Surya Bonaly
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox figure skater
Surya Varuna Claudine Bonaly (born 15 December 1973 in Nice, France) is a French retired figure skater and coach. She is a three-time World silver medalist (1993–1995), a five-time European champion (1991–1995), the 1991 World Junior Champion, and a nine-time French national champion (1989–1997).
Bonaly is the only Olympic figure skater to land a backflip on one blade; knowing that there was no way she was going to earn a medal and to leave a trademark in her sport, she performed it at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, and retired soon afterward. She had a long and successful career as a professional figure skater, performing in ice shows all over the world and winning many professional competitions. She probably performed her signature backflip 500 times as a professional, to audiences of 15,000 people. She became a coach in Las Vegas, Colorado, Minnesota, and Switzerland.
Bonaly was the second black female skater, after American Debi Thomas, "to reach the international elite".<ref name="chicagotribune" /> She was called "the most successful black skater in the history of the sport".<ref name="hines-43" /> Known for her gymnastic abilities, especially her backflip and jumps, she was one of the most successful and celebrated black figure skaters in the history of figure skating. She broke the stereotype of the "white ice princess"<ref name="outlookpodcast4" /> and was beset by racism throughout her career.
Early lifeEdit
Surya Varuna Claudine Bonaly was born in Nice, France, on 15 December 1973.<ref name="SR" /> Her birth name was Claudine; she was adopted out of an orphanage at the age of eight months by Suzanne Bonaly, a physical education teacher in Nice, and Georges Bonaly, a draftsman who worked for the French government, who named her after the Hindu deities Surya and Varuna.<ref name="FFSG-SB" /><ref name="BG0404022">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="vault.si.com" /><ref name="susandu" /> Suzanne Bonaly said that they adopted a poor, nonwhite baby<ref name="podcast2019">Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 2.32.</ref> because "they are the babies no one takes".<ref name="vault.si.com" /> They initially wanted to adopt a baby from India, but received a call from an orphanage in France.<ref name="podcast2019" /> Bonaly was educated at home by her mother.<ref name="vault.si.com" /> Bonaly's coach, Didier Gailhaguet, told reporters early in Bonaly's figure skating career that she had been born in Réunion and was abandoned as a baby on the beach, that she had been raised on a macrobiotic diet, and that the 17-inch ponytail she had at the 1992 Olympics had never been cut. Gailhaguet made up these stories about her early life "as a way to contend with better-established" skaters.<ref name="susandu" /> Bonaly later found that her biological mother was from Réunion and that her biological father was from Ivory Coast.<ref name="podcast2019" />
Bonaly began gymnastics training from her mother when she was two years old and won a silver medal for the trampoline in team tumbling at the 1986 Tumbling World Championships when she was 12 years old. She began figure skating at the age of 12, when she successfully completed her first triple jump.<ref name="susandu" /><ref name="chicagotribune">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nickzaccardi2022">Template:Cite news</ref> Suzanne Bonaly was her daughter's first skating coach.<ref name="susandu" /> In 1995, Johnette Howard of Sports Illustrated called Suzanne Bonaly "domineering" and stated that she had "near-total control" of her daughter's training and was intimately involved with her daughter's career.<ref name="vault.si.com" /> In 2016, reporter Susan Du described Gailhaguet's false stories about Bonaly's birth, the press' reactions to Suzanne Bonaly, and Gailhaguet's unsubstantiated accusations that she had abused her daughter.<ref name="susandu" />
Gailhaguet discovered Bonaly and invited her to train with him in Paris; her mother accompanied her there and her father stayed in Nice.<ref name="susandu" /> Bonaly later told BBC's Outlook Podcast in 2019 that they lived in her parents' van and were "almost homeless".<ref name="outlookpodcast2">Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 4.01.</ref> She made the French national team within a year.<ref name="outlookpodcast2" />
Skating careerEdit
1987–1988 to 1989–1990Edit
Bonaly came in seventh place at Blue Swords, a junior-level competition in Germany, in 1987. At the 1988 World Junior Championships in December 1987, she came in 14th place.<ref name="sportsresults">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At the 1988 Trophée Lalique, Bonaly came in seventh place.<ref name="hines-43">Template:Cite book</ref> She came in third place at the 1989 World Junior Championships and won the gold medal for the first time at the 1989 French National Championships in December 1988. She came in eighth place at the 1989 European Championships and in 10th place at the 1989 World Championships.<ref name="sportsresults" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the fall of 1989, Bonaly competed at the Nebelhorn Trophy, where she came in second place, and at Skate America, where she came in sixth place. She again won the gold medal at the French Nationals and came in second place at Junior Worlds. She came in seventh place at the 1989 Tropheé Lalique, in fourth place at Europeans, and in ninth place at Worlds.<ref name="sportsresults" />
1990–1991 season: World Junior and European titlesEdit
In the summer of 1990, Bonaly came in third place overall at the 1990 Goodwill Games, after coming in fourth place after the short program<ref name="hersh1990" /> and third place during the free skating program, when she attempted to accomplish a quadruple jump, although her landing was two-footed. Gailhaguet later stated that it was the closest she had come to landing a quad jump and that she was accomplishing them easily during practice.<ref name="chicagotribune" /> She was the first French female skater to successfully complete five triple jumps out of the seven jumps required in the free skate.<ref name="susandu" /> Randy Harvey of the Los Angeles Times reported that she was the only woman to attempt a quad jump during the competition and that it was her best effort in three attempts, completing three-and-one-half revolutions, and called her free skating program "easily the most ambitious program"<ref name="harvey1990">Template:Cite news</ref> of the competition. Bonaly later told reporters that it was the first time she did not fall while attempting the quad.<ref name="harvey1990" /> It was also the first time she won a bronze medal at an international competition.<ref name="hersh1990">Template:Cite news</ref> She performed a backflip for the audience during the awards ceremony.<ref name="harvey1990" />
Bonaly came in fifth place at the 1990 Skate America, in third place at the 1990 Skate Electric, and won the gold medal at the 1990 Grand Prix International de Paris and at the 1990 Nebelhorn Trophy.<ref name="hines-43" /><ref name="sportsresults" /> She won the gold medal at the 1991 World Junior Championships in Budapest, Hungary, her final junior appearance.<ref name="hines-43" /> After earning her third national title, Bonaly competed at the 1991 European Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, where she won the gold medal.<ref name="sportsresults" /><ref name="susandu" /> The world press "first took note"<ref name="susandu" /> of Bonaly after the competition. She came in fifth place at the 1991 Worlds Championships.<ref name="sportsresults" /> She attempted a quad jump during her free skate, but it was underrotated; she was so sure that she had landed it cleanly that she threw up her arms in excitement, tripped, and "belly flopped on the ice",<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /> as The New York Times put it, "for no apparent reason".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1991–1992 season: Second European title and first Olympic appearanceEdit
In 1991, Bonaly won Skate Canada and the Grand Prix de St. Gervais.<ref name="hines-43" /><ref name="sportsresults" /> She came in second place at the NHK Trophy, in third place at Skate America, and in fifth place at the Grand Prix de France.<ref name="sportsresults" /> In January 1992, Bonaly again won the gold medal at the European Championships in Lausanne, Switzerland,<ref name="sportsresults" /> with "a cautious performance that was still good enough to win".<ref name="associatedpress1992">Template:Cite news</ref> She finished before German skaters Marina Kielmann and Patricia Neske, who came in second and third places, respectfully. Bonaly did not attempt her quad jump during the free skate, when she portrayed a bullfight in which the bull is spared, but was able to successfully complete five clean triple jumps.<ref name="associatedpress1992" /> She also won the gold medal at French Nationals again.<ref name="sportsresults" />
In February 1992, Bonaly competed in the Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. She said later that it was her favorite Olympics because it was her first one and because it took place in her home country.<ref name="theroot">Template:Cite news</ref> As a citizen of the host country, Bonaly was chosen to represent France's athletes by taking the Olympic Oath during the opening ceremonies. An Olympic pin was made in her honor and her costumes were designed and donated to her by French fashion designer Christian Lacroix.<ref name="vault.si.com">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="susandu">Template:Cite news</ref> Before the Olympics, The New York Times reported that Bonaly and her mother "engaged in a series of disputes"<ref name="NYT9212172">Template:Cite news</ref> between her coach, Didier Gailhaguet, and Annick Dumont, her choreographer, which the French federation helped mediate.<ref name="toledoblade">Template:Cite news</ref> Susan Du later reported that Gailhaguet never lodged a complaint against Bonaly, but blamed Suzanne Bonaly for their dispute.<ref name="susandu" />
During a practice session a few hours before the short program in Albertville, Bonaly landed a backflip near Midori Ito from Japan;<ref name="susandu" /> the Baltimore Sun reported that Ito was "forced to interrupt the final rehearsal of her program" and that she "never regained her composure",<ref name="baltimoresun">Template:Cite news</ref> ultimately resulting in a fall 40 seconds after starting her short program during competition, replacing her planned triple Lutz jump for a triple Axel jump, and coming in fourth place. Shortly before the practice for the free skate, the referee of the women's competition at the Olympics gave Bonaly's mother "a rare warning"<ref name="baltimoresun" /> because officials had suspected for two years that Bonaly used the backflip in practices to intimidate other skaters. Her mother was furious about the warning, but passed it along to her daughter, who obeyed their demand.<ref name="baltimoresun" />
Bonaly came in third place after the short program.<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /><ref name="SR">Template:Cite news</ref> During the free skating program, she became the first woman to attempt a quadruple jump at the Olympics,<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /> the toe loop jump; although she and her coach thought that she was successful, the jump was not fully rotated and the quad was downgraded. She attempted seven jumps during her free skate. She two-footed the landing on her triple Lutz jump and fell after a triple flip jump, but successfully completed a triple Salchow jump, a triple toe loop-triple toe loop combination jump, and a second triple Lutz jump.<ref name="toledoblade" /> Bonaly later told reporters that she lost her concentration and felt "rattled right before going on the ice"<ref name="toledoblade" /> because her mother was not allowed near the ice and because she and Gailhaguet disagreed about attempting the quad jump; he later reported that he told her not to attempt the quad jump, but that she did it, anyway.<ref name="toledoblade" /><ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /> He also stated that Bonaly's mother had "made some enormous tactical errors, like changing Surya's Olympic long program at the last minute".<ref name="NYT9212172" /> Johnette Howard of Sports Illustrated said that Bonaly's decision to attempt the jump "scuttled her chances" at winning the gold medal in Albertville.<ref name="vault.si.com" /> According to Susan Du, the judges downgraded Bonaly's scores because it was "conceit to think she could land such a move, they seemed to say".<ref name="susandu" /> The Outlook Podcast called Bonaly's quad attempt "the most ambitious move in the Olympics".<ref name="outlookpodcast3">Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 8.15.</ref> Scott Hamilton, during his commentary of the event's broadcast, said that she was "cheated by half a turn"; he later said about her quest to successfully accomplish the quad jump: "It turned a lot of heads. She was trying, but she was always a little short of rotation".<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /> Bonaly came sixth place in the free skate and came in fifth place overall.<ref name="NYT9212172" /><ref name="vault.si.com" />
After the Olympics, Howard reported that the Bonalys moved to a resort in the French Alps, "to train and to heal".<ref name="susandu" /> As Du put it, "the break was a necessary respite".<ref name="susandu" /> Bonaly and Gailhaguet decided to part company shortly after the Olympics;<ref name="baltimoresun" /> the Outlook Podcast later said that her desperation to complete a quad at the Olympics was the cause of their falling-out.<ref name="outlookpodcast3" /> Bonaly started working with André Brunet, an interim coach appointed by the French federation; according to The New York Times, they worked together for "an unsettling, contentious month".<ref name="NYT9212172" /> Howard reported that the French federation was "shopping Surya to six coaches, five of whom said they would be happy to take her if Suzanne stayed out of the rink",<ref name="vault.si.com" /> although the Bonalys said they were never consulted about their coaching situation. They considered having Bonaly become professional, but chose against it when the French federation opposed it.<ref name="vault.si.com" />
Bonaly concluded her season at the 1992 World Championships in Oakland, California. Ranked tenth place in the short program and 12th place in the free skate, she finished in 11th place overall.<ref name="NYT9212172" /> Bonaly later criticized Brunet's coaching style and said that "Oakland was the pits".<ref name="NYT9212172" />
1992–1993 season: First World silver medalEdit
From April to September 1992, Bonaly was coached mainly by her mother. She made two month-long visits, in June and September, to train with coach Frank Carroll in southern California, at a rink The New York Times called "both a touchstone and a refuge" for both Bonaly and her mother.<ref name="NYT9212172" /> Although she wanted to work with Carroll permanently, the French skating federation was opposed to its skaters training abroad. Susanne Bonaly later said that they considered Bonaly changing nationalities, but chose not to because they could not afford it, although there were reports that they could afford it. According to The New York Times, Bonaly was "skating less like a former gymnast and more like a dancer".<ref name="NYT9212172" />
The Times stated that by the time Bonaly arrived in California to train with Carroll, she was more receptive, hardworking, and cooperative. Carroll said that they were able to "change the focus of what she thought was important in her skating to what the judges felt was important",<ref name="NYT9212172" /> which included stronger skating skills. He advised her to "appeal to the judges’ sense of good skating and put her own aesthetics aside" by giving up on accomplishing the quad, stop doing her backflip in front of judges, and by cutting her ponytail.<ref name="susandu" /> Carroll also stated that the language barrier between him and Bonaly's mother helped the quality of their relationship.<ref name="NYT9212172" /> His influence on Bonaly was most apparent in her free skating program, which he choreographed.<ref name="planforrevenge">Template:Cite news</ref> Alain Giletti became Bonaly's coach in France, commuting four times a week by train from Tours to Paris to work with Bonaly; her mother filled in for him during his absences. Giletti stated that Bonaly's improvement was due to better artistic expression, more self-confidence, and a better environment, adding that "the blossoming of Surya is due most of all to the fact that she has rediscovered the joy of skating".<ref name="NYT9212172" /> The Chicago Tribune attributed Bonaly's success to spending time out of France, after a year of her mother's feuding with some French journalists, the French skating federation, and Gailhauguet. The Tribune reported that Giletti avoided problems by "deferring to Madame Bonaly".<ref name="planforrevenge" /> They also reported that Natalia Dubova, the coach of Maya Usova and Aleksandsr Zhulin, the ice dance team from Russia, accused Bonaly's team of stealing cassette tapes of their music, an adaptation of Vivaldi's Four Seasons, which Bonaly used for her free skating program that season. The controversy was resolved when Suzanne Bonaly paid Dubova $1,000.<ref name="planforrevenge" />
Training with Carroll helped Bonaly improve; she won the Nations Cup in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, the Lalique Trophy, the Grand Prix de St. Gervais, and the NHK Trophy that season. She came in second place at Prague Skate. She again won the French Nationals and, coming in as favorite to win the 1993 European Championships again, came in first place.<ref name="hines-43" /><ref name="NYT9212172" /> At the 1993 World Championships in Prague, Bonaly took silver behind Oksana Baiul from Ukraine, who had higher presentation scores.<ref name="hines-43" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She easily beat Nancy Kerrigan from the U.S., winning her qualifying group with six triple jumps "with grace" and with "surprising aesthetic appeal".<ref name="planforrevenge" /> Carlo Fassi, the coach from Italy, told her that it was the best he had ever seen her skate and Carroll told reporters that "You can’t sit there and say this girl doesn’t skate anymore. She does use the edges, and darn nice edges, too".<ref name="planforrevenge" />
1993–1994 seasonEdit
For the 1993—1994 season, Bonaly came in first place at the 1993 NHK Trophy, the 1993 Grand Prix de France, and again at both the 1994 French Nationals and the 1994 European Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark.<ref name="SR" /><ref name="hines-43" /> She came in second place at the 1993 Skate America, behind Baiul, and in fourth place at the 1993 Piruetten.<ref name="SR" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In February 1994, Bonaly competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. The Los Angeles Times, in the aftermath of the assault of Nancy Kerrigan at the 1994 U.S. Figure Skating Championships the previous month, reported that Kerrigan's "principle opposition", after coming in first place after the short program, was from Bonaly and Baiul.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bonaly came in third place in the short program, fourth place in the free skate, and finished in fourth place overall, behind Baiul, Kerrigan, and Chen Lu from China. After the Olympics, Bonaly and her mother moved to Pralognan-la-Vanoise, where Bonaly could train out of the public eye.<ref name="hines-43" /><ref name="vault.si.com" />
1994 World ChampionshipsEdit
Mickey Duzyj, director and executive producer of the Netflix documentary series Losers, which featured Bonaly in one episode, called Bonaly's experience at the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, Japan, "a frustrating failure".<ref name="Netflix">Template:Cite news</ref> Yuka Sato from Japan came in first place after the short program by a narrow margin. Both she and Bonaly won four first-place votes from the nine judges, although Bonaly also earned three third-place votes.<ref name="NYT9503122">Template:Cite news</ref> Randy Harvey of the Los Angeles Times called Bonaly's free skate an "ambitious program" that included a triple toe loop-half loop-triple Salchow-double toe loop sequence of jumps and back-to-back triple jumps. She touched her hand to the ice during her triple loop jump later in the program and underrotated her triple-triple combination jump.<ref name="randyharvey" /> Sato won the free skate, also by a narrow margin, with scores ranging from 5.7 to 5.9; Bonaly's scores ranged from 5.5 to 5.9. Five of the nine judges rated Sato in first place, while four judges placed Bonaly in first place, although one judge placed Bonaly in third place after Tanja Swewczenko from Germany, who came in third place over all. Bonaly's final score was two-tenths of a point lower than Sato's. At the end, the judges indicated, by a 5-4 vote, that Sato would come in first place and win the gold medal.<ref name="susandu" /><ref name="NYT9403272">Template:Cite news</ref> According to the Associated Press (AP), Giletti had suggested that Bonaly attempt the quadruple toe loop jump during the free skate but chose not to, although she successfully completed a triple flip-triple toe combination jump. She touched her hand on the ice after a triple loop jump late in her program, which the AP said cost her the competition.<ref name="NYT9403272" /> Duzyj stated that Bonaly was "visibly distraught"; he also said, "What she saw as unfair treatment from the judges had become routine".<ref name="Netflix" /> She later told Duzyj, "When you do sport, the rule is that you're supposed to play fair, to be a good athlete and good sport, I get it. But I think at this point it was more an act of saying, 'OK, this is too much.' It happened many years in a row".<ref name="Netflix" />
At first, Bonaly refused to join Sato and Szewczenko and take the podium during the awards ceremony and then pulled off her medal "in disgust"<ref name="NYT9503122" /> and as a protest against the judges' decision; she was booed by the crowd.<ref name="vault.si.com" /><ref name="Netflix" /><ref name="randyharvey">Template:Cite news</ref> She also choose to not attend the news conference held for the three top finishers afterwards.<ref name="NYT9403272" /> The AP called Bonaly's behavior "a temper tantrum".<ref name="NYT9403272" /> As Susan Du stated, however, Bonaly "changed everything about the way she skated, what made her different, and special, even how she looked. She played by the rules. It still wasn’t enough".<ref name="susandu" /> Bonaly later told Du that she felt that no matter how well she skated, the judges would not recognize her skills.<ref name="susandu" /> Bonaly told Harvey that she received mixed messages from her federation and judges; when she tried to be more successful using skating technique, she was told that she was not artistic enough, but when she chose to "change to just normal skating, that's not good, too".<ref name="randyharvey" /> American skater Tara Lipinski stated that Bonaly should not have taken off her medal; Bonaly responded by saying that her actions would be more acceptable if she were a man and that she needed to "show that [treating her differently] should not happen anymore".<ref name="Netflix" /><ref name="randyharvey" /> She also later told reporters, "It's not right".<ref name="susandu" /> The ISU first thought of punishing Bonaly for her actions, but decided to let it go, stating that they understood that she was disappointed by the results.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1994–1995 season: Fifth European titleEdit
Bonaly came in first place at the 1994 Skate America. She was in third place after the short program, but was able capitalize on the mistakes made by Michelle Kwan and Irina Slutskaya during the free skate; according to the Greensboro News and Record, Bonaly's "oft-troublesome assortment of soaring triple jumps and gymnast-like leaps boosted her past" Slutskaya, who was in first place after the short program and came in third place overall, and Kwan, who came in second place overall.<ref name="SR" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bonaly also won the 1994 Trophée de France and came in second place at the 1994 NHK Trophy. She won the 1994 Goodwill Games in St. Petersburg, Russia, which had to change venues due to a lack of ice at the original rink.<ref name="pensigner2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She also competed at two professional-amateur competitions during the 1994—1995 season, coming in first place overall at the Thrifty Car Rental International Challenge and the AT&T Challenge.<ref name="usfsaproam">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the Thrifty Car Rental Challenge, Bonaly was favored to win. She came in second place in the short program, behind Olga Markova from Russia, but was able to "edge out" Markova in the free skate. Bonaly later told reporters that "I can't say it was 100 percent excellence, but I did my job out there".<ref name="pensigner2" /> She came in second place at the 1995 Hersey's Kisses Great American Figure Skating Challenge, competing for Team World.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She also won the gold medal at the French Nationals again.<ref name="SR" />
Bonaly won the 1995 European Championships for the fifth time, despite nursing a broken right toe.<ref name="tampabaytimes2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Coming from behind, her performance, according to The New York Times, was "clearly the best". Her free skate, which was set to "lively gypsy music",<ref name="tampabaytimes2" /> earned her scores between 5.7 and 5.9, included "a difficult and rare"<ref name="resultsplus2">Template:Cite news</ref> triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination jump, which was the first time the combination was successfully completed in competition. The Tampa Bay Times called her performance "smooth and exciting after falls and mistakes by several of the top skaters", and also said that Bonaly was noted for being "more of a jumper than an artist on ice", although she had been working on her presentation scores because the judges, as she put it, "always have considered it a fault of mine".<ref name="tampabaytimes2" /> Olga Markova from Russia, who was in first place after the short program, won the silver medal, and Elena Liashenko of Ukraine won the bronze medal.<ref name="resultsplus2" />
At the 1995 World Championships, Bonaly came in fourth place during her "flawed" short program,<ref name="rebelwithacause">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> behind Chen Lu of China. She touched the ice during a combination jump, struggled with a few of her spins, and did "a good deal more churning than gliding".<ref name="rebelwithacause" /> Five of the nine judges rated her performance higher than Michelle Kwan's, although according to the L.A. Times, Kwan skated a clean program and successfully accomplished all of her jumps.<ref name="rebelwithacause" /> Bonaly skated better in her free skating program, successfully completing six clean triple jumps, but came in second place overall for the third year in a row. According to The New York Times, she "even went out of her way to thank" Kwan, who came in fourth place over all; the Times stated that "without the young American's dynamic, third-place performance in the free skate, Bonaly would have had to settle for bronze and [Nicole] Bobek would have gotten the silver".
1995–1996 seasonEdit
For the 1996—1997 season, Bonaly came in fourth place overall at the 1995 Skate America, after coming in fifth place during the short program. She also came in fourth place at the 1995 NHK Trophy, third place at the 1995 Trophée de France, and fourth place at the 1996 Centennial on Ice.<ref name="SR" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bonaly earned 12 points, so she did not qualify for the finals for the Champions Series, the series of international competitions conducted by the ISU beginning in 1995. She had tied for the last spot in the finals, but her fifth-place finish in the free skate at the NHK Trophy was the deciding factor that took her out of the competition.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She again won the gold medal at the French Nationals.<ref name="SR" />
Bonaly came in second place at the 1996 European Championships, failing to tie the record for six wins at Europeans, behind Irina Slutskaya, the first Russian woman to win the title. Bonaly told reporters that she did not skate her best.<ref name="SR" /><ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> She came in fifth place at the 1996 World Figure Skating Championships.<ref name="SR" />
1996–1997 seasonEdit
In May 1996, Bonaly ruptured her Achilles tendon, which almost ended her figure skating career and caused her to miss much of the following season.<ref name="Indy9701202">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="LAT98022022">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="walker-NYT">Template:Cite news</ref> Susan Du reported the injury occurred while Bonaly was practicing her backflip, although there were other reports that the injury occurred during an exhibition performance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She won her final and ninth consecutive French National title, which qualified her for the 1998 Olympics.<ref name="SR" /><ref name="susandu" />
The French federation initially decided not to name her to the 1997 European Championships in Paris, believing that she lacked fitness, but Bonaly successfully appealed. She struggled to qualify, coming in sixth place in the second group of qualifiers, completing only two triple toe loop jumps and one triple Salchow jump. She later told reporters that she was nervous, despite it being the competition's qualifying event.<ref name="Indy9701202" /> She came in ninth place overall.<ref name="SR" />
1997–1998 season: Third OlympicsEdit
During the 1997–1998 season, Bonaly was coached by Suzanne Bonaly and Tatiana Tarasova in Marlborough, Massachusetts.<ref name="SR" /> For her free skating program, Bonaly returned to her "signature piece",<ref name="outlookpodcast5">Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 14.55.</ref> The Four Seasons by Vivaldi, which she had used in previous seasons.<ref name="kestnbaum-164" /> Mike Penner of the Los Angeles Times reported that due to her injury in 1996, Bonaly was still "out of shape" at the 1998 European Championships, so as he put it, she "ran out of gas midway through her [free skating] program—doing little more than gliding across the ice for the last two minutes". She came in sixth place overall.<ref name="LAT98022022" />
In February 1998, Bonaly participated in the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. She called them "special" because it was her final Olympics and because they were "pretty much my last competition ever".<ref name="theroot" /> Penner blamed Bonaly's low scores in the short program, along with those of Chinese skater Chen Lu, to ageism. Penner, who stated that Bonaly and Chen "felt the sting of the judges’ crackback against the aged", reported that both skaters performed clean and pleasant programs. Bonaly's coach, Uschi Keszler, called her triple toe-triple toe combination jump "very difficult" and her spins "beautiful". Bonaly was given only one technical merit mark above a 5.3 and her presentation marks ranged from 4.9 to 5.7. Penner reported that Keszler "couldn't believe the marks"; Bonaly reacted by shrugging and stated, "After 10 years, I am used to it".<ref name="LAT98022022" />
Bonaly had pulled her groin muscle the day before the free skate; her injury was so severe, she was unable to walk, had to be carried up the stairs, and considered dropping out of the rest of the competition.<ref name="outlookpodcast5" /> Susan Du reported that Bonaly's injury liberated her because she knew that "she had nothing to lose" and that realistically, she would not be able to place in the top three.<ref name="susandu" /> As Rihanna Walker of The New York Times put it, "She was still determined to compete, however, and to leave the ice giving people something to talk about".<ref name="walker-NYT" /> Bonaly fell on a triple jump, and as Du put it, "regained her composure, and backed into a spontaneous backflip";<ref name="susandu" /> at the time, she was only skater in the world capable of successfully accomplishing it.<ref name="susandu" /> She was in so much pain, she felt that she was unable to successfully accomplish even crossovers and her triple jumps, so she decided, towards the end of her program, to "do something easier than a triple jump".<ref name="outlookpodcast5" /> As the host of the Outlook Podcast later said, "Surya Bonaly is the only person who would think that doing a backflip would be easier" than doing a triple jump.<ref name="outlookpodcast6">Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 17:25.</ref> The audience erupted and the judges were shocked after she landed her backflip. She thought that the rule prevented her from landing on two feet, so she hoped that she would not be disqualified because she landed it on one foot.<ref name="outlookpodcast6" /> The audience reacted with astonishment; when she finished her program, she "bore an exuberant smile" and "turned her back to the judges and bowed first to the fans".<ref name="susandu" /> Bonaly later told reporters that she wanted to "show the judges, who don’t appreciate what I do, just what I can do".<ref name="walker-NYT" /> She also wanted to please the audience.<ref name="walker-NYT" />
The judges awarded Bonaly with low scores, ranging from 4.8 to 5.3, dropping her from sixth place to tenth place overall. She retired from amateur competition after the event.<ref name="jeromerivet"/><ref name="BG0404022" /> Bonaly had two hip surgeries after completing her competitive career.<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /> She had suffered from chronic pain since she was a gymnast, accepting it as part of elite skating and avoiding treatment for many years.<ref name="susandu" />
Professional careerEdit
As a professional, Bonaly had a "long and successful career".<ref name="hines-43" /> She performed in many ice shows all over the world and competed and won many professional competitions.<ref name="hines-43" /><ref name="jeromerivet">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="usfsaproam" /> She toured with Champions on Ice between 1993 and 2007. She performed her backflip during these shows, probably about 500 times, as well as triple and quadruple jumps. She performed for audiences of 15,000 people in major cities in Europe and the U.S.<ref name="jeromerivet" /><ref name="susandu" /> She later said that the audiences at the ice shows she performed in demanded that she perform her backflip.<ref name="outlookpodcast7">Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 19.01.</ref> She told The Root in 2014 that she never had quit skating, that she was planning to tour with Holiday on Ice in Europe for three months, and that had she performed in ice shows with Russian skater Evgeni Pleshenko for years.<ref name="theroot" /> She underwent an operation in 2015 for large non-cancerous cysts along her spinal cord. Her surgeon warned her against performing any more backflips; she retired from skating and became a coach full-time.<ref name="susandu" /> As of 2009, she coached skaters between the ages of 3 and 59 in Las Vegas, Colorado, and Switzerland.<ref name="jeromerivet" /> By 2016, she also coached in Minnesota.<ref name="susandu" />
Records and achievementsEdit
- First French female skater to successfully accomplish five triple jumps out of the seven jumps required in the free skate, at the 1990 Goodwill Games.<ref name="susandu" />
- First female skater to attempt to successfully accomplish a quadruple jump at the Olympics, in 1992 at Albertville.<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" />
- Only skater to successfully accomplish a backflip at the Olympics, in 1998 in Nagano, Japan.<ref name="susandu" />
- Earned nine consecutive French Nationals gold medals, 1989-1997.<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" />
- Earned five consecutive gold medals at the European Championships, 1991-1995.<ref name=":0" />
- Earned three consecutive silver medals at the Worlds Championships, 1993-1995.<ref name="walker-NYT" />
Influence and legacyEdit
Skating style and the backflipEdit
In 2009, the French newspaper La Dépêche called Bonaly "without a doubt the most successful figure skating champion of the last twenty years".<ref name="jeromerivet"/> Shayla Lawson of ESPN said about Bonaly, "With her electric eyeliner and sequined leotard, she was the frozen Grace Jones of dreams".<ref name="shaylalawson">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was the second black female skater, after American skater Debi Thomas, "to reach the international elite".<ref name="chicagotribune" /> In 2011, figure skating historian James R. Hines called Bonaly "the most successful black skater in the history of the sport".<ref name="hines-43" /> In 2016, reporter Susan Du called Bonaly "one of the most celebrated black figure skaters in the history of a lily-white sport" and "the only human being in the history of the world who can land a backflip on one blade".<ref name="susandu" /> The Root called Bonaly one of the "handful of black stars to emerge" at the Olympics.<ref name="theroot" />
In 1990, figure skating coach John Nicks called Bonaly "unique" and said that it was her gymnastic abilities that made her special.<ref name="chicagotribune" /> By the age of 17, she was called "the most daring jumper in the sport" <ref name="chicagotribune" /> and The New York Times called her "a better jumper than skater".<ref name="janofsky1991">Template:Cite news</ref> Du stated that early in Bonaly's career, "Her pure athleticism was immediately evident. She was quick. She was aerial. It wasn’t enough for her to simply glide and dance when she could leap and spin".<ref name="susandu" /> In 1993, the Chicago Tribune called Bonaly "more a gymnast on ice" than a skater, "all strength and athleticism, the one who clunked from jump to jump, trying—and always falling on—quadruple jumps and triple axels".<ref name="planforrevenge" /> The Tribune also stated that although Europe "loved Bonaly on the continent", as evidenced by her multiple European titles, the rest of the world judged her more critically.<ref name="planforrevenge" /> Keli Goff of The Rootl stated that Bonaly "wowed audiences with routines that combined the artistry of figure skating with the athleticism of a gymnast".<ref name="theroot" /> In 1995, Sports Illustrated said that Bonaly was "the most gifted and athletic figure skater in the world today, or...a unique but squandered talent whose career seems destined to stall at also-ran status" if she did not win the Worlds Championships that season.<ref name="vault.si.com" />
Bonaly spent much of her career working on successfully executing the quadruple jump, which she thought was more difficult than the backflip. She began working on the quad in 1989, after winning her first of nine French Nationals titles.<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /> She told Nick Zaccardi of NBC Sports in 2022 that she was able to land triples "with my eyes closed", adding that "Hey, with extra speed, with extra height, I could do a quadruple if I work on it".<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /> She later said that she felt that her work on the quad was not appreciated because she was unable to land it during competition.<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" /> Bonaly later said that she regretted not being able to successfully execute a quad jump in competition because, as she put it, "Yeah, that was my thing".<ref name="nickzaccardi2022" />
Template:Quote boxAs Hines put it, Bonaly is "remembered especially for her signature back flip"<ref name="hines-43" /> and Goff stated that Bonaly was best known for her "famous backflips on ice".<ref name="theroot" /> During her exhibition program following the 1995 European Championships, despite a broken toe on her right foot and a strained right calf, Bonaly performed a backflip and a handspring, another move banned from competition, as well as seven triple jumps, and two triple-double combination jumps, "plus some spins and blade-flashing footwork, all set to music that conjured up visions of violin bows dancing, kettledrummers hunched over their labors and cellists sawing at their strings".<ref name="vault.si.com" /> She did the backflip at the 1998 Olympics because she was, up to that point, known for performing the move at exhibitions but not at competitions, and because she "wanted to leave a trademark" at the Olympics.<ref name="theroot" /> According to figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum, by the 1998 Olympics, Bonaly was skating more for her fans than for the judges.<ref name="kestnbaum-164" /> Kestnbaum reported that observers interpreted Bonaly's execution of the backflip at the 1998 Olympics as disrespectful towards the judges and towards figure skating officials, and that it "signified Bonaly's decision to play a game she could win—popularity with fans—rather than placing herself in the position of being determined worthy, or on this occasion more likely unworthy, according to the technical judging criteria".<ref name="kestnbaum-164">Template:Cite book</ref> She performed her last backflip in 2014, but stopped doing them due to chronic pain.<ref name="susandu" />
RacismEdit
In 2014, Bonaly spoke with The Root about the lack of diversity in winter sports and about racism in France and the U.S., although she said that things had improved by 2014, when more black people in France and the U.S. were skating.<ref name="theroot" /> She said "I think that some were afraid and just thought skating [and other winter sports] are just for whites"<ref name="theroot" /> and that she hoped that she inspired a new generation of diverse skaters, as black skaters like Debi Thomas had done for her. She also told The Root that "race matters for sure, because I know that if I'd been white, I would have had more [endorsement] contracts and been bigger."<ref name="theroot" />
When asked if she was scored differently at the 1994 Worlds Championships because she was black, Bonaly responded, "I never thought so, and I never really wanted to believe, 100 percent, it was that" and tried to find other explanations for how she was scored and was treated by the sport.<ref name="Netflix" /> In an interview with the BBC, when asked if she ever felt that things were harder for her as one of the first black figure skaters, Bonaly said:
"It was a mix of so many things. First, because I was black for sure and I didn't try to copy anyone. Second, because I came from a small country. Third, because I've had a different hairstyle and look and also because my mother made my skating costumes for so many years. All those things together was just too much for some people to handle."<ref>Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 9.55</ref>
In 2016, Du stated, "The question of why Surya never attained Olympic gold, and the disqualification of her singular skill, is still a matter of controversy. It’s the reason her fame inhabits a cult status rarely enjoyed by even the most decorated skating stars. It’s why people still know her name long after she hung up her competitive skates for the last time in 1998".<ref name="susandu" /> Du also stated that one of Bonaly's strengths as a coach later in her career was her ability to remain happy and confident, which Du said was a skill Bonaly "developed over a lifetime of grappling with a world that seemed hell-bent on keeping her out".<ref name="susandu" /> Du went on to state that from the beginning of Bonaly's career, her critics disapproved of her style, which combined figure skating and gymnastics, considering it "inelegant, more a show of power than grace", although her "unique tumbling background" also gave Bonaly an advantage. As Du put it, "she could push the boundaries of what was considered physically possible" in figure skating.<ref name="susandu" /> Du stated that Bonaly loved performing and "loved making art that others could watch", adding that Bonaly "craved the crowd, the applause, the couture, and the drama of the world stage".<ref name="susandu" /> Du reported that as Bonaly prepared for her final Olympics in 1998, "bad press followed her". Du also stated that much of the press focused on Bonaly's race, but that she "never fixated on whether the judges shortchanged her at the 1994 World Championships because she was black".<ref name="susandu" />
Du went on to state, "[Bonaly] believed she had to be objectively exceptional, so that race could not be held against her. Or used as an excuse. She was nevertheless used as a symbol — called a rebel, a diva, a badass, another oft-scrutinized black body. People talked about her muscles, her thighs, as if they were weapons in a cultural war".<ref name="susandu" /> According to the Outlook Podcast, "Some people suggested that her moves weren't graceful enough, that you could see her preparing to jump, instead of fluidly moving into each move".<ref name="outlookpodcast4">Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 9.05.</ref> The podcast also stated that Bonaly broke the stereotype of the "white ice princess", so she was not well received, no matter how hard she trained or how she tried to please the audience and judges.<ref name="outlookpodcast4" /> In 2016, Shayla Lawson of ESPN, while writing about body image and sport, compared her years of training as a dancer with Bonaly's experiences as a figure skater and praised her for her tenacity. Lawson stated that Bonaly "did not fit the contours and fragility of the ice princess," that she was ridiculed for her physicality, and that she was "pegged as a rebel". Lawson went on to state, "Of course, 'ice princess' was just shorthand for the fact Bonaly possessed some of the stereotypical markers of a black woman's body. She had a short, muscular stature with thick thighs and legs. She had dark skin of unmistakably African origins".<ref name="shaylalawson" />
Personal lifeEdit
In 1990, the Chicago Tribune reported that Bonaly ate a macrobiotic diet with no fish or meat.<ref name="chicagotribune">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2006, the Citizen Times, a newspaper in Asheville, North Carolina, named Bonaly in its list of elite athletes who were vegetarians.<ref name="CT20062">Template:Cite news</ref>
Bonaly resided in the U.S. since 1997, first in Boston and then starting in 1999, in Las Vegas, Nevada, where she also trained while not touring.<ref name="BG0404022" /> While living in Las Vegas, she met skating coach Peter Biver. In 2016, she moved to Minnesota to be near Biver and to coach figure skaters.<ref name="susandu" /> As of 2019, Bonaly was engaged to Biver; he was interviewed for BBC's Outook Podcast. They did pairs skating together, including moves like the death spiral, and went to roller skating rinks during their dates.<ref name="outlookpodcast7">Outlook Podcast, event occurs at 19.01.</ref> She became an American citizen in January 2004, when she was living in Las Vegas. She was able to retain her French citizenship. She skated for the first time as an American citizen in April 2004, at a Champions on Ice performance in Boston.<ref name="jeromerivet" /><ref name="BG0404022">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2010, Bonaly served as the cultural attaché for the Monaco consulate in Las Vegas.<ref name="monaco">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="courrier" />
In 2007, Bonaly appeared in a poster made by PETA protesting Canada's seal hunt and the fur trade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She also was part of a delegation, which included other international celebrities, from the Society for the Protection of Animals, who met with the president of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, to address the abolition of bullfighting and to prohibit attendance at bullfighting events by children under the age of 16.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2010, Bonaly met with Princess Caroline of Monaco, who recognized her for her "successful fundraising" for the World Association of Children's Friends (AMADE), a children's charity organization founded by Princess Grace of Monaco.<ref name="monaco" /> Bonaly was a member of the federal council of the French Federation of Ice Sports<ref name="courrier">Template:Cite news</ref> from 2010 to 2014 and was the ambassador of "France of Talents and Colors", an association that fought against racism, violence, and discrimination in sport.<ref name="courrier" />
In 2019, Bonaly was featured in the Netflix documentary series Losers, which explores the lives of individuals who bounced back from loss or perceived failure.<ref name="Netflix" /> Also in 2019, she was awarded the Insignia of Knight, Commander of the Legion of Honour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2022, Bonaly co-wrote a children's book, Fearless Heart: An Illustrated Biography of Surya Bonaly, with Frank Murphy and illustrated by Anastasia Magloire Williams. The reviewer stated that the book was "a tad uneven", probably due to the poetic nature of the text, although it had "standout illustrations".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ProgramsEdit
| Season | Short program | Free skating | Exhibition | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997–98 |
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| 1995–96 |
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| 1994–95 |
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| 1993–94 |
| |||
| 1992–93 | ||||
| 1991–92 |
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| 1989–90 |
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| 1988–89 |
Competitive highlightsEdit
| International<ref name="ISU-SB">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | Template:Tooltip | 88–89 | 89–90 | 90–91 | 91–92 | 92–93 | 93–94 | 94–95 | 95–96 | 96–97 | 97–98 | ||
| Olympics | 5th | 4th | 10th | ||||||||||
| Worlds | 10th | 9th | 5th | 11th | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 5th | |||||
| Europeans | 8th | 4th | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 9th | 6th | |||
| Cup of Russia | 4th | ||||||||||||
| Lalique | 7th | 1st | 1st | 5th | 1st | 1st | 1st | 3rd | |||||
| Nations Cup | 1st | ||||||||||||
| NHK Trophy | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 4th | ||||||||
| Skate America | 6th | 5th | 3rd | 2nd | 1st | 4th | |||||||
| Skate Canada | 7th | 1st | 3rd | ||||||||||
| Goodwill Games | 3rd | 1st | |||||||||||
| Nebelhorn Trophy | 2nd | 1st | |||||||||||
| Piruetten | 4th | ||||||||||||
| International: Junior<ref name="ISU-SB" /> | |||||||||||||
| Junior Worlds | 14th | 3rd | 2nd | 1st | |||||||||
| National<ref name="FFSG-SB">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||||||||||
| French Champ. | 4th | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 2nd | ||
ReferencesEdit
Works citedEdit
- "The Backflip That Shocked the Olympics" (16 April 2019). Outlook Podcast, BBC. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
External linksEdit
Template:Wikiquote-inline Template:Commons category-inline
- Template:Olympics.com profile
- Template:Olympedia
- Bonaly's free skate (YouTube clip) at the 1991 Worlds Championships, quad attempt at 1:12.
- Bonaly's free skate (YouTube clip) at the 1998 Olympics, backflip at 7.05.
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