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Titiwangsa Mountains

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox mountain

File:Titiwangsa Mountains from Ulu Yam.jpg
The Titiwangsa during golden hour as viewed from the rural town of Ulu Yam, Selangor.

The Titiwangsa Mountains (Malay: Banjaran Titiwangsa, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), also known as Banjaran Besar (lit. 'main range') by locals, is the chain of mountains that forms the backbone of the Malay Peninsula. The northern section of the range is in southern Thailand, where it is known as the Sankalakhiri Range (Template:Langx; RTGS: Thio Khao Sankalakhiri; {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).

The mountain range acts as a natural divider, dividing Peninsular Malaysia, as well as southernmost Thailand, into east and west coast regions. It also serves as a drainage divide of some major rivers of Peninsular Malaysia such as the Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Klang and Muar. The length of mountain range is about 480 km from north to south.

GeographyEdit

File:West Malaysia relief location map.jpg
Relief map of Peninsular Malaysia, highlighting its mountainous core. The Titiwangsa Mountains is the longest range running along the border between the states of Perak and Selangor on the west coast with Kelantan and Pahang on the east coast, eventually straddling across the state of Negeri Sembilan further south. Nearby systems include Keledang and Bintang Ranges to its northwest, Benom Massif to the southeast, and Tahan Range to the east.
File:Ulu Jelai, Pahang, Malaysia - panoramio (1).jpg
Pahangese/Perakian Titiwangsa, Lipis District, Pahang, en route towards Cameron Highlands.
File:Selangor RIver 3.jpg
The upstream section of the Selangor River at Ampang Pechah, backdropped by the Selangorean/Pahangese Titiwangsa.
File:Titiwangsa Mountains seen from Ayer Molek, Malacca.jpg
The Negri Titiwangsa seen from a Malaccan countryside. They form the southernmost section of the Titiwangsa Mountains entirely.

This mountain range is a part of the wider Tenasserim Hills. It forms the southernmost section of the Indo-Malayan cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus into the Malay Peninsula.<ref>Avijit Gupta, The Physical Geography of Southeast 0Asia, Oxford University Press, 2005. Template:ISBN</ref>

The Titiwangsa Mountains proper begin in the north as the Sankalakhiri Range, a prolongation of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Range which includes the smaller Pattani, Taluban, and Songkhla sub-ranges. The Sankalakhiri marks the border between the Southern Thai provinces of Yala in west and Narathiwat in the east. Across the border into Malaysia, the main stretch of the range runs in a northwest–southeast orientation, straddling the borders between the west coast states of Perak and Selangor with Kelantan and Pahang on the eastern side of the peninsula. From the tripoint of Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan near Mount Nuang, it then transverses through the middle of the state of Negeri Sembilan, also a west coast state, thus dividing the state into two regions – western Negeri Sembilan, which consists of Seremban, Port Dickson and Rembau Districts, and eastern Negeri Sembilan, composed of the districts of Jelebu, Kuala Pilah, Jempol and Tampin – and terminates in the south near the town of Tampin, in the southern part of the state.<ref>Yaakub Idrus. Rumah Melayu Negeri Sembilan: satu analisis seni bina Melayu. Penerbit Fajar Bakti, 1966, p. 11. https://malaycivilization.com.my/omeka/files/original/a884b36ae16d4af41735580e8b03038b.pdf</ref><ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Outcrops of Titiwangsa granite, mainly consisting of inselbergs, project further south into Malacca, where it abuts in the waters of the Strait of Malacca in Pulau Besar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In general, the greatest elevations occur along the northern and central sections of the range, with its highest point measuring 2,183 m (7,162 ft) on Gunung Korbu, Perak. On the Thai side, the highest point is 1,533 m (5,026 ft) Ulu Titi Basah (ยูลูติติ บาซาห์), at the Thai/Malaysian border between Yala province and Perak.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the other hand, the height gradually diminishes towards the southern reaches of the range, which mainly runs through Negeri Sembilan, with elevations ranging from 1,462 m (4,797 ft) at its highest on Mount Besar Hantu, on the border between the state and Pahang, as well as 1,193 m (3,914 ft) on Mount Telapak Buruk on the boundary between the districts of Seremban and Jelebu to Template:Convert.

GeologyEdit

File:Gunung Datuk Rocky Peak.jpg
A granitic tor on the summit of Mount Datuk, Rembau District, Negeri Sembilan, towards the southern end of the mountain range.
File:Ipoh Kek Lok Dong (8367457996).jpg
Mogotes dot along the western foothills of the range in Kinta District, Perak, part of Kinta Valley National Geopark.
File:Lojing 5.jpg
Quartzite outcrop at Lojing, southwestern Kelantan, part of the Bentong-Raub suture zone flanking the range's eastern foothills.
File:Sunrise at Klang Gate Ridge.jpg
Spires of quartzite at the Klang Gates Quartz Ridge on the western foothills of the range in Gombak District, Selangor.

The Titiwangsa Mountains are predominantly granitic. The mountain range is part of a suture zone that runs north–south, starting in Thailand at the Nan-Uttaradit suture zone (partly coincident with the Dien Bien Phu fault), and extending south towards Peninsular Malaysia (Bentong-Raub suture zone).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The eastern half of the Titiwangsa Mountains in Peninsular Malaysia is an amalgamation of continental terranes known as Cimmeria or Indochina, whereas the western half is an amalgamation of continental terranes Sinoburmalaya or Sibumasu. These two halves of terranes were separated by the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.<ref>Metcalfe, I., 2000, "The Bentong-Raub Suture Zone", Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 691-712</ref><ref>Metcalfe, I., 2002, "Permian tectonic framework and palaeogeography of SE Asia", Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 551-566</ref>

The Cimmeria was separated from Gondwana around 400 mya during the Devonian and rifted towards Laurasia, the northeastern arm of Pangea. It attached to Laurasia completely around 280 mya during the Late Permian.

Sibumasu terranes on the other hand, only started to separate from Gondwana during the Early Permian and rifted towards Indochina. The collision of the Sibumasu terranes and Indochina terranes 200 mya during the Late Triassic resulted in the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and formation of the modern Titiwangsa Mountain belts.

Seismic hazardsEdit

Template:See also Peninsular Malaysia, while being tectonically stable, has a history of intraplate earthquakes,<ref>Ada kebarangkalian gempa bumi berlaku di Malaysia - NRECC astroawani.com 19 April 2023</ref> with most of them of low magnitudes. As the Bentong-Raub suture runs parallel to the Titiwangsa Mountains, a large network of fault lines crisscross the mountain range.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The known major fault lines in the mountains are the Bukit Tinggi, Kuala Lumpur and Seremban fault lines, with the first two being the most active.

Between 1984 and 2013, there were tremors ranging from 1.6 to 4.6 on the Richter scale with local epicentres in Kenyir Lake, Manjung, Temenggor, Bukit Tinggi and Kuala Pilah, the latter three being situated along the Titiwangsa Mountains. As a precautionary move, the Department of Minerals and Geosciences pitched 23 Earthquake Benchmark (PAG, Malay: Penanda Aras Gempa) stations around earthquake-prone areas in Peninsular Malaysia, with 13 in Pahang, six in Selangor, and two each in Perak and Negeri Sembilan to monitor possible movements within the fault network.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change (NRECC) also pointed out that strong earthquakes centred in neighbouring Sumatra, Indonesia could potentially activate ancient faults in Peninsular Malaysia and the effects of tremors could be felt around areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

FeaturesEdit

File:Titiwangsa Mountains rainforest.jpg
Tropical rainforest near Ringlet on the border between Pahang and Perak, part of the Central Forest Spine.
File:Central Forest Spine Marker, Bukit Putus.jpg
Central Forest Spine signboard on Federal Route Template:JKR near Bukit Putus, Negeri Sembilan.
File:Gunung Irau (The Mossy Forest) (25582962393).jpg
Mossy forest on Mount Irau. Such forests are characteristic to the higher elevations of the Titiwangsa Mountains.

The rainforests of the Titiwangsa Mountains form part of the Titiwangsa Forest Complex, which is itself part of the larger Central Forest Spine conservation area. A number of roads and highways cut through the mountain range, effectively acting as mountain passes linking settlements on either side of the range.

File:Cameron Highlands (Tea Plantation).jpg
Tea plantation in Cameron Highlands
File:Genting Highlands by day.JPG
Genting Highlands, as seen from Kuala Lumpur

Several popular tourist destinations such as Royal Belum, hill resorts such as Cameron Highlands, Genting Highlands and Fraser's Hill are located on the range.

Two of Malaysia's largest metropolitan areas are located along the western fringes of the mountain range, namely Greater Kuala Lumpur (ranked #1) and Kinta Valley (ranked #4). The Kinta Valley Geopark encompasses the entirety of Kinta Valley, where kegelkarst topography is prevalent.

Protected areasEdit

ThailandEdit

MalaysiaEdit

In popular cultureEdit

The mountain range was the subject of the patriotic song "Titiwangsa", which was first sung by Saloma. Its lyrics glorifies the magnificence and beauty of the Titiwangsa Mountains, and its significance to Malaya as a whole.

GalleryEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Template:Mountain ranges of Thailand Template:Mountain ranges of Malaysia

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