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}}Template:Main other Template:Infobox Chinese Ningxia,Template:Efn officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region in Northwestern China. Formerly a province, Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was later separated from Gansu in 1958 and reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people, one of the 56 officially recognised nationalities of China. Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ningxia is bounded by Shaanxi to the east, Gansu to the south and west and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north and has an area of around Template:Convert.<ref name=area/> This sparsely settled, mostly desert region lies partially on the Loess Plateau and in the vast plain of the Yellow River and features the Great Wall of China along its northeastern boundary. Over about 2000 years, an extensive system of canals (with a total length of approximately 1397 kilometers)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> has been built from Qin dynasty. Extensive land reclamation and irrigation projects have made increased cultivation possible. The arid region of Xihaigu, which covers large parts of the province, suffers from severe water shortage, which the canals were intended to alleviate.<ref>In China's Ningxia province, water shortage is so severe that the government is relocating people</ref>
Ningxia was the core area of the Western Xia in the 11th–13th centuries, established by the Tangut people; its name, "Peaceful Xia", derived from the Mongol conquest of the state.<ref name="britannica" /> The Tanguts made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, and in particular, invented Tangut script. Long one of the country's poorest areas, a small winemaking industry has become economically important since the 1980s. Before the arrival of viticulture, Ningxia's 6.8 million people, 36 per cent of whom are Muslims from the Hui ethnic group, relied largely on animal grazing, subsistence agriculture and the cultivation of wolfberries used in traditional Chinese medicine. Since then, winemaking has become the premier specialty of Ningxia, and the province devotes almost 40,000 hectares to vineyards and producing 120 million bottles of wine in 2017 – a quarter of the entire nation's production.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
The earliest human activity in Ningxia can be traced back to 30,000 years ago, with remains of the Shuidonggou Culture found in Lingwu.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
As a frontier zone between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers, Ningxia was a frequent seat of war and incursions by non-Chinese tribes. Ningxia and its surrounding areas were incorporated into the Qin as the Beidi Commandery as early as the 3rd century BC. To pacify the region, the imperial government established military colonies to reclaim land. In addition, horse pasturages were founded under the Imperial Stud to safeguard the supply of army horses, as early as the Western Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 9).<ref name="Ho 2000" /> Throughout the Han dynasty and the Tang dynasty there were several large cities established in the region. The Liang Province rebellion at the end of the Han Dynasty affected Ningxia.
By the 11th century the Tangut people had established the Western Xia dynasty on the outskirts of the then-Song dynasty. Jews also lived in Ningxia, as evidenced by the fact that in 1489, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng, a replacement set was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Ningbo and Ningxia Jewish communities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It then came under Mongol domination after Genghis Khan conquered Yinchuan in the early 13th century. Muslims from Central Asia also began moving into Ningxia from the west. By the late 17th century, Ningxia had become a weaving centre, producing many early Chinese carpets.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Muslim Dungan Revolt of the 19th century affected Ningxia.
In 1914, Ningxia was merged with the province of Gansu. In 1928, it became a separate province. Between 1914 and 1928, the Ma clique ruled the provinces of Qinghai, Ningxia and Gansu; General Ma Hongkui was the military governor of Ningxia and had absolute authority in the province. The Muslim conflict in Gansu, which lasted from 1927 to 1930, spilt over into Ningxia. In 1934, warlord and National Revolutionary Army general Sun Dianying attempted to conquer the province, but was defeated by an alliance led by the Ma clique.Template:Sfnp
From 1950 to 1958, a Kuomintang Islamic insurgency resulted in fighting throughout Northwest China, including Ningxia. In 1954, the Chinese government merged Ningxia with Gansu, but in 1958 Ningxia formally became an autonomous region of China. In 1969, Ningxia received a part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, but this area was returned in 1979.
A number of Chinese artifacts dating from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty, some of which had been owned by Emperor Zhenzong, were excavated and then came into the hands of Ma Hongkui, who refused to publicize the findings. Among the artifacts were a white marble tablet from the Tang dynasty, gold nails, and bands made out of metal. It was not until after Ma Hongkui died that his wife went to Taiwan in 1971 from America to bring the artifacts to Chiang Kai-shek, who turned them over to the Taipei National Palace Museum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
GeographyEdit
Present-day Ningxia is one of the nation's smallest provincial-level units and borders the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. At 3556 meters above sea level, Aobaogeda ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in the Helan Mountains is the highest point in Ningxia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ningxia is a relatively dry, desert-like region and features a diverse geography of forested mountains and hills, table lands, deserts, flood plains and basins cut through by the Yellow River. The Ningxia ecosystem is one of the least studied regions in the world. Significant irrigation supports the growing of wolfberries, a commonly consumed fruit throughout the region. Ningxia's deserts include the Tengger desert in Shapotou.
The northern section, through which the Yellow River flows, supports the best agricultural land. A railroad, linking Lanzhou with Baotou, crosses the region. A highway has been built across the Yellow River at Yinchuan.
On 16 December 1920, the Haiyuan earthquake, 8.6 magnitude, at Template:Coord, initiated a series of landslides that killed an estimated 200,000 people. Over 600 large loess landslides created more than 40 new lakes.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite book. (1985) "</ref> Template:Islam and China
GrasslandsEdit
It was reported that approximately 34 percent (33.85 million mu; Template:Val) of the region's total surface consisted of grassland.<ref>Ningxia Bureau of Statistics, 2013, 1.2</ref> This figure is down from approximately 40 percent in the 1990s. The grasslands are spread over the dry desert-steppe area in the northeast (which forms a part of the Inner Mongolian steppe region), and the hilly pastures located on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in the south.<ref name="Ho 2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is ascertained that the grasslands of Ningxia have been degraded to various degrees.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Scientists debate the extent to which this degradation occurs over space and time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Historical research has also found limited evidence of expanding grassland degradation and desertification in Ningxia.<ref name="Ho 2000">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A major component of land management in Ningxia is a ban on open grazing, which has been in place since 2003.<ref>Zhou, Z. 2013. A view of Ningxia ten years since the grazing ban [Jìn mù yī nián kàn Níngxià]. People's Daily, 29 June. p. 10.</ref> The ecological and socio-economic effects of this Grazing Ban in relation to the grasslands and pastoralists' livelihood are contested.<ref name="Ho 2016"/> The ban stipulates that animal husbandry be limited to enclosed pens and no open grazing be permitted in certain time periods set by the Autonomous Region's People's Government.
ClimateEdit
Template:Climate chart The region is Template:Convert from the sea and has an arid continental climate on the north to humid continental climate to the south, with average summer temperatures rising to Template:Convert in July and average winter temperatures dropping to between Template:Convert in January. Seasonal extreme temperatures can reach Template:Convert in summer and Template:Convert in winter. The diurnal temperature variation can reach above Template:Convert, especially in spring. Annual rainfall averages from Template:Convert, with more rain falling in the south of the region.
Mineral resourcesEdit
Ningxia is rich in mineral resources with proven deposits of 34 kinds of minerals, much of which located in grassland areas.<ref name="Ho 2016" /> In 2011 it was estimated that the potential value per capita of these resources accounted for 163.5 percent of the nation's average. Ningxia boasts verified coal reserves of over 30 billion tons, with an estimated reserve of more than 202 billion tons, ranking sixth nationwide. Coal deposits are spread over one-third of the total surface of Ningxia, and mined in four major fields in the Helan and Xiangshan mountains, Ningdong and Yuanzhou (or Guyuan). The region's reserves of oil and natural gas can be found in Yanchi and Lingwu County, and are ideal for large-scale development of oil, natural gas and chemical industries. Ningxia leads China in gypsum deposits, with a proven reserve of more than 4.5 billion tons, of which the rarely found, top-grade gypsum accounts for half of the total deposits. The Hejiakouzi deposit in Tongxin County features a reserve of 20 million tons of gypsum with a total thickness of 100 meters. There is a considerable deposit of quartz sandstone, of which 17 million tons have been ascertained. In addition, there are phosphorus, flint, copper, iron, barite, other minerals and Helan stone – a special clay stone.<ref name="britannica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PoliticsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Like all governing institutions in mainland China, Ningxia has a parallel party-government system,<ref name="PoliticalSystem2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in which the CCP Ningxia Regional Committee Secretary outranks the Government Chairman.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The CCP Ningxia Regional Committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and has control over the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region People's Government.
Administrative divisionsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Ningxia is divided into five prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:
| Administrative divisions of Ningxia | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Division code<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Division | Area in km2<ref name="nj2013">Template:Cite book</ref> | Population 2020<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | Seat | Divisions<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | ||
| Districts | Counties | CL cities | ||||||
| 640000 | Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region | 66,400.00 | 7,202,654 | Yinchuan city | 9 | 11 | 2 | |
| 640100 | Yinchuan city | 8,874.61 | 2,859,074 | Jinfeng District | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| 640200 | Shizuishan city | 5,208.13 | 751,389 | Dawukou District | 2 | 1 | ||
| 640300 | Wuzhong city | 21,420.14 | 1,382,713 | Litong District | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| 640400 | Guyuan city | 13,449.03 | 1,142,142 | Yuanzhou District | 1 | 4 | ||
| 640500 | Zhongwei city | 17,448.09 | 1,067,336 | Shapotou District | 1 | 2 | ||
| Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Chinese | Pinyin | Xiao'erjing | |
| Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region | lang}} | Template:Transliteration | lang}} | |
| Yinchuan city | lang}} | Template:Transliteration | lang}} | |
| Shizuishan city | lang}} | Template:Transliteration | lang}} | |
| Wuzhong city | lang}} | Template:Transliteration | lang}} | |
| Guyuan city | lang}} | Template:Transliteration | lang}} | |
| Zhongwei city | lang}} | Template:Transliteration | lang}} | |
The five prefecture-level cities of Ningxia are subdivided into 22 county-level divisions (9 districts, 2 county-level cities, and 11 counties).
Urban areasEdit
| Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Cities | 2020 Urban area<ref name="2020PRCcensus">Template:Cite book</ref> | 2010 Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus">Template:Cite book</ref> | 2020 City proper |
| 1 | Yinchuan | 1,230,650 | 1,159,457 | 2,859,074 |
| 2 | Shizuishan | 422,043 | 403,901 | 751,389 |
| 3 | Wuzhong | 400,677 | 232,134 | 1,382,713 |
| 4 | Guyuan | 267,810 | 130,155 | 1,142,142 |
| 5 | Zhongwei | 249,307 | 160,279 | 1,067,336 |
| 6 | Lingwu | 200,920 | 125,976 | Template:Small |
| 7 | Qingtongxia | 142,349 | 99,367 | Template:Small |
EconomyEdit
Rural Ningxia was for long an officially designated poverty area, and remains on the lower rungs of the developmental ladder.<ref name="Ho 2016" /> Its nominal GDP in 2023 was 531.50 billion yuan (US$75.43 billion) and its per capita GDP 72,957 yuan (US$10,353). It comprises 0.42% of the national economy.
AgricultureEdit
Similar to other areas, Ningxia has seen a gradual decline of its peasant population due to rural–urban migration. Despite this, the great majority (62.8 percent) was still agricultural at the time of the survey.<ref>Ningxia Bureau of Statistics 2013, 4.2</ref> Animal husbandry is important for the regional economy. In the main pastoral county, Yanchi, it is even the leading industry when specified for the primary sector. The dominant grazing animals are sheep and goat.<ref>Ningxia Bureau of Statistics 2013, 11.20</ref> In the (semi-)pastoral regions, herders engage in a mixed sedentary farming operation of dryland agriculture and extensive animal husbandry, while full nomadic pastoralism is no longer practiced.<ref name="Ho 2016"/> Since a cattle breeding plan was implemented in 2002, the province has become one of China's main dairy production areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ningxia is the principal region of China where wolfberries are grown. Other specialties of Ningxia are licorice, products made from Helan stone, fiddlehead and products made from sheepskin.
Ningxia wines are a promising area of development. The Chinese authorities have given approval to the development of the eastern base of the Helan Mountains as an area suitable for wine production. Several large Chinese wine companies including Changyu and Dynasty Wine have begun development in the western region of the province. Together they now own 20,000 acres of land for wine plantations and Dynasty has ploughed 100 million yuan into Ningxia. In addition, the major oil company China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation has founded a grape plantation near the Helan Mountains. The household appliance company Midea has also begun participating in Ningxia's wine industry.<ref>"Grape expansion: Chinese wine companies move west" Template:Webarchive, Want China Times, 15 December 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.</ref> Vineyards have been set up in the region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Industries and economic zonesEdit
Ningxia was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Yinchuan Economic and Technological Development Zone<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was established in 1992. Spanning Template:Convert, it has an annual economic output Rmb23.7 billion (25.1% up) (US$3.5 billion). Major investors are mainly local enterprises such as Kocel Steel Foundry, FAG Railway Bearing (Ningxia), Ningxia Little Giant Machine Tools, etc. Major industries include machinery and equipment manufacturing, new materials, fine chemicals and the animation industry.
Desheng Industrial Park (in Helan County) is a base for about 400 enterprises. The industrial park has industrial chains from Muslim food and commodities to trade and logistics, new materials and bio-pharmaceuticals that has 80 billion yuan in fixed assets. Desheng is looking to be the most promising industrial park in the city. It achieved a total output value of 4.85 billion in 2008, up 40 percent year-on-year. The local government plans to cut taxes and other fees to reduce the burden on local enterprises. The industrial output value reached 2.68 billion yuan in 2008, an increase of 48 percent from a year earlier.
TransportEdit
AirportsEdit
- Yinchuan Hedong International Airport
- Zhongwei Shapotou Airport
- Guyuan Liupanshan Airport
- Wuhai Airport (serves the northern area)
HighwaysEdit
- China National Highway 109
- China National Highway 110
- China National Highway 211
- China National Highway 307
- China National Highway 309
- China National Highway 312
BridgeEdit
- Taole Yellow River Expressway Bridge ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
RailEdit
- Baotou–Lanzhou railway
- Baoji–Zhongwei railway ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
EducationEdit
DemographicsEdit
Template:Historical populations
ReligionEdit
Islam is the single biggest religious tradition in Ningxia, adhered to by 34% of the population according to a 2010 survey.<ref name="2010-Islam">Min Junqing. The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China. JISMOR, 8. 2010 Islam by province, page 29. Data from: Yang Zongde, Study on Current Muslim Population in China, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.</ref> Many of the Han Chinese practise Chinese folk religions, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism. Christianity was the religion of 1.17% of the province's population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2004.<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey 2004. Report by: Template:Cite thesis</ref>
In 2008, there were 3,760 mosques in Ningxia, which is about one per 1730 residents.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HospitalsEdit
- People's Hospital of Ningxia
- Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ningxia
- Ningxia Medical College Affiliated Hospital
- Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Yinchuan People's Hospital
- Yinchuan Stomatological Hospital
- Yinchuan Women and Children's Healthcare Center
- Women and Children's Healthcare Center of Ningixa
- Yinchuan No.1 People's Hospital
- Yinchuan No.2 People's Hospital
- Yinchuan No.3 People's Hospital
- Shizuishan No.2 People's Hospital
- Guyuan Hospital of Ningxia
TourismEdit
One of Ningxia's main tourist spots is the internationally renowned Xixia Tombs site located Template:Convert west of Yinchuan. The remnants of nine Western Xia emperors' tombs and two hundred other tombs lie within a Template:Convert area. Other famous sites in Ningxia include the Helan Mountains, the mysterious 108 stupas, the twin pagodas of Baisikou and the desert research outpost at Shapotou. A less visited tourist spot in Ningxia is the Mount Sumeru Grottoes ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), which is among the ten most famous grottoes in China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MuseumsEdit
- Ningxia Museum, opened in 1988
- Ningxia Transportation Museum, opened in August 2008
- Museum of Contemporary Art Yinchuan (MOCA Yinchuan), opened on 8 August 2015.
Notable peopleEdit
GalleryEdit
- Yinchuan aerial.JPG
View of Yinchuan looking east from top of Chengtian Temple Pagoda.
- Yinchuan square.JPG
People's Square in Yinchuan.
- Yinchuan fountain.JPG
Phoenix Tablet fountain in Yinchuan.
- Tongxin mosque.JPG
Tongxin Great Mosque, one of the oldest mosques in Ningxia and a famous cultural relic among the locals.
- XiXia Tomb 3 F.jpg
A tomb of the Western Xia
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External linksEdit
- Ningxia Provincial Government Template:Webarchive
- Template:Britannica
- Economic profile for Ningxia at HKTDC
- Ningxia Profile – UNESCAP Template:Webarchive
- Ningxia Profile – China Economic Information Network
Template:Ningxia topics Template:Ningxia Template:Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China Template:Hui autonomy in the People's Republic of China