Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox Template:More footnotes needed The Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order of flowering plants in the asterids clade of the Eudicots.<ref name=APGIV2016>Template:Cite journal</ref> Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification the order consists of 24 families,<ref name=APGIV2016/> and includes about 23,810 species and 1,059 genera<ref name="Oxford University Press-2019">Template:Cite book</ref> with representatives found all over the world.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010">Template:Cite journal</ref> Well-known or economically important members of this order include aromatic, culinary, and medicinal herbs such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, perilla, lemon verbena, catnip, bee balm, wild dagga, and oriental motherwort, as well as olives, ash trees, teak, foxgloves, lilacs, jasmine, snapdragons, African violets, Jacarandas, Paulownias, butterfly bushes, sesame, and psyllium.

DescriptionEdit

Plant species within the order Lamiales are eudicots and are herbaceous or have woody stems.<ref name="Springer-2004">Template:Cite book</ref> Zygomorphic flowers are common, having five petals with an upper lip of two petals and lower lip of three petals, but actinomorphic flowers are also seen.<ref name="Springer-2004" /><ref name="Endress-2001">Template:Cite journal</ref> Species potentially have five stamens, but these are typically reduced to two or four.<ref name="Springer-2004" /><ref name="Endress-2001" /> Lamiales also produce a single style attached to an ovary typically containing two carpels.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The ovary is mostly observed to be superior.<ref name="Zhang-2020">Template:Cite journal</ref> The inflorescence is typically seen as cyme, raceme or spike.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" /> The fruit type is usually dehiscent capsules.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>  Glandular hairs are present on the plants.<ref name="Springer-2004" />

File:Utricularia aurea 8 Darwiniana.jpg
Carnivorous plant in the order Lamiales; Utricularia aurea

A number of species of carnivorous plants are found in the families Lentibulariaceae and Byblidaceae.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" /> Protocarnivorous plant species have also been found in the order, specifically in the Martyniaceae family.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" />

File:Cordylanthusrigidus.jpg
Parasitic plant in the order Lamiales; Cordylanthus rigidus

Parasitic plant species are found in the order, belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" /> These parasitic plants can either be hemi-parasites or holoparasites.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" />

TaxonomyEdit

PhylogenyEdit

The APG IV system gives the following cladogram for Lamiales.Template:R

Template:Clade

The Lamiales previously had a restricted circumscription (e.g., by Arthur Cronquist) that included the major families Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Verbenaceae, and Boraginaceae, plus a few smaller families. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Lamiales were in the superorder Lamiiflorae (also called Lamianae). Recent phylogenetic work has shown the Lamiales are polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales. Lamiales has become the preferred name for this much larger combined group. The placement of the Boraginaceae is unclear, but phylogenetic work shows this family does not belong in Lamiales.Template:Citation needed

Also, the circumscription of family Scrophulariaceae, formerly a paraphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined, and putatively monophyletic families.<ref name="Flei10" />

DatingEdit

Much research has been conducted in recent years regarding the dating the Lamiales lineage, although there still remains some ambiguity. A 2004 study, on the molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants, estimated 106 million years (MY) for the stem lineage of Lamiales.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A similar study in 2009 estimated 80 million years.<ref name="magallon2009">Template:Citation</ref> Another 2009 study gives several reasons why the issue is particularly difficult to solve.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" />


HabitatEdit

The Lamiales order can be found in almost all kinds of habitats world-wide.<ref name="Fonseca 107287">Template:Cite journal</ref> These habitats include forests, valleys, grasslands, rocky terrain, rainforests, the tropics, temperate regions, marshes, coastlines, and even frozen areas.<ref name="Zhang-2020" /><ref name="Fonseca 107287" /><ref name="Sharma-2015">Template:Cite journal</ref>

UsesEdit

The order Lamiales has a variety of species with anthropogenic uses, the most popular belonging to the Lamiaceae and Acanthaceae families.<ref name="Sharma-2015" /> Many of these species in the order Lamiales produce medicinal properties from alkaloids and saponins to help a variety of infections and diseases.<ref name="Sharma-2015" /> These alkaloids and saponins may help with digestion, the common cold or flu, asthma, liver infections, pulmonary infections and contain antioxidant properties.<ref name="Sharma-2015" />

Species within the order are also known to have properties to repel insects and help control harmful diseases from insects, such as Malaria from mosquitos.<ref name="Rawani-2014">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Sharma-2015" /> Plants of the family Acanthaceae have bioactive secondary metabolites within their mature leaves, which have been found to be toxic to insect larvae.<ref name="Rawani-2014" /> Botanical derived insecticides are a good alternate for chemical or synthetic insecticides as it is inexpensive, abundant and safe for other plants, non-target organisms and the environment.<ref name="Rawani-2014" />

Many species within the order are used as decorations, flavouring agents, cosmetics and fragrances.<ref name="Sharma-2015" /> Natural dyes can also be extracted from Lamiales species.<ref name="Sharma-2015" /><ref name="Maxia-2013" /> For example, in Sardinia culture, the most common Lamiales plant species used for natural dyes is Lavandula stoechas, where a light-green dye is extracted from the stem.<ref name="Maxia-2013">Template:Cite journal</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Template:Angiosperm orders Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control