Sesame Street

Sesame Street is an American educational children's television series that combines live-action, sketch comedy, animation, and puppetry. It is produced by Sesame Workshop (known as the Children's Television Workshop until June 2000) and was created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. It is known for its images communicated through the use of Jim Henson's Muppets, and includes short films, with humor and cultural references. It premiered on November 10, 1969, to positive reviews, some controversy,<ref name="morrow-3"/> and high viewership. It has aired on the United States national public television provider PBS since its debut, with its first run moving to premium channel HBO on January 16, 2016, then its sister streaming service HBO Max in 2020, and finally Netflix in 2025.

The show's format consists of a combination of commercial television production elements and techniques which have evolved to reflect changes in American culture and audiences' viewing habits. It was the first children's TV show to use educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content, and the first show whose educational effects were formally studied. Its format and content have undergone significant changes to reflect changes to its curriculum.

Shortly after its creation, its producers developed what came to be called the CTW Model (after the production company's previous name), a system of planning, production, and evaluation based on collaboration between producers, writers, educators, and researchers. The show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, independently produced versions ("co-productions") of Sesame Street were broadcast in 20 countries. In 2001, there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street; and by its 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries.

Since its debut, Sesame Street has garnered praise. It was by then the 15th-highest-rated children's television show in the United States. A 1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched it by the time they were three. In 2018, it was estimated that 86 million Americans had watched it as children. As of 2022, it has won 222 Emmy Awards and 11 Grammy Awards, more than any other children's show.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=wallace/> Sesame Street remains one of the longest-running shows in the world.

History

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a children's television show that would "master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them,"<ref name="davis-8">Davis, p. 8</ref> such as helping young children prepare for school. After two years of research, the newly formed Children's Television Workshop (CTW) received a combined grant of US$8Template:Nbspmillion ($Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation-year dollars)Template:Inflation-fn from the Carnegie Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the U.S. federal government to create and produce a new children's television show.<ref name="finch-53">Finch, p. 53</ref>

Sesame Street was officially announced at a press conference on May 6, 1969. Joan Ganz Cooney, Children's Television Workshop's executive director, said that Sesame Street would use the techniques of commercial television programs to teach young children. Live shorts and animated cartoons would teach young children the alphabet, numbers, vocabulary, shapes, and basic reasoning skills. By repeating concepts throughout an episode, young children's interest would be held while they learn the concepts. Guest cameos would help attract older children and adults. Cooney said that the name Sesame Street came from the saying "open sesame", which gives the idea of a place where exciting things occur. The show was given an initial six-month run to determine whether it was effective and would continue to air.<ref>Subber, Barbara (May 7, 1969). "New ETV Show for Preschooler To Use 'Commercial' Techniques". The Morning Call (Allentown, Pennsylvania). p. 51.</ref>

The program premiered on public television stations on November 10, 1969.<ref name="brooke">Template:Cite news</ref> It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory and formative research.<ref name="palmer">Palmer & Fisch in Fisch & Truglio, p. 9</ref> Initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy,<ref name="morrow-3"/> and high ratings.

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Co-creator Joan Ganz Cooney. Pictured 1985

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Lloyd Morrisett, co-creator. Pictured 2010

According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become "an American institution."<ref>Davis, p. 220</ref> The cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The show's success continued into the 1980s. In 1981, when the federal government withdrew its funding, CTW turned to and expanded other revenue sources, including its magazine division, book royalties, product licensing, and foreign broadcast income.<ref name="odell">O'Dell, pp. 73–74</ref> Its curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. Many of its storylines have been inspired by the experiences of its writing staff, cast, and crew—most notably, the 1982 death of Will Lee, who played Mr. Hooper;<ref name="hellman-52">Template:Cite journal</ref> and the marriage of Luis and Maria in 1988.<ref>Borgenicht, p. 80</ref>

By the end of the 1990s, the show faced societal and economic challenges, including changes in young children's viewing habits, competition from other shows, the development of cable television, and a drop in ratings.<ref>Davis, p. 320</ref> As the 21st century began, the show made major changes. Starting in 2002, its format became more narrative-focused and included ongoing storylines. After its 30th anniversary in 1999, due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, the show also incorporated a popular segment known as Elmo's World.<ref name="goodman">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2009, the show won the Outstanding Achievement Emmy for its 40 years on the air.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In late 2015, in response to "sweeping changes in the media business"<ref name="movetohbo">Template:Cite news</ref> and as part of a five-year programming and development deal, premium television service HBO began airing first-run episodes of Sesame Street. The episodes became available on PBS stations and websites nine months after they aired on HBO.<ref name="movetohbo"/> The deal allowed Sesame Workshop to produce more episodes—increasing from 18 to 35 per season—and to create a spinoff series with the Sesame Street Muppets, and a new educational series.<ref name="steel">Template:Cite news</ref>

At its 50th anniversary in 2019, Sesame Street had produced over 4,500 episodes, two feature-length movies (Follow That Bird in 1985 and The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland in 1999), 35 TV specials, 200 home videos, and 180 albums.<ref name="wallace"/> Beginning that year digitized versions of the show's full archive of episodes were donated to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting, viewable on site at the library's locations, with five episodes available for viewing online.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That Its YouTube channel has over 24 million subscribers.<ref name="guthrie">Template:Cite news</ref> It was announced in October 2019 that first-run episodes will move to HBO Max beginning with the show's 51st season in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In August 2022, HBO MAX removed 200 older episodes of the series from its library after initially offering around 650 episodes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On December 13, 2024, it was announced that Max would not be renewing their contract to make episodes of Sesame Street, meaning 2025 will be the last year for episodes made with Max. Episodes will be in the Max streaming library until 2027. A spokesperson for Sesame Workshop stated: "We will continue to invest in our best-in-class programming and look forward to announcing our new distribution plans in the coming months, ensuring that 'Sesame Street' reaches as many children as possible for generations to come."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On May 19, 2025, it was announced that Sesame Street would begin to air new episodes on Netflix worldwide and would continue to air new episodes on PBS, with new episodes being released on both platforms on the same day, as well as past seasons. This move would also include the acquisition of 90 hours of older episodes by Netflix.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Format

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} From its first episode, Sesame StreetTemplate:'s format has utilized "a strong visual style, fast-moving action, humor, and music," as well as animation and live-action short films.<ref>O'Dell, p. 70</ref> When it premiered, most researchers believed that young children did not have long attention spans, and the show's producers were concerned that an hour-long show would not hold their attention. At first, its "street scenes"—the action recorded on its set—consisted of character-driven interactions. Rather than ongoing stories, they were written as individual, curriculum-based segments interrupted by "inserts" of puppet sketches, short films and animations. This structure allowed producers to use a mixture of styles and characters, and to vary its pace, presumably keeping it interesting to young viewers. However, by season 20, research showed that children were able to follow a story—and the street scenes, while still interspersed with other segments, became evolving storylines.<ref>Morrow, p. 87</ref><ref>Gikow, p. 179</ref>

On recommendations by child psychologists, the producers initially decided that the show's human actors and Muppets would not interact because they were concerned it would confuse young children.<ref>Fisch & Bernstein, p. 39</ref> When CTW tested the new show, they found that children paid attention during the Muppet segments and that their interest was lost during the "Street" segments.<ref>Gladwell, p. 105</ref> They requested that Henson and his team create Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch to interact with the human actors, and the Street segments were re-shot.<ref>Gladwell, p. 106</ref><ref>Fisch & Bernstein, pp. 39–40</ref>

Sesame StreetTemplate:'s format remained intact until the 2000s when the changing audience required that producers move to a more narrative format. In 1998, the popular "Elmo's World," a 15-minute-long segment hosted by the Muppet Elmo, was created.<ref>Clash, p. 75</ref> Starting in 2014, during the show's 45th season, the producers introduced a half-hour version of the program.<ref name="TIME">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The new version, which originally complemented the full-hour series, was broadcast weekday afternoons and streamed on the Internet.<ref name="TIME" /> In 2017, in response to the changing viewing habits of toddlers, the show's producers decreased the show's length from one hour to 30 minutes across all its broadcast platforms. The new version focused on fewer characters, reduced pop culture references "once included as winks for their parents", and focused "on a single backbone topic."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The format will be changed yet again in Season 56, as it was announced on October 30, 2023 by The Hollywood Reporter that Sesame Street will be reimagined by completely dropping the half-hour magazine-style format of the long-running children's show in favor of a longer narrative-driven style and more live action Muppet puppet characters. The reimagined format will feature two 11-minute story segments, paired with a new animated series, Tales from 123.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Educational goals

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The Sesame Street signpost

Author Malcolm Gladwell said that "Sesame Street was built around a single, breakthrough insight: that if you can hold the attention of children, you can educate them."<ref>Gladwell, p. 100</ref> Gerald S. Lesser, the CTW's first advisory board chair, went even further, saying that the effective use of television as an educational tool needed to capture, focus, and sustain children's attention.<ref name="Lesser, p. 116">Lesser, p. 116</ref> Sesame Street was the first children's show to structure each episode, and the segments within them, to capture children's attention, and to make, as Gladwell put it, "small but critical adjustments" to keep it.<ref>Gladwell, p. 91</ref> According to CTW researchers Rosemarie Truglio and Shalom Fisch, it was one of the few children's shows to utilize a detailed and comprehensive educational curriculum, garnered from formative and summative research.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Sesame Street's creators and researchers formulated both cognitive and affective goals for the show. They initially focused on cognitive goals, while addressing affective goals indirectly, believing it would increase children's self-esteem and feelings of competency.<ref>Morrow, pp. 76, 106</ref> One of their primary goals was preparing young children for school, especially children from low-income families,<ref>Lesser, p. 46</ref> using modeling,<ref>Lesser, pp. 86–87</ref> repetition,<ref>Lesser, p. 107</ref> and humor.<ref name="Lesser, p. 116"/> They adjusted its content to increase viewers' attention and the show's appeal,<ref>Lesser, p. 87</ref> and encouraged older children and parents to "co-view" it by including more sophisticated humor, cultural references, and celebrity guests; by 2019, 80% of parents watched Sesame Street with their children, and 650 celebrities had appeared on the show.<ref name="wallace">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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First Lady Barbara Bush participates with Big Bird in an educational taping of Sesame Street at United Studios, 1989

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First Lady Michelle Obama participates in a Let's Move! and Sesame Street public service announcement taping with Big Bird in the White House Kitchen, 2013

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Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken meets Grover to discuss refugees at the United Nations in New York City, 2016

During Sesame StreetTemplate:'s first season, some critics felt that it should address more overtly such affective goals as social competence, tolerance of diversity, and nonaggressive ways of resolving conflict. The show's creators and producers responded by featuring these themes in interpersonal disputes between its Street characters.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During the 1980s, the show incorporated real-life experiences of its cast and crew, including the death of Will Lee (Mr. Hooper) and the pregnancy of Sonia Manzano (Maria).<ref name="hellman-52"/> In later seasons, it addressed real-life disasters such as the September 11 terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina.<ref>Gikow, p. 165</ref>

In its first season, the show addressed its outreach goals by focusing on the promotion of educational materials used in preschool settings; and in subsequent seasons, by focusing on their development. Innovative programs were developed because their target audience, children and their families in low-income, inner-city homes, did not traditionally watch educational programs on television and because traditional methods of promotion and advertising were not effective with these groups.<ref>Gikow, p. 181</ref>

Starting in 2006, the Workshop expanded its outreach by creating a series of PBS specials and DVDs focusing on how military deployment affects the families of servicepeople.<ref>Gikow, pp. 280–281</ref> Its outreach efforts also focused on families of prisoners, health and wellness, and safety.<ref>Gikow, pp. 286–293</ref> In 2013, SW started Sesame Street in Communities, to help families dealing with difficult issues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Funding

As a result of Cooney's initial proposal in 1968, the Carnegie Institute awarded her a $1 million grant to create a new children's television program and establish the CTW,<ref name="davis-8"/><ref name="finch-53"/><ref>Palmer & Fisch in Fisch & Truglio, p. 3</ref> renamed in June 2000 to Sesame Workshop (SW). Cooney and Morrisett procured additional multimillion-dollar grants from the U.S. federal government, The Arthur Vining Davis Foundations, CPB, and the Ford Foundation. Davis reported that Cooney and Morrisett decided that if they did not procure full funding from the beginning, they would drop the idea of producing the show.<ref>Davis, p. 105</ref> As Lesser reported, funds gained from a combination of government agencies and private foundations protected them from the economic pressures experienced by commercial broadcast television networks, but created challenges in procuring future funding.<ref>Lesser, p. 17</ref>

After Sesame StreetTemplate:'s initial success, its producers began to think about its survival beyond its development and first season and decided to explore other funding sources. From the first season, they understood that the source of their funding, which they considered "seed" money, would need to be replaced.<ref name="davis-203">Davis, p. 203</ref> The 1970s were marked by conflicts between the CTW and the federal government; in 1978, the U.S. Department of Education refused to deliver a $2 million check (equivalent to $Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) until the last day of CTW's fiscal year. As a result, the CTW decided to depend upon licensing arrangements with toy companies and other manufacturers, publishing, and international sales for their funding.<ref name="odell"/>

In 1998, the CTW accepted corporate sponsorship to raise funds for Sesame Street and other projects. For the first time, they allowed short advertisements by indoor playground manufacturer Discovery Zone, their first corporate sponsor, to air before and after each episode. Consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who had previously appeared on Sesame Street, called for a boycott of the show, saying that the CTW was "exploiting impressionable children."<ref name="brooke"/> In 2015, in response to funding challenges, it was announced that premium television service HBO would air first-run episodes of Sesame Street.<ref name="movetohbo"/> Steve Youngwood, SW's Chief Operating Officer, called the move "one of the toughest decisions we ever made."<ref name="guthrie2">Template:Cite news</ref> According to The New York Times, the move "drew an immediate backlash."<ref name="steel" /> Critics claimed that it favored privileged children over less-advantaged children and their families, the original focus of the show. They also criticized choosing to air first-run episodes on HBO, a network with adult dramas and comedies.<ref name="steel"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Production

Research

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Producer Joan Ganz Cooney has stated, "Without research, there would be no Sesame Street."<ref name="cooney-xi">Cooney in Fisch & Truglio, p. xi</ref> In 1967, when she and her team began planning the show's development, combining research with television production was, as she put it, "positively heretical."<ref name="cooney-xi"/> Its producers soon began developing what came to be called the CTW Model, a system of planning, production and evaluation that did not fully emerge until the end of the show's first season.<ref name="morrow-68">Morrow, p. 68</ref>Template:Refn According to Morrow, the Model consisted of four parts: "the interaction of receptive television producers and child science experts, the creation of a specific and age-appropriate curriculum, research to shape the program directly, and independent measurement of viewers' learning."<ref name="morrow-68"/>

Cooney credited the show's high standard in research procedures to Harvard professors Gerald S. Lesser, whom CTW hired to design its educational objectives; and Edward L. Palmer, who conducted the show's formative research and bridged the gap between producers and researchers.<ref name="cooney-xii">Cooney in Fisch & Truglio, p. xii</ref> CTW conducted research in two ways: in-house formative research that informed and improved production;<ref>Mielke in Fisch & Truglio, pp. 84–85</ref> and independent summative evaluations, conducted by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) during the first two seasons, which measured its educational effectiveness.<ref name="palmer"/> Cooney said, "From the beginning, we—the planners of the project—designed the show as an experimental research project with educational advisers, researchers, and television producers collaborating as equal partners."<ref>Borgenicht, p. 9</ref> She characterized the collaboration as an "arranged marriage."<ref name="cooney-xi"/>

Writing

Sesame Street has used many writers in its long history. As Peter Hellman wrote in his 1987 article in New York Magazine, "The show, of course, depends upon its writers, and it isn't easy to find adults who could identify the interest level of a pre-schooler."<ref name="hellman-52"/> Fifteen writers a year worked on the show's scripts, but very few lasted longer than one season. Norman Stiles, head writer in 1987, reported that most writers would "burn out" after writing about a dozen scripts.<ref name="hellman-52"/> According to Gikow, Sesame Street went against the convention of hiring teachers to write for the show, as most educational television programs did at the time. Instead, Cooney and the producers felt that it would be easier to teach writers how to interpret curriculum than to teach educators how to write comedy.<ref name="gikow-178">Gikow, p. 178</ref> As Stone stated, "Writing for children is not so easy."<ref name="gikow-178"/> Long-time writer Tony Geiss agreed, stating in 2009, "It's not an easy show to write. You have to know the characters and the format and how to teach and be funny at the same time, which is a big, ambidextrous stunt."<ref>Gikow, p. 174</ref>

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The Kaufman Astoria Studios, where Sesame Street is taped

The show's research team developed an annotated document, or "Writer's Notebook," which served as a bridge between the show's curriculum goals and script development.<ref name="lesser-101">Lesser, p. 101</ref> The notebook was a compilation of programming ideas designed to teach specific curriculum points,<ref>Morrow, p. 82</ref> provided extended definitions of curriculum goals, and assisted the writers and producers in translating the goals into televised material.<ref>Palmer & Fisch in Fisch & Truglio, p. 10</ref> Suggestions in the notebook were free of references to specific characters and contexts on the show so that they could be implemented as openly and flexibly as possible.<ref>Palmer & Fisch in Fisch & Truglio, p. 11</ref>

The research team, in a series of meetings with the writers, also developed "a curriculum sheet" that described the show's goals and priorities for every season. After receiving the curriculum focus and goals for the season, the writers met to discuss ideas and story arcs for the characters, and an "assignment sheet" was created that suggested how much time was allotted for each goal and topic.<ref name="lesser-101"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When a script was completed, the show's research team analyzed it to ensure that the goals were met. Then each production department met to determine what each episode needed in terms of costumes, lights, and sets. The writers were present during the show's taping, which for the first twenty-four years of the show took place in Manhattan, and after 1992, at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens to make last-minute revisions when necessary.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Refn

Media

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Early in their history Sesame Street and the CTW began to look for alternative funding sources and turned to creating products and writing licensing agreements. They became, as Cooney put it, "a multiple-media institution."<ref>Cherow-O'Leary in Fisch & Truglio, p. 197</ref> In 1970, the CTW created a "non-broadcast" division responsible for creating and publishing books and Sesame Street Magazine.<ref>Cherow-O'Leary in Fisch & Truglio, pp. 197–198</ref> By 2019, the Sesame Workshop had published over 6,500 book titles.<ref name="guthrie"/> The Workshop decided from the start that all materials their licensing program created would "underscore and amplify"<ref name="davis-205">Davis, p. 205</ref><ref name="davis-195"/> the show's curriculum. In 2004, over 68% of Sesame StreetTemplate:'s revenue came from licenses and products such as toys and clothing.<ref name="carvajal">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Refn By 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for between $15 million and $17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees, split between the Sesame Workshop and The Jim Henson Company.<ref name="davis-5">Davis, p. 5</ref> By 2019, the Sesame Workshop had over 500 licensing agreements and had produced over 200 hours of home video.<ref name="wallace"/><ref name="guthrie"/> There have been two theatrically released Sesame Street movies, Follow That Bird, released in 1985, and Elmo in Grouchland, released in 1999. In early 2019, it was announced that a third film, a musical co-starring Anne Hathaway and written and directed by Jonathan Krisel, would be produced.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2019, Sesame Street announced a family friendly augmented reality application produced by Weyo in partnership with Sesame Workshop in honor of the show's 50th anniversary.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Jim Henson, the creator of the Muppets, owned the trademarks to those characters, and was reluctant to market them at first. He agreed when the CTW promised that the profits from toys, books, computer games, and other products were to be used exclusively to fund the CTW and its outreach efforts.<ref name="davis-203"/><ref>Gikow, p. 268</ref> Even though Cooney and the CTW had very little experience with marketing, they demanded complete control over all products and product decisions.<ref name="davis-205"/> Any product line associated with the show had to be educational and inexpensive, and could not be advertised during the show's airings.<ref name="davis-204">Davis, p. 204</ref> As Davis reported, "Cooney stressed restraint, prudence, and caution" in their marketing and licensing efforts.<ref name="davis-204"/>Template:Refn

Director Jon Stone, talking about the music of Sesame Street, said: "There was no other sound like it on television."<ref>Gikow, p. 220</ref> For the first time in children's television, the show's songs fulfilled a specific purpose and supported its curriculum.<ref>Gikow, p. 227</ref> In order to attract the best composers and lyricists, the CTW allowed songwriters like Joe Raposo, Sesame StreetTemplate:'s first musical director, to retain the rights to the songs they wrote, which earned them lucrative profits and helped the show sustain public interest.<ref>Davis, p. 256</ref> By 2019, there were 180 albums of Sesame Street music produced, and its songwriters had received 11 Grammys.<ref name="wallace"/><ref name="guthrie"/> In late 2018, the SW announced a multi-year agreement with Warner Music Group to re-launch Sesame Street Records in the U.S. and Canada. For the first time in 20 years, "an extensive catalog of Sesame Street recordings" was made available to the public in a variety of formats, including CD and vinyl compilations, digital streaming, and downloads.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sesame Street used animations and short films commissioned from outside studios,<ref name="gikow-236"/> interspersed throughout each episode, to help teach their viewers basic concepts like numbers and letters.<ref>Morrow, p. 89</ref> Jim Henson was one of the many producers to create short films for the show.<ref name="gikow-236">Gikow, p. 236</ref> Shortly after Sesame Street debuted in the United States, the CTW was approached independently by producers from several countries to produce versions of the show at home. These versions came to be called "co-productions."<ref>Cole et al. in Fisch & Truglio, p. 148</ref> By 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of all international versions of Sesame Street,<ref>Cole et al. in Fisch & Truglio, p. 147</ref> and in 2006, there were twenty co-productions around the world.<ref>Template:Cite video</ref> By its 50th anniversary in 2019, 190 million children viewed over 160 versions of Sesame Street in 70 languages.<ref name="wallace"/><ref name="leaving">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2005, Doreen Carvajal of The New York Times reported that income from the co-productions and international licensing accounted for $96 million. Sesame Street the Musical opened at Theatre Row off Broadway on September 8, 2022.<ref name="musical2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="musical-22">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2015, HBO acquired the production rights to the show, which included an agreement of exclusive rights for nine months at which point the episodes were to be given away free of charge to other networks (e.g. PBS). In December 2024, HBO announced it would part ways with Sesame Street.<ref>CNBC Market Hall segment, archived athttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJGPLD-xcfI</ref>

Cast, crew and characters

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Jim Henson, creator of the Muppets, in 1989

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Caroll Spinney with Oscar the Grouch

Shortly after the CTW was created in 1968, Joan Ganz Cooney was named its first executive director. She was one of the first female executives in American television. Her appointment was called "one of the most important television developments of the decade."<ref>Davis, pp. 128–129</ref> She assembled a team of producers, all of whom had previously worked on Captain Kangaroo. Jon Stone was responsible for writing, casting, and format; Dave Connell took over animation; and Sam Gibbon served as the show's chief liaison between the production staff and the research team.<ref>Davis, p. 147</ref> Cameraman Frankie Biondo has worked on Sesame Street from its first episode in 1969.<ref>Gikow, p. 15</ref>

Jim Henson and the Muppets' involvement in Sesame Street began when he and Cooney met at one of the curriculum planning seminars in Boston. Author Christopher Finch reported that Stone, who had worked with Henson previously, felt that if they could not bring him on board, they should "make do without puppets."<ref name="finch-53"/> Henson was initially reluctant, but he agreed to join Sesame Street to meet his own social goals. He also agreed to waive his performance fee for full ownership of the Sesame Street Muppets and to split any revenue they generated with the CTW.<ref name="davis-5"/> As Morrow stated, Henson's puppets were a crucial part of the show's popularity and it brought Henson national attention.<ref>Morrow, p. 93</ref> Davis reported that Henson was able to take "arcane academic goals" and translate them to "effective and pleasurable viewing."<ref>Davis, p. 163</ref> In early research, the Muppet segments of the show scored high, and more Muppets were added during the first few seasons. Morrow reported that the Muppets were effective teaching tools because children easily recognized them, they were stereotypical and predictable, and they appealed to adults and older siblings.<ref>Morrow, pp. 94–95</ref>

Although the producers decided against depending upon a single host for Sesame Street, instead casting a group of ethnically diverse actors,<ref>Lesser, p. 99</ref> they realized that a children's television program needed to have, as Lesser put it, "a variety of distinctive and reliable personalities,"<ref>Lesser, p. 125</ref> both human and Muppet. Jon Stone, whose goal was to cast white actors in the minority,<ref name="hellman-52"/> was responsible for hiring the show's first cast. He did not audition actors until Spring 1969, a few weeks before the five test shows were due to be filmed. Stone videotaped the auditions, and Ed Palmer took them out into the field to test children's reactions. The actors who received the "most enthusiastic thumbs up" were cast.<ref name="Borgenicht-15">Borgenicht, p. 15</ref> For example, Loretta Long was chosen to play Susan when the children who saw her audition stood up and sang along with her rendition of "I'm a Little Teapot."<ref name="Borgenicht-15"/><ref>Davis, p. 172</ref> Stone stated that casting was the only aspect of the show that was "just completely haphazard."<ref name="davis-195">Davis, p. 195</ref> Most of the cast and crew found jobs on Sesame Street through personal relationships with Stone and the other producers.<ref name="davis-195" /> According to puppeteer Marty Robinson in 2019, longevity was common among the show's cast and crew.<ref name="guthrie"/>

According to the CTW's research, children preferred watching and listening to other children more than to puppets and adults; as such, they included children in many scenes.<ref>Lesser, p. 127</ref> Dave Connell insisted that no child actors be used,<ref name="morrow-84">Morrow, p. 84</ref> so these children were non-professionals, unscripted, and spontaneous. Many of their reactions were unpredictable and difficult to control. However, the adult cast learned to handle the children's spontaneity flexibly, even when it resulted in departures from the planned script or lesson.<ref>Lesser, pp. 127–128</ref> CTW research also revealed that the children's hesitations and on-air mistakes served as models for viewers.<ref>Gikow, p. 123</ref> According to Morrow, this resulted in the show having a "fresh quality," especially in its early years.<ref name="morrow-84"/>

Reception

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Ratings

When Sesame Street premiered on November 10, 1969, it aired on only 67.6% of American televisions, but it earned a 3.3 Nielsen rating, which totaled 1.9 million households.<ref name="Seligsohn">Seligsohn, Leo. (February 9, 1970). "Backstage at Sesame Street". New York Newsday. Quoted in Davis, p. 197.</ref> By the show's tenth anniversary in 1979, nine million American children under the age of 6 were watching Sesame Street daily. According to a 1993 survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Education, out of the show's 6.6 million viewers, 2.4 million kindergartners regularly watched it. 77% of preschoolers watched it once a week, and 86% of kindergartners and first- and second-grade students had watched it once a week before starting school. The show reached most young children in almost all demographic groups.<ref name="zill-117">Template:Cite book</ref>

The show's ratings significantly decreased in the early 1990s, due to changes in children's viewing habits and in the television marketplace. The producers responded by making large-scale structural changes to the show.<ref name="weiss">Template:Cite news</ref> By 2006, Sesame Street had become "the most widely viewed children's television show in the world," with 20 international independent versions and broadcasts in over 120 countries.<ref name="friedman">Template:Cite news</ref> A 1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old.<ref name="growing">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children.<ref name="friedman"/> By the show's 40th anniversary in 2009, it was ranked the fifteenth-most-popular children's show on television, and by its 50th anniversary in 2019, the show had 100% brand awareness globally. In 2018, the show was the second-highest-rated program on PBS Kids.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="leaving"/> In 2021, however, the Sesame Street documentary "50 Years of Sunny Days," which was broadcast nationally on ABC, did not fare well in the ratings,<ref name=lowratings>Template:Cite news</ref> scoring only approximately 2.3 million viewers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Influence

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:As of, there were over 1,000 research studies regarding Sesame StreetTemplate:'s efficacy, impact, and effect on American culture.<ref name="cooney-xii" /> The CTW solicited the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to conduct summative research on the show.<ref name="mielke-85"/> ETS's two "landmark"<ref>Mielke in Fisch & Truglio, p. 88</ref> summative evaluations, conducted in 1970 and 1971, demonstrated that the show had a significant educational impact on its viewers.<ref name="palmer-20"/> These studies have been cited in other studies of the effects of television on young children.<ref name="mielke-85">Mielke in Fisch & Truglio, p. 85</ref>Template:Refn Additional studies conducted throughout Sesame StreetTemplate:'s history demonstrated that the show continued to have a positive effect on its young viewers.Template:Refn

Lesser believed that Sesame Street research "may have conferred a new respectability upon the studies of the effects of visual media upon children."<ref name="lesser-235">Lesser, p. 235</ref> He also believed that the show had the same effect on the prestige of producing shows for children in the television industry.<ref name="lesser-235"/> Historian Robert Morrow, in his book Sesame Street and the Reform of Children's Television, which chronicled the show's influence on children's television and on the television industry as a whole, reported that many critics of commercial television saw Sesame Street as a "straightforward illustration for reform."<ref name="morrow-122">Morrow, p. 122</ref> Les Brown, a writer for Variety, saw in Sesame Street "a hope for a more substantial future" for television.<ref name="morrow-122"/>

Morrow reported that the networks responded by creating more high-quality television programs, but that many critics saw them as "appeasement gestures."<ref>Morrow, p. 127</ref> According to Morrow, despite the CTW Model's effectiveness in creating a popular show, commercial television "made only a limited effort to emulate CTW's methods," and did not use a curriculum or evaluate what children learned from them.<ref>Morrow, p. 130</ref> By the mid-1970s commercial television had abandoned their experiments with creating better children's programming.<ref>Morrow, p. 132</ref> Other critics hoped that Sesame Street, with its depiction of a functioning, multicultural community, would nurture racial tolerance in its young viewers.<ref>Morrow, p. 124</ref> It was not until the mid-1990s that another children's television educational program, Blue's Clues, used the CTW's methods to create and modify their content. The creators of Blue's Clues were influenced by Sesame Street, but wanted to use research conducted in the 30 years since its debut. Angela Santomero, one of its producers, said, "We wanted to learn from Sesame Street and take it one step further."<ref>Gladwell, p. 111</ref>

Critic Richard Roeper said that perhaps one of the strongest indicators of the influence of Sesame Street has been the enduring rumors and urban legends surrounding the show and its characters, especially speculation concerning the sexuality of Bert and Ernie.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Critical reception

Sesame Street was praised from its debut in 1969. Newsday reported that several newspapers and magazines had written "glowing" reports about the CTW and Cooney.<ref name="Seligsohn"/> The press overwhelmingly praised the new show; several popular magazines and niche magazines lauded it.<ref>Morrow, pp. 119–120</ref> In 1970, Sesame Street won twenty awards, including a Peabody Award, three Emmys, an award from the Public Relations Society of America, a Clio, and a Prix Jeunesse.<ref>Morrow, p. 119</ref> By 1995, the show had won two Peabody Awards and four Parents' Choice Awards. It was the subject of a traveling exhibition by the Smithsonian Institution,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a film exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:The crew of Sesame Street at the 69th Annual Peabody Awards.jpg

Sesame Workshop CEO Gary Knell, Executive Vice-president Terry Fitzpatrick, and puppeteer Kevin Clash (with Elmo) at the 69th Annual Peabody Awards in 2010

Sesame Street was not without its detractors, however. The state commission in Mississippi, where Henson was from, operated the state's PBS member station; in May 1970 it voted to not air Sesame Street because of its "highly [racially] integrated cast of children" which "the commission members felt ... Mississippi was not yet ready for."<ref>"Mississippi Agency Votes for a TV Ban on 'Sesame Street'". (May 3, 1970). The New York Times. Quoted in Davis, p. 202</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to Children and Television, Lesser's account of the development and early years of Sesame Street, there was little criticism of the show in the months following its premiere, but it increased at the end of its first season and beginning of the second season.<ref>Lesser, pp. 174–175</ref>Template:Refn Historian Robert W. Morrow speculated that much of the early criticism, which he called "surprisingly intense,"<ref name="morrow-3">Morrow, p. 3</ref> stemmed from cultural and historical reasons in regards to, as he put it, "the place of children in American society and the controversies about television's effects on them."<ref name="morrow-3"/>

According to Morrow, the "most important" studies finding negative effects of Sesame Street were conducted by educator Herbert A. Sprigle and psychologist Thomas D. Cook during its first two seasons.<ref>Morrow, pp. 146–147</ref> Social scientist and Head Start founder Urie Bronfenbrenner criticized the show for being too wholesome.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Psychologist Leon Eisenberg saw Sesame StreetTemplate:'s urban setting as "superficial" and having little to do with the problems confronted by the inner-city child.<ref>Morrow, p. 98</ref> Head Start director Edward Zigler was probably Sesame StreetTemplate:'s most vocal critic in the show's early years.<ref>Morrow, p. 147</ref>

In spite of their commitment to multiculturalism, the CTW experienced conflicts with the leadership of minority groups, especially Latino groups and feminists, who objected to Sesame StreetTemplate:'s depiction of Latinos and women.<ref>Morrow, pp. 157–158</ref> The CTW took steps to address their objections. By 1971, the CTW hired Hispanic actors, production staff, and researchers, and by the mid-1970s, Morrow reported that "the show included Chicano and Puerto Rican cast members, films about Mexican holidays and foods, and cartoons that taught Spanish words."<ref>Morrow, p. 155</ref> As The New York Times has stated, creating strong female characters "that make kids laugh, but not...as female stereotypes" has been a challenge for the producers of Sesame Street.<ref>Gikow, p. 142</ref> According to Morrow, change regarding how women and girls were depicted on Sesame Street occurred slowly.<ref>Morrow, p. 156</ref> As more female Muppet performers like Camille Bonora, Fran Brill, Pam Arciero, Carmen Osbahr, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Jennifer Barnhart, and Leslie Carrara-Rudolph were hired and trained, stronger female characters like Rosita (1991) and Abby Cadabby (2006) were created.<ref>Gikow, p. 143</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2002, Sesame Street was ranked number 27 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Sesame Workshop won a Peabody Award in 2009 for its website, sesamestreet.org,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the show was given Peabody's Institutional Award in 2019 for 50 years of educating and entertaining children globally.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013, TV Guide ranked the show number 30 on its list of the 60 best TV series.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2021, Sesame Street has received 205 Emmy Awards, more than any other television series.<ref name="CooneyBio2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2023, Variety ranked Sesame Street #12 on its list of the 100 greatest TV shows of all time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• List of accolades received by Sesame Street
• List of human Sesame Street characters
• List of songs from Sesame Street
• Sesame Street (comic strip)
• Sesame Street international co-productions
• The Not Too Late Show with Elmo
• Julia (Sesame Street)
• Mecha Builders
• When You Wish Upon a Pickle: A Sesame Street Special

References

General and cited references

• Borgenicht, David (1998). Sesame Street Unpaved. New York: Hyperion Publishing. Template:ISBN
• Clash, Kevin, Gary Brozek, and Louis Henry Mitchell (2006). My Life as a Furry Red Monster: What Being Elmo has Taught Me About Life, Love and Laughing Out Loud. New York: Random House. Template:ISBN
• Davis, Michael (2008). Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street. New York: Viking Penguin. Template:ISBN.
• Finch, Christopher (1993). Jim Henson: The Works, the Art, the Magic, the Imagination. New York: Random House. Template:ISBN
• Fisch, Shalom M. and Rosemarie T. Truglio, Eds. (2001). "G" Is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street. Mahweh, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. Template:ISBN
  • Cooney, Joan Ganz, "Foreword", pp. xi–xiv.
  • Palmer, Edward and Shalom M. Fisch, "The Beginnings of Sesame Street Research", pp. 3–24.
  • Fisch, Shalom M. and Lewis Bernstein, "Formative Research Revealed: Methodological and Process Issues in Formative Research", pp. 39–60.
  • Mielke, Keith W., "A Review of Research on the Educational and Social Impact of Sesame Street", pp. 83–97.
  • Cole, Charlotte F., Beth A. Richman, and Susan A. McCann Brown, "The World of Sesame Street Research", pp. 147–180.
  • Cherow-O'Leary, Renee, "Carrying Sesame Street into Print: Sesame Street Magazine, Sesame Street Parents, and Sesame Street Books", pp. 197–214.
• Gikow, Louise A. (2009). Sesame Street: A Celebration— Forty Years of Life on the Street. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. Template:ISBN.
• Gladwell, Malcolm (2000). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. New York: Little, Brown, and Company. Template:ISBN
• Lesser, Gerald S. (1974). Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street. New York: Vintage Books. Template:ISBN
• Morrow, Robert W. (2006). Sesame Street and the Reform of Children's Television. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. Template:ISBN
• O'Dell, Cary (1997). Women Pioneers in Television: Biographies of Fifteen Industry Leaders. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. Template:ISBN.

External links

• Template:Official website
• [https://www.imdb.com/{{#if: 0063951

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• Template:Muppets
• Sesame Street on PBSKids.org
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• {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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