Miller Huggins
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Miller James Huggins (March 27, 1878<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> – September 25, 1929) was an American professional baseball player and manager. Huggins played second base for the Cincinnati Reds (1904–1909) and St. Louis Cardinals (1910–1916). He managed the Cardinals (1913–1917) and New York Yankees (1918–1929), including the Murderers' Row teams of the 1920s that won six American League (AL) pennants and three World Series championships.
Huggins was born in Cincinnati. He received a degree in law from the University of Cincinnati, where he was also captain on the baseball team. Rather than serve as a lawyer, Huggins chose to pursue a professional baseball career. He played semi-professional and minor league baseball from 1898 through 1903, at which time he signed with the Reds.
As a player, Huggins was adept at getting on base. He was also an excellent fielding second baseman, earning the nicknames "Rabbit", "Little Everywhere", and "Mighty Mite" for his defensive prowess and was later considered an intelligent manager who understood the fundamentals of the game. Despite fielding successful teams for the Yankees in the 1920s, he continued to make personnel changes in order to maintain his teams' superiority in the AL. He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1964.
Early lifeEdit
Miller James Huggins was born on March 27, 1878,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father, an Englishman, worked as a grocer.<ref name=koppett83/> His mother was a native of Cincinnati. He had two brothers and one sister.<ref name=meriden/>
Template:Quote box Huggins attended Woodward High School and Walnut Hills High School, both in Cincinnati.
College careerEdit
Huggins attended the University of Cincinnati,<ref name=meriden/><ref name=cincy/> where he studied law and played college baseball for the Cincinnati Bearcats baseball team. A shortstop, he was named team captain of the Bearcats in 1900.<ref name=meriden/> Seeing him consumed with baseball, his law professors summoned him to justify why they should keep him in the law program.<ref name=cincy/>
Huggins' father, a devout Methodist, objected to his son playing baseball on Sundays.<ref name=koppett83>Template:Cite book</ref> But Huggins played semi-professional baseball in 1898 for the Cincinnati Shamrocks, a team organized by Julius Fleischmann,<ref name=leadoff/> where he played under the pseudonym "Proctor" due to his father's opposition and his amateur status.<ref name=koppett83/><ref name=meriden/> In 1900, he played for Fleischmann's semiprofessional team based in the Catskill Mountains, the Mountain Tourists, leading the team with a .400 batting average.<ref name=koppett83/><ref name=meriden/>
After receiving his law degree from Cincinnati, Huggins realized that he could make even more money playing baseball,<ref name=koppett83/> and as such William Howard Taft, one of Huggins' law professors, advised him to play baseball.<ref name=leadoff/><ref name=Smelser193>Template:Cite book</ref> He was admitted to the bar, but never practiced law.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Professional careerEdit
Minor leaguesEdit
Huggins began his playing career in minor league baseball with the Mansfield Haymakers of the Class B Interstate League in 1899. He continued his minor league apprenticeship with the St. Paul Saints of the American Association from 1901 through 1903.<ref name=leadoff/> After starting his career as an exclusively right-handed hitter, he began to bat from the left side in 1902 in response to his offensive struggles in the 1901 season while also moving to second base during his time at St. Paul.<ref name=meriden/>
Huggins handled 19 fielding chances, 11 putouts, and nine assists, without committing an error in a game with the Saints in 1902; the previous Major League Baseball (MLB) record being 18, set by Fred Dunlap in 1882.<ref name=nineteenchances>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1903, he pulled off the first delayed steal in recorded baseball history.<ref name=cincy/> Fleischmann, part-owner of the Cincinnati Reds of the National League (NL), kept an eye on Huggins while he played for St. Paul.
Cincinnati Reds (1904–1909)Edit
The Reds duly purchased his contract from the Saints before the 1904 season.<ref name=meriden/> He made his MLB debut on April 15, 1904,<ref name=nineteenchances/> and proved very adept at getting on base. He batted .264 with the Reds that season and improved in the 1906 season, finishing with a .292 batting average and 41 stolen bases,<ref name=leadoff/> while spending considerable time developing his upper-body strength.<ref name=meriden/>
Although Huggins hoped to be selected as Ned Hanlon's successor as Cincinnati's manager after the 1907 season, the Reds instead went with John Ganzel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1908, he played with the Reds in the Cuban-American Major League Clubs Series. Hampered by a broken ankle and torn ligaments in his shoulder, he slumped to .209 in 1909.<ref name=meriden/>
St. Louis Cardinals (1910–1917)Edit
Before the 1910 season, the Reds traded Huggins, along with Frank Corridon and Rebel Oakes, to the St. Louis Cardinals in return for Fred Beebe and Alan Storke. He set an MLB record on June 1, 1910, with six plate appearances but no at bats, with four walks and two sacrifice flies.<ref name=leadoff/><ref name=nineteenchances/> In the same year, he batted .265 for the Cardinals and led the NL in walks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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On July 13, 1911, he tied the NL record for successful fielding chances in a game with 16.<ref name=leadoff/> At the end of the season, he finished sixth in the voting for the Chalmers Award for Most Valuable Player. In 1912, he hit over .300 for the first time in his career.<ref name=meriden/> Huggins became player-manager for the Cardinals after the 1912 season, succeeding Roger Bresnahan.<ref name=fourpennants/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Team owner Helene Hathaway Britton preferred Huggins' "gentlemanly" manner over Bresnahan's rougher personality.<ref name=koppett84>Koppett, p. 84</ref>
With the acquisition of speed in a trade with the Pittsburgh Pirates, including Dots Miller, Art Butler, Cozy Dolan and Chief Wilson, the Cardinals contended for the NL pennant in 1914.<ref name=contender>Template:Cite news</ref> Finishing in third place, it was the Cardinals' best finish since 1876,<ref name=koppett84/> but they fell back to sixth in 1915 and last in 1916.<ref name=koppett84/> When Britton sold the team after that season, she offered Huggins a chance to buy a part of the team. While he was attempting to raise money from the Fleischmann family, Britton sold the team to a group headed by Samuel Breadon, who hired Branch Rickey to run the team's day-to-day operations in the front office.<ref name=koppett84/>
Huggins had coached the young Rogers Hornsby, helping him to correct his batting stance,<ref name=fourpennants/> and Hornsby duly succeeded him as the team's starting second baseman in 1917 as Huggins ended his playing career.<ref name=koppett84/> He managed the team during 1917, the last year of his contract, but was not retained.<ref name=koppett84/>
Managerial careerEdit
New York Yankees (1918–1929)Edit
With the New York Yankees of the American League (AL) not performing well, Yankees owners Jacob Ruppert and Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston sought to replace "Wild" Bill Donovan as manager.<ref name=Smelser194/> Ban Johnson, AL president, suggested Huggins to Ruppert as a replacement for Donovan. Huston, who had been in Europe at the time that Ruppert had made the appointment, disliked Huggins and wanted to hire Wilbert Robinson, his drinking buddy.<ref name=Smelser194>Smelser, p. 194</ref> Ruppert himself had been put off by Huggins' wool cap and practice of smoking pipes in public, which he felt was the mark of the working class.<ref name=Smelser194/> However, Ruppert interviewed Huggins upon Johnson's recommendation, and agreed that Huggins knew much about baseball.<ref name=Smelser194/> Ruppert offered the job to Huggins, who initially did not want to take the position, as the Yankees were in no better a position than the Cardinals. J. G. Taylor Spink of The Sporting News eventually convinced Huggins to accept the offer,<ref name=Smelser194/> and he signed a two-year contract.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The hiring of Huggins drove a wedge between the two co-owners that culminated in Huston selling his shares of the team to Ruppert in 1922.<ref name=cincy>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=koppett85>Koppett, p. 85</ref>
Template:Quote box Having taken charge Huggins did not shy away from making personnel changes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="housecleaning1929">Template:Cite news</ref> Upon taking over the Yankees, he stressed fundamental baseball, drilling the Yankees in the art of the bunt.<ref name=nyt/> Huggins also made his first player transaction, acquiring Del Pratt and Eddie Plank from the St. Louis Browns trading Nick Cullop, Joe Gedeon, Fritz Maisel, Les Nunamaker, Urban Shocker and $15,000 ($Template:Inflation in current dollar terms),<ref name="champion trader">Template:Cite news</ref> a move that led to criticism in the press.<ref name=nyt>Template:Cite news</ref>
In Huggins' first season with the Yankees, the team finished fourth in the AL.<ref name="hurling stars">Template:Cite news</ref> After that season, he obtained Ernie Shore, Dutch Leonard and Duffy Lewis from the Boston Red Sox, for Ray Caldwell, Frank Gilhooley, Slim Love, and Roxy Walters.<ref name="champion trader"/> The following year he traded Pratt, Muddy Ruel, Hank Thormahlen and Sammy Vick to the Red Sox for Waite Hoyt, Harry Harper, Mike McNally and Wally Schang.<ref name="champion trader"/> Huggins signed a one-year contract to remain with the Yankees for a reported $12,000.<ref name=contract1921/>
Huston continually took the side of his players in any argument they had against Huggins,<ref name=Smelser194/> criticizing Huggins in the press when the Yankees lost the pennant in 1920.<ref name=Smelser194/> Meanwhile, Ruppert was at best a lukewarm advocate of Huggins.<ref name="elected">Template:Cite news</ref> Babe Ruth resisted Huggins' discipline; he did not respect Huggins due to his small stature, soft-spoken nature, and inability to fight,<ref name=koppett88/> and Huggins was unable to enforce punishments on Ruth, despite being well educated.<ref name=elected/> The Yankees finished third in the AL in 1919 and 1920.<ref name="hurling stars"/> Huggins signed a one-year contract to remain with the team in 1921.<ref name=contract1921>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Coming into the 1921 season, Huggins was still experiencing criticism in the press. Hugh Fullerton wrote that "in the past Huggins has not shone as a leader of men".<ref name=Smelser196>Smelser, p. 196</ref> By that season, Huggins developed Aaron Ward, Wally Pipp, and Bob Shawkey.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Yankees won their first AL pennant in 1921,<ref name="hurling stars"/> reaching the World Series for the first time in franchise history, silencing his critics in the press. However, they lost the 1921 World Series to the New York Giants. In response, Huggins sought to add more pitching talent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Before the 1922 season, Huggins acquired Johnny Mitchell from the Vernon Tigers of the Pacific Coast League and traded fan favorite Roger Peckinpaugh along with Rip Collins, Bill Piercy, and Jack Quinn to the Red Sox for Everett Scott, Bullet Joe Bush, and Sad Sam Jones.<ref name="champion trader"/> By this time, Ruppert hired Ed Barrow as the team's business manager, and he aided Huggins in player transactions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Yankees repeated as AL champions that season,<ref name="hurling stars"/> but lost the 1922 World Series, again to the Giants. With the newly gained confidence of his owners, Huggins was retained as manager.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Yankees won their first World Series in 1923, preventing the Giants from repeating as champions for the third consecutive season.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They were unable to retain their title the following season however, finishing second in the AL to the Washington Senators.<ref name="hurling stars"/>
Huggins had come to regret his trade of Urban Shocker to the Browns. In St. Louis, the spitballer Shocker had come into his own as a starter, racking up four straight 20-win seasons (1920–23) and leading the American League with 27 wins in 1921 and strikeouts the following year, when he won 24 games. Shocker was reacquired for Bullet Joe Bush, Milt Gaston and Joe Giard in December 1924.Template:Citation needed
However, through 42 games of the 1925 season, the Yankees struggled, falling to seventh place in the eight-team AL, Template:Frac games out of first place.<ref name=nj/> Huggins made wholesale changes to the Yankees' lineup, as he replaced Ward at second base with Howard Shanks, catchers Steve O'Neill and Wally Schang with Benny Bengough, and, most notably, Pipp with Lou Gehrig at first base, beginning Gehrig's record consecutive games played streak. Among the team's regulars, only Babe Ruth, Joe Dugan, and Bob Meusel remained in the lineup.<ref name=nj>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the team continued to struggle; amid rumors that he might replace Huggins, Ruppert stated that "Miller Huggins will be manager as long as he cares to be".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Yankees fell to seventh place in the AL that season.<ref name="hurling stars"/>
With Ruppert's full support, Huggins' duties with the Yankees included keeping Ruth in line.<ref name=cincy/><ref name=elected/> Unafraid of his star player, Huggins and Ruth often clashed.<ref name=Smelser195>Smelser, p. 195</ref> Huggins suspended Ruth indefinitely on August 29, 1925, for "misconduct off the playing field", while also fining him $5,000 ($Template:Inflation in current dollar terms), and as it was an away game in St. Louis, Ruth was ordered to pay his own way back to New York.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0">Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The actual reason was because he arrived late for batting practice after yet another night out the night before, though it was a culmination of his pranks and insistence of recruiting less able teammates to go clubbing with him, causing them to nurse hangovers.<ref name=":0" /> Ruth responded by claiming Ruppert would rescind the fine and suspension, and that he would never play for Huggins again, believing that Ruppert would side with him over Huggins. However, Ruppert insisted that the fine would stand and that Ruth would be suspended for as long as Huggins desired.<ref name=elected/> After apologizing to Huggins and Ruppert,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ruth was reinstated on September 5.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ruth did not challenge Huggins' authority again.<ref name=elected/>
Template:Quote box Huggins restructured the team for the 1926 season, giving starting jobs to Mark Koenig and Tony Lazzeri.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> That season, Huggins won his fourth pennant with the Yankees in 1926,<ref name=fourpennants>Template:Cite news</ref> marking the first time that a team won a pennant after finishing seventh the year prior.<ref name="hurling stars"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the Yankees lost the 1926 World Series to the Cardinals in seven games.Template:Citation needed
Winning the pennant once again in the 1927 season, Huggins matched Cap Anson's mark of five pennants in seven seasons.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> That year, the Yankees benefited from the development of George Pipgras and Wilcy Moore,<ref name="hurling stars"/> and set an American League record with 110 regular season victories,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> winning the AL by 19 games.<ref name="murderers">Template:Cite news</ref> The Yankees swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1927 World Series. This team became known as Murderers' Row, and is considered one of the greatest teams in baseball history.<ref name=murderers/>
Huggins remained confident in his team's ability to repeat as AL champions in 1928 season.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Huggins supplemented his team by acquiring Bill Dickey from the minor leagues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He acquired Stan Coveleski, who was attempting to return to his peak years, but released him in August when the former star continued to struggle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Yankees reached the 1928 World Series, winning their sixth pennant in eight years,<ref name=housecleaning1929/> and defeated the Cardinals 4 games to 0. This was the first time a team swept their opponents in consecutive World Series'.<ref name=koppett90>Koppett, p. 90</ref>
Huggins continued to tinker with his roster during the offseason. He traded Dugan, Mike Gazella, Rosy Ryan and Pat Collins,<ref name=housecleaning1929/> and acquired Lyn Lary from the Pacific Coast League.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He tried Lary at third base and Leo Durocher at shortstop,<ref name=shawkey/> while he attempted to acquire George Uhle and Ed Morris, but was unsuccessful in both cases.<ref name=housecleaning1929/> The Yankees fell behind the Philadelphia Athletics in the standings during the 1929 season and as it became clear that the Yankees would not win the AL pennant in 1929, Huggins began consulting with coaches Art Fletcher and Bob Shawkey about the future of the team, including how to replace Bob Meusel in left field.<ref name=shawkey/> However, by August 1929, Huggins began losing weight and complained of feeling ill.<ref name=koppett90/>
DeathEdit
Huggins fell ill on September 20, 1929, and checked into Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center for erysipelas. His condition was complicated by the development of influenza with high fever.<ref name=succumbs/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Yankees' club physician, in consultation with other doctors, decided to administer blood transfusions.<ref name=succumbs/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> But despite their best efforts, Huggins died at the age of 51 on September 25, 1929, of pyaemia.<ref name=succumbs>Template:Cite news</ref> The American League canceled its games for September 27, the day of his funeral,<ref>Steinberg, Steve. Society of American Baseball Research Biography Project entry for Miller Huggins. (retrieved January 28, 2019)</ref><ref>baseball-reference.com, MLB Scores and Standings Friday, September 27, 1929. (retrieved January 28, 2019)</ref> and his viewing at Yankee Stadium drew thousands of tearful fans. A moment of silence was held for Huggins before the start of Game 4 of the 1929 World Series (at Philadelphia's Shibe Park, after which the A's overcame an 8–0 Cubs advantage with 10 runs in the last of the seventh for a spectacular 10–8 come-from-behind victory and a 3–1 Series advantage).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery in his native Cincinnati.<ref name=cincy/>
The Yankees found it difficult to replace Huggins. Art Fletcher managed the team for its final 11 games of the 1929 season, but he did not want to manage the team full-time. After the season, Ruppert offered the job in turn to Fletcher, Donie Bush and Eddie Collins, all of whom declined. Eventually, "Bob the Gob" Shawkey agreed to serve as the Yankees manager for the 1930 season, leading the team to a third-place finish.<ref name="shawkey">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Playing and managing profileEdit
Huggins was listed at Template:Convert and Template:Convert.<ref name=meriden>Template:Cite news</ref> His small stature inspired the nicknames "Mighty Mite" and the "Mite Manager".<ref name=appreciated>Template:Cite news</ref> He was also known as "Rabbit" and "Little Everywhere" for his ability to cover ground in the infield.<ref name=leadoff/> An excellent leadoff batter and defensive second baseman, he ended his playing career with a .265 batting average and .956 fielding percentage.<ref name=leadoff>Template:Cite news</ref> He led the league in walks four times and regularly posted an on-base percentage near .400. He scored 100 or more runs three times and regularly stole 30 or more bases for 324 lifetime steals. On the downside, in 1914 he set the single season caught-stealing record in the National League, when he was thrown out 36 times (as opposed to 32 successful steals).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Huggins finished his managerial career with a 1413–1134 record. His 1413 wins as a manager ranks 23rd all-time (as of the start of the 2012 season).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He learned his managerial strategy by observing Hanlon and Bresnahan. His managerial style at first emphasized speed, base-stealing, hit- and-run plays and "slap" (i.e., contact) hitting, but the acquisition of superstar slugger Ruth dictated a change of emphasis towards power and not giving away outs.<ref name=koppett88>Koppett, p. 88</ref> For the slugging Yankees of the 1920s, he recruited power hitters and consistent (as opposed to brilliant) pitchers.<ref name=koppett88/>
Managerial recordEdit
LegacyEdit
In 1915, umpire and sportswriter Billy Evans, writing about the scarcity of competent second basemen in baseball, listed Huggins, Collins, Pratt, Johnny Evers, and Nap Lajoie as the best in the game.<ref name=Smelser193/> He later wrote that Huggins was "one of the greatest managers I have ever met".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bill James ranked Huggins as the 37th best second baseman of all time in 2001 in his The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract.<ref name=sports-central.org>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Yankees dedicated a monument to Huggins on May 30, 1932, placing it in front of the flagpole in center field at Yankee Stadium. Huggins was the first Yankees legend granted this honor. Later, posthumous monuments were added there for Lou Gehrig in 1941, and Babe Ruth in 1949. These always remained within the field of play, so long as Yankees Stadium maintained its original commodious outfield dimensions (that reached 461 feet in right center).
Many years later, with the outfield shrunk to barely over 400 feet in a sweeping stadium remodel, the memorials were relocated to a "Monument Park" created behind the centerfield fence, and dedicated in 1976. Since that time, additional monuments have been placed for Mickey Mantle (1996), Joe DiMaggio (1999), and George Steinbrenner (2010), again all posthumous.
The plaque on Huggins’ monument describes him as "A splendid character who made priceless contributions to baseball."<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required</ref> The Yankees also named a field at Al Lang Stadium, their spring training home in Florida, after Huggins.<ref name=koppett90/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Huggins was included on the ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1942, 1945, 1946, 1948, and 1950,Template:Efn failing to receive the number of votes required for election on those occasions. Named in the Honor Rolls of Baseball in 1946, the Veterans Committee elected Huggins to the Hall of Fame in February 1964,<ref name=elected/> and he was posthumously inducted that summer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Personal lifeEdit
Huggins was a private man who kept to himself. He lived in Cincinnati during the winters while playing for the Reds and Cardinals,<ref name=meriden/> but began to make St. Petersburg, Florida, his winter home while managing the Yankees.<ref name=arthur>Template:Cite news</ref> Huggins did not marry,<ref name=meriden/> and lived with his sister while in Cincinnati.<ref name=cincy/>
Huggins invested in real estate holdings in Florida,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> although he sold them in 1926 (three years before the stock market crash, fortunately for him) as they took too much of his time away from baseball.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He enjoyed playing golf and billiards in his spare time.<ref name=meriden/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
He was portrayed by Ernie Adams in The Pride of the Yankees, Fred Lightner in The Babe Ruth Story, Bruce Weitz in Babe Ruth, and Joe Ragno in The Babe.Template:Citation needed
See alsoEdit
- List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
- List of Major League Baseball managers with most career wins
- List of Major League Baseball player-managers
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:Baseball Hall of Fame profile
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