cost of major structures such as the Irwell Viaduct. The bill was thrown out on 31 May.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

In place of George Stephenson, the railway promoters appointed George and John Rennie as engineers, who chose Charles Blacker Vignoles as their surveyor.Template:Sfn They set out to placate the canal interests and had the good fortune to approach the marquessTemplate:Clarify directly through their counsel, W. G. Adam, who was a relative of one of the trustees, and the support of William Huskisson who knew the marquess personally.Template:Sfn Implacable opposition to the line changed to financial support.Template:Sfn

The second bill received royal assent as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Act 1826 (7 Geo. 4. c. xlix) on 5 May 1826.Template:Sfn The railway route ran on a significantly different alignment, south of Stephenson's, avoiding properties owned by opponents of the previous bill. From Huyton the route ran directly east through Parr Moss, Newton, Chat Moss and Eccles. In Liverpool, the route included a Template:Convert tunnel from Edge Hill to the docks, avoiding crossing any streets at ground level.Template:Sfn It was intended to place the Manchester terminus on the Salford side of the River Irwell, but the Mersey and Irwell Navigation withdrew their opposition to a crossing of the river at the last moment in return for access for their carts over the intended railway bridge. The Manchester station was therefore fixed at Liverpool Road in Castlefield.Template:Sfn

ConstructionEdit

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File:View of the Railway across Chat Moss, from Bury's Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1831 - artfinder 267570 full 1024x836.jpg
View of the Railway across Chat Moss, 1831

The first contracts for draining Chat Moss were let in June 1826. The Rennies insisted that the company should appoint a resident engineer, recommending either Josias Jessop or Thomas Telford, but would not consider George Stephenson except in an advisory capacity for locomotive design.Template:Sfn The board rejected their terms and re-appointed Stephenson as engineer with his assistant Joseph Locke.Template:Sfn Stephenson clashed with Vignoles, leading to the latter resigning as resident Surveyor.Template:Sfn

The line was Template:Convert long.Template:Sfn Management was split into three sections. The western end was run by Locke, the middle section by William Allcard and the eastern section including Chat Moss, by John Dixon.Template:Sfn The track began at the Template:Convert Wapping Tunnel beneath Liverpool from the south end of Liverpool Docks to Edge Hill.Template:Sfn It was the world's first tunnel to be bored under a metropolis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following this was a Template:Convert long cutting up to Template:Convert deep through rock at Olive Mount,Template:Sfn and a Template:Convert nine-arch viaduct, each arch of Template:Convert span and around Template:Convert high) over the Sankey Brook valley.Template:Sfn

The railway included the Template:Convert crossing of Chat Moss. It was found impossible to drain the bog and so the engineers used a design from Robert Stannard, steward for William Roscoe, that used wrought iron rails supported by timber in a herring bone layout.Template:Sfn About Template:Convert of spoil was dropped into the bog; at Blackpool Hole, a contractor tipped soil into the bog for three months without finding the bottom.Template:Sfn The line was supported by empty tar barrels sealed with clay and laid end to end across the drainage ditches either side of the railway.Template:Sfn The railway over Chat Moss was completed by the end of 1829. On 28 December, the Rocket travelled over the line carrying 40 passengers and crossed the Moss in 17 minutes, averaging Template:Convert.Template:Sfn In April the following year, a test train carrying a 45-ton load crossed the moss at Template:Convert without incident.Template:Sfn The line now supports locomotives 25 times the weight of the Rocket.Template:Citation needed

The railway needed 64 bridges and viaducts,Template:Sfn all built of brick or masonry, with one exception: the Water Street bridge at the Manchester terminus. A cast iron beam girder bridge was built to save headway in the street below. It was designed by William Fairbairn and Eaton Hodgkinson, and cast locally at their factory in Ancoats. It is important because cast iron girders became an important structural material for the growing rail network.Template:Sfn Although Fairbairn tested the girders before installation, not all were so well designed, and there were many examples of catastrophic failure in the years to come, resulting in the Dee bridge disaster of 1847 and culminating in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879.

The line was laid using Template:Convert fish-belly rails at Template:Convert, laid either on stone blocks or, at Chat Moss, wooden sleepers.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The physical work was carried out by a large team of men, known as "navvies", using hand tools. The most productive teams could move up to 20,000 tonnes of earth in a day and were well paid.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nevertheless, the work was dangerous and several deaths were recorded.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Cable or locomotive haulageEdit

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File:Bridgewater foundary.gif
The railway passes the Bridgewater Foundry at Patricroft, pictured in 1839

In 1829 adhesion-worked locomotives were not reliable. The experience on the Stockton and Darlington Railway was well-publicised, and a section of the Hetton colliery railway had been converted to cable haulage. The success of the cable haulage was indisputable but the steam locomotive was still untried. The Template:Abbr had sought to de-emphasise the use of steam locomotives during the passage of the bill, the public were alarmed at the idea of monstrous machines which, if they did not explode, would fill the countryside with noxious fumes.

Attention was turning towards steam road carriages, such as those of Goldsworthy Gurney's and there was a division in the Template:Abbr board between those who supported Stephenson's "loco-motive" and those who favoured cable haulage, the latter supported by the opinion of the engineer, John Rastrick. Stephenson was not averse to cable haulage—he continued to build such lines where he felt it appropriate—but knew its main disadvantage, that any breakdown anywhere would paralyse the whole line.

The line's gradient was designed to concentrate the steep grades in three places, at either side of Rainhill at 1 in 96 Template:Cnspan) and make the rest of the line very gently graded, no further than 1 in 880.Template:Sfn When the line opened, the passenger section from Edge Hill to Crown Street railway station was cable hauled, as was the section through the Wapping Tunnel, as the act of ParliamentTemplate:Which forbade the use of locomotives on this part of the line.Template:Sfn

To determine whether and which locomotives would be suitable, in October 1829 the directors organised a public competition, known as the Rainhill trials, which involved a run along a Template:Convert stretch of track.Template:Sfn Ten locomotives were entered for the trials, but on the day of the competition only five were available to compete:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Rocket, designed by George Stephenson and his son, Robert, was the only one to successfully complete the journey and, consequently, Robert Stephenson and Company were awarded the locomotive contract.Template:Sfn

Double trackEdit

The line was built to Template:RailGauge (standard gauge) and double track.Template:Sfn A decision had to be made about how far apart the two tracks should be. It was decided to make the space between the separate tracks the same as the track gauge itself, so that it would be possible to operate trains with unusually wide loads up the middle during quiet times. Stephenson was criticised for this decision;Template:Sfn it was later decided that the tracks were too close together, restricting the width of the trains, so the gap between tracks (track centres) was widened. The narrowness of the gap contributed to the first fatality, that of William Huskisson, and also made it dangerous to perform maintenance on one track while trains were operating on the other.Template:Citation needed Even in the 21st century, adjacent tracks on British railways tend to be laid closer together than elsewhere.<ref name="britishgauging">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

OpeningEdit

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File:Planet replica.jpg
A replica of the Planet

The line opened on 15 September 1830 with termini at Manchester, Liverpool Road (now part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester) and Liverpool Crown Street. The festivities of the opening day were marred when William Huskisson, the Member of Parliament for Liverpool, was killed.<ref name=sim/> The southern line was reserved for the special opening train, drawn by the locomotive Northumbrian conveying the Duke of Wellington, the Prime Minister, in an ornamental carriage, together with distinguished guests in other carriages.Template:Sfn When the train stopped for water at Parkside, near Newton-le-Willows, it was intended that the other trains should pass in review on the northern line.Template:Sfn<ref name="Hull Packet">Template:Cite news</ref> It was easy for passengers to get down and stretch their legs, despite being instructed not to, particularly as there was an interval between the delayed passing trains. Huskisson decided to alight and stroll alongside the train, and on spotting the Duke decided to start a conversation. The Rocket was spotted heading in the opposite direction as people shouted at Huskisson to get back on the train.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

File:Huskisson memorial 1833.jpg
The Huskisson Memorial in 1913

The Austrian ambassador was pulled back into the carriage, but Huskisson panicked.Template:Sfn He tried to climb into the carriage, but grabbed the open door, which swung back, causing him to lose his grip. He fell between the tracks and the Rocket ran over his leg, shattering it. He is reported to have said, "I have met my death—God forgive me!"Template:Sfn

The Northumbrian was detached from the Duke's train and rushed him to Eccles, where he died in the vicarage.Template:Sfn Thus he became the world's first widely reported railway passenger fatality. The somewhat subdued party proceeded to Manchester, where, the Duke being deeply unpopular with the weavers and mill workers, they were given a lively reception, and returned to Liverpool without alighting.Template:Sfn A grand reception and banquet had been prepared for their arrival.

OperationEdit

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File:2004-10-09 Bridge over A49.jpg
Stephenson's bridge over the Warrington – Wigan Turnpike Road (now A49) at Newton-le-Willows

The Template:Abbr was successful and popular, and reduced journey times between Liverpool and Manchester to two hours.Template:Sfn Most stage coach companies operating between the two towns closed shortly after the railway opened as it was impossible to compete.Template:Sfn Within a few weeks of the line opening, it ran its first excursion trains and carried the world's first railway mail carriages;Template:Sfn by the summer of 1831, it was carrying special trains to the races.Template:Sfn The railway was a financial success, paying investors an average annual dividend of 9.5% over the 15 years of its independent existence: a level of profitability that would never again be attained by a British railway company.Template:Sfn

The railway was purposefully designed for the benefit of the public, carrying passengers as well as freight. Shares in the company were limited to ten per person and profits from these were limited.Template:Sfn Although the intention had been to carry goods, the canal companies reduced their prices, leading to a price war between them and the railway.Template:Sfn The line did not start carrying goods until December, when the first of some more powerful engines, Planet, was delivered.

The line's success in carrying passengers was universally acclaimed.Template:Sfn The experience at Rainhill had shown that unprecedented speed could be achieved and travelling by rail was cheaper and more comfortable than travel by road. The company concentrated on passenger travel, a decision that had repercussions across the country and triggered the "railway mania of the 1840s".Template:Sfn John B. Jervis of the Delaware and Hudson Railway some years later wrote: "It must be regarded ... as opening the epoch of railways which has revolutionised the social and commercial intercourse of the civilized world".Template:Sfn

At first trains travelled at Template:Convert carrying passengers and Template:Convert carrying goods because of the limitations of the track.Template:Sfn Drivers could, and did, travel more quickly, but were reprimanded: it was found that excessive speeds forced apart the light rails, which were set onto individual stone blocks without cross-ties.Template:Citation needed In 1837 the original fish-belly parallel rail of Template:Convert, on sleepers started to be replaced.Template:Sfn

The railway directors realised that Crown Street was too far away from the centre of Liverpool to be practical, and decided in 1831 to construct a new terminus at Lime Street.Template:Sfn The tunnel from Edge Hill to Lime Street was completed in January 1835 and opened the following year. The station opened on 15 August 1836 before it had been completed.Template:Sfn

On 30 July 1842, work started to extend the line from Ordsall Lane to a new station at Hunts Bank in Manchester that also served the Manchester and Leeds Railway. The line opened on 4 May 1844 and Liverpool Road station was then used for goods traffic.Template:Sfn

On 8 August 1845, the Template:Abbr was absorbed by its principal business partner, the Grand Junction Railway (GJR), which had opened the first trunk railway from Birmingham to Warrington in 1837.Template:Sfn The following year the Template:Abbr formed part of the London and North Western Railway.Template:Sfn

SignallingEdit

File:Coloured View on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1831.jpg
1831 view

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first railway to have a system of signalling.Template:Sfn This was undertaken by policemen, who were stationed along the line at distances of a mile or less.Template:Sfn Initially these policemen signalled that the line was clear by standing straight with their arms outstretched. If the policeman was not present, or was standing at ease, this indicated that there was an obstruction on the line ahead.Template:Sfn Gradually a system of hand-held flags was developed, with a red flag being used to stop a train, green indicating that a train should proceed at caution, blue indicating to drivers of baggage trains that there were new wagons for them to take on and a black flag being used by platelayers to indicate works on the track.Template:Sfn Any flag waved violently, or at night a lamp waved up and down, indicated that a train should stop.Template:Sfn Until 1844 handbells were used as emergency signals in foggy weather, though in that year small explosive boxes placed on the line began to be used instead.Template:Sfn

Trains were controlled on a time interval basis: policemen signalled for a train to stop if less than ten minutes had elapsed since a previous train had passed; the signal to proceed at caution was given if more than ten minutes but less than seventeen minutes had passed; otherwise the all clear signal was given.Template:Sfn If a train broke down on the line, the policeman had to run a mile down the track to stop oncoming traffic.Template:Sfn

After the opening of the Warrington and Newton Railway four policemen were placed constantly on duty at Newton Junction, at the potentially dangerous points where the two lines met.Template:Sfn Initially a gilt arrow was used to point towards Warrington to indicate that the points were set in that direction, with a green lamp visible from the Template:Abbr line being used to indicate this at night.Template:Sfn Later a fixed signal was used, with red and white chequered boards on 12-foot high posts being turned to face trains from one direction if another train was ahead.Template:Sfn

In 1837 the London and Birmingham Railway conducted trials using a Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph to direct signallingTemplate:Sfn and in 1841 held a conference to propose a uniform national system of coloured signals to control trains,Template:Sfn but despite these advances elsewhere the Liverpool and Manchester Railway continued to be controlled by policemen and flags until its merger with the Grand Junction Railway in 1845.Template:Sfn

SignificanceEdit

File:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1831 billboard.jpg
1831 billboard giving train details and conditions of carriage

On opening the Template:Abbr represented a significant advance in railway operation, introducing regular commercial passenger and freight services by steam locomotives with significant speed and reliability improvements from their predecessors and horse carriages.Template:Sfnp The Template:Abbr operation was studied by other upcoming railway companies as a model to aspire to.Template:Sfnp More recently someTemplate:Who have claimed the operation was the first Inter-city railway,Template:Sfn though that branding was not introduced until many years later and neither Manchester or Liverpool achieved city status until 1853 and 1880 respectively, nor would the distance between them qualify as long-haul.

The subsequently widely adopted gauge of Template:RailGauge was derived from a George Stephenson recommendation that was accepted at an Template:Abbr board meeting in July 1826: "Resolved that the width of the Wagon Way between the rails to be the same as the Darlington Road, namely 4 feet 8 inches clear, inside the rails".Template:SfnTemplate:Efn-lr This enabled the Stephensons to test their locomotives on the lines around Newcastle on TyneTemplate:Efn-lr before shipment to Lancashire.Template:Sfn

The Template:Abbr used left-hand running on double track, following practice on British roads. The form of couplings using buffers, hooks and chains, and their dimensions, set the pattern for European practice and practice in many other places.

Even before the Template:Abbr opened, connecting and other lines were planned, authorised or under construction, such as the Bolton and Leigh Railway.

IncidentsEdit

The best-known accident associated with the Template:Abbr was the death of William Huskisson, hit by the locomotive Rocket on the opening day.Template:Sfn Thereafter the pioneering and evolving nature of the early days of the Template:Abbr meant accidents were not uncommon. All were investigated by the Template:Abbr board or Management Committee. Fatal accidents to travelling passengers were rare, the first two years seeing one for over a million passengers carried, though injuries were more commonplace. These were often caused by passengers failing to heed company regulations and advice. Staff accidents were more commonplace, with some staff preparing to take what later would be considered to be inadvisable risks and disregarding regulations. Locomotives, wagons and infrastructure were involved in a variety of collisions and derailments.Template:Sfn

On 23 December 1832, a passenger train ran into the rear of another passenger train at Rainhill. A passenger was killed and several were injured.Template:Sfn On 17 April 1836, a passenger train was derailed whilst travelling at Template:Convert when an axle of a carriage broke. There were no fatalities.Template:Sfn

Modern lineEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The original Liverpool and Manchester line still operates as a secondary line between the two cities—the southern route, the former Cheshire Lines Committee route via Warrington Central is for the moment the busier route. This however has already started to change (from the May 2014 timetable) with new First TransPennine Express services between Newcastle/Manchester Victoria and Liverpool and between Manchester (Airport) and Scotland (via Chat Moss, Lowton and Wigan). From December 2014, with completion of electrification (see below) the two routes between Manchester and Liverpool will have much the same frequency of service.

On the original route, a new (May 2014) hourly First TransPennine Express non-stop service runs between Manchester Victoria and Liverpool (from/to) Newcastle), an hourly fast service is operated by Northern Rail, from Liverpool to Manchester, usually calling at Wavertree Technology Park, St Helens Junction, Newton-le-Willows and Manchester Oxford Road, and continuing via Manchester Piccadilly to Manchester Airport. Northern also operates an hourly service calling at all stations from Liverpool Lime Street to Manchester Victoria. This is supplemented by an additional all-stations service between Liverpool and Earlestown, which continues to Warrington Bank Quay.

Between Warrington Bank Quay, Earlestown and Manchester Piccadilly, there are additional services (at least one per hour) operated by Transport for Wales, which originate from Chester and the North Wales Coast Line.

ElectrificationEdit

In 2009, electrification at 25 kV AC was announced. The section between Manchester and Newton, including the Chat Moss section, was completed in 2013; the line onwards to Liverpool opened on 5 March 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ordsall ChordEdit

The historic passenger railway station of Manchester Liverpool Road is a Grade I Listed building, and was threatened by the Northern Hub plan. This included the construction of the Ordsall Chord to provide direct access between Victoria and Piccadilly, in turn cutting off access from Liverpool Road. The Science & Industry Museum, that is based at the former station premises, had initially objected to the scheme and an inquiry was set up in 2014 to investigate the potential damage to the historic structure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The chord opened in November 2017 without any damage to the original Liverpool Road station structures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

StationsEdit

File:Liverpool Road station, Manchester.jpg
Liverpool Road Station in Manchester

All stations opened on 15 September 1830, unless noted. Stations still operational in bold.

  • Liverpool Lime Street (work started on Edge Hill – Lime Street tunnel 23 May 1832; opened 15 August 1836).
  • Crown Street (original Liverpool terminus, replaced by Lime Street).
  • Edge Hill (The first Edge Hill station was opened in 1830.<ref name="bhrb">Template:Cite book</ref> It was in the deep Cavendish Cutting at the heads of the Crown Street tunnel and the freight only Wapping Tunnel. After the Lime Street tunnel was bored in 1836, the original Edge Hill station was abandoned and relocated north, still inside the Edge Hill junction, to its present location at the head of the original Lime Street tunnel.<ref name="bhrb" /> Edge Hill junction was the site of the locomotive works.)
  • Wavertree Lane (closed 15 August 1836)
  • Wavertree Technology Park (opened 13 August 2000)
  • Broad Green
  • Roby
  • Huyton
  • Huyton Quarry (closed 15 September 1958)
  • Whiston (Opened 10 September 1990)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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