United Airlines Flight 175
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United Airlines Flight 175 was a domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport in Boston to Los Angeles International Airport in California that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists on the morning of September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767-200 carrying 51 passengers and 9 crew members (excluding the 5 hijackers), was deliberately crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone aboard and causing the deaths of more than 600Template:Efn people in the South Tower's upper levels in addition to an unknown number of civilians and emergency personnel on floors beneath the impact zone. Flight 175 is the second-deadliest plane crash in aviation history, surpassed only by American Airlines Flight 11.
Flight 175 departed from Logan Airport at 08:14. Twenty-eight minutes into the flight, the hijackers injured several crew members, forced their way into the cockpit, and murdered both pilots while moving anyone who remained to the rear of the aircraft. Lead hijacker Marwan al-Shehhi, who had trained as a pilot for the purposes of the attacks, was able to usurp the flight controls once the captain and first officer were eliminated. Unlike the team on American Airlines Flight 11, the terrorists aboard Flight 175 did not switch off the plane's transponder when they took over the cockpit. Thus, the aircraft was visible on New York Center's radar, which depicted the deviation from its assigned flight path before controllers took notice four minutes later at 08:51 EDT. Upon realizing, the ATC workers immediately made several unsuccessful attempts to contact the cockpit of the hijacked airliner, which twice nearly collided with other planes as it recklessly flew toward New York City. In the interim, three people were able to get through to their family members and colleagues on the ground, passing on information to do with the hijackers as well as casualties suffered by the flight crew.
No more than 21 minutes after the hijacking began, al-Shehhi crashed the airplane into the South Tower's south face from floors 77 through 85 as part of an attack coordinated with the takeover of Flight 11, which had struck the upper floors of the World Trade Center's North Tower at 08:46. Media coverage of the disaster that began in the North Tower 17 minutes earlier meant Flight 175's impact at 09:03 was the only one of the four attacks to be televised live around the world. The damage done to the South Tower by the crash and subsequent fire caused its collapse 56 minutes later at 09:59, killing everyone who was still inside. During the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site, workers uncovered and identified remains from some FlightTemplate:Nbs175 victims, but many victims have not been identified.
BackgroundEdit
AttacksEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The flight was hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks. The team was assembled by al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, who also provided the financial and logistical support, and was led by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who devised the plot. Bin Laden and Mohammed, along with the hijackers, were motivated by the US’s support for Israel and their intervention in the Middle East. The attacks were given the go ahead by bin Laden in late 1998 or early 1999. The World Trade Center was chosen as one of the targets due to it being a prominent American symbol that represented economic prowess.Template:Sfn
HijackersEdit
The team of hijackers on United Airlines FlightTemplate:Nbs175 was led by Marwan al-Shehhi, originally from the United Arab Emirates with a stint in Hamburg, Germany, as a student. By January 2001, the pilot hijackers had completed their training; al-Shehhi obtained a commercial pilot license while training in South Florida,Template:Sfn along with American Airlines Flight 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta and [[United Airlines Flight 93|FlightTemplate:Nbs93]] hijacker Ziad Jarrah. The hijackers on FlightTemplate:Nbs175 included Fayez Banihammad, also from the UAE, and three Saudis: brothers Hamza and Ahmed al-Ghamdi, as well as Mohand al-Shehri.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The hijackers were trained at an al-Qaeda camp called Mes Aynak in Kabul, Afghanistan, where they learned about weapons and explosives, followed by training in Karachi, Pakistan, where they learned about "Western culture and travel". Afterwards, they went to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, for exercises in airport security and surveillance. Part of the training in Malaysia included boarding flights operated by US carriers so they could observe pre-boarding security screenings, flight crew movements around the cabin, and the timing of cabin services.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
A month before the attacks, Marwan al-Shehhi purchased two Template:Convert pocket knives from a Sports Authority store in Boynton Beach, Florida, while Banihammad bought a two-piece "snap" utility knife set at a Wal-Mart, and Hamza al-Ghamdi bought a Leatherman Wave multi-tool.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The hijackers arrived in Boston from Florida between September 7 and 9.Template:Sfn
FlightEdit
AircraftEdit
The flight was operated by a Boeing 767-200, registration number N612UA built and delivered to United Airlines in 1983.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It had a capacity of 168 passengers (10 in first class, 32 in business class, and 126 in economy class). On the day of the attacks, the flight carried only 56 passengers and 9Template:Nbscrew, which represented a 33 percent load factorTemplate:Sndwell below the average load factor of 49 percent in the three months preceding SeptemberTemplate:Nbs11.Template:Sfn
CrewEdit
The captain was Victor Saracini (51), a former Navy fighter pilot with 16 years' service at the airline.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The airplane was co-piloted by first officer Michael Horrocks (38), who had previously served as a fighter pilot in the Marine Corps with 2 years' service at the airline.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The cabin crew consisted of purser Kathryn Laborie (42) with 7 years' service at the airline, as well as flight attendants Michael Tarrou (38) with 10 years' service at the airline, Amy King (29) with 8 years' service at the airline, Amy Jarret (28) with 6 years' service at the airline, Robert Fangman (33) with 10 months' service at the airline, Alfred Marchand (44) with 9 months' service at the airline, and Alicia Titus (28) with 9 months' service at the airline.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
PassengersEdit
Out of the 60 occupants (excluding the five hijackers), there were 50 Americans, 3 Germans, 2 Britons and one each originating from Iran, Israel, Indonesia, Ireland, and Canada. The youngest person on FlightTemplate:Nbs175 was Christine Hanson, aged two and a half;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the oldest 82-year-old Dorothy DeAraujo of Long Beach, California.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> Among the other passengers were hockey scout Garnet Bailey, and former athlete Mark Bavis.
BoardingEdit
Two hours before boarding, al-Shehhi took a phone call from Ziad Jarrah at 05:01. Jarrah was set to hijack Flight 93 out of Newark, New Jersey, not far from the Twin Towers. The purpose of the call was to confirm they were all set to carry out the attacks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked out of their hotel and called a taxi to take them to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts.Template:Sfn They arrived at the United Airlines counter in Terminal C at 06:20 Eastern Time and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked two bags. Both hijackers indicated they wanted to purchase tickets, even though they already had paper tickets, which were purchased approximately two weeks before the attacks.Template:Sfn They had trouble answering the standard security questions, so the counter agent repeated the questions very slowly until satisfied with their responses.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hijacker pilot Marwan al-Shehhi checked a single bag at 06:45, and the other remaining hijackers, Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri, checked in at 06:53; Banihammad checked two bags.Template:Sfn None of the Flight 175 hijackers were selected for extra scrutiny by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS).Template:Sfn In the meantime, at 06:52, al-Shehhi approached a payphone and called Mohamed Atta's cellphone. Atta was preparing to board American Airlines Flight 11 from another terminal in Logan, and would fly the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center 17 minutes before al-Shehhi crashed into the South Tower. Like the earlier conversation with Jarrah, the intent of this final communication was to confirm that they were both ready to go ahead with the attacks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Al-Shehhi and the other hijackers boarded FlightTemplate:Nbs175 between 07:23 and 07:28. Banihammad boarded first and sat in first class seat 2A, while Mohand al-Shehri was in seat 2B. At 07:27, al-Shehhi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi boarded and sat in business class seats 6C and 9D, respectively. One minute later, Hamza al-Ghamdi boarded and sat in 9C.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The flight was scheduled to depart at 08:00 for Los Angeles. Fifty-one passengers and the five hijackers boarded the 767 through Terminal C's Gate 19. The plane pushed back at 07:58 and took off at 08:14 from Runway 9,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn as Flight 11 was hijacked. Around this time, the Captain and First Officer picked up on an alarming communication from a yet-unidentified aircraft, which they surmised to be the voice of a hijacker; indeed, the communication later turned out to have been made from the cockpit of Flight 11. Though unnerved, they chose not to call it in immediately, instead waiting until they had crossed over from the radio frequencies of Boston Center into those of New York Center to avoid being eavesdropped on. By 08:33, the aircraft reached cruising altitude of Template:Convert, which is the point when cabin service would normally begin.Template:Sfn Seeking information on the whereabouts of Flight 11, air traffic controllers asked the pilots of FlightTemplate:Nbs175 whether they could see the hijacked airliner. The crew could not locate the plane at first, but immediately corrected themselves once they noticed that FlightTemplate:Nbs11 was at Template:Convert. ATC then instructed the pilots to turn and avoid Flight 11.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 08:42, Flight 175 made the transition to the airspace of New York Center, allowing the pilots to report the suspicious transmission they heard while climbing out of Logan. "Sounds like someone keyed the mic and said 'Everyone stay in your seats'," Saracini told Dave Bottiglia, the controller dealing with Flight 11.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was the last transmission from FlightTemplate:Nbs175.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn
HijackingEdit
The hijacking occurred sometime between 08:42 - 8:46.Template:Sfn Investigators believe that the al-Ghamdi brothers forced the passengers and crew to the aft of the plane by terrorizing them with knives and bomb threats, while also spraying mace into the confines of the cabin.Template:Sfn Several flight attendants were stabbed or slashed, and both pilots were murdered by Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri when they breached the cockpit, allowing Marwan al-Shehhi to commandeer the flight controls.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The first operational evidence that something was abnormal on FlightTemplate:Nbs175 came seconds after the North Tower was struck, when the plane's assigned transponder signal changed from "1470" to "3020" and then one minute later to "3321", and the aircraft began deviating from its assigned course.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn However, Bottiglia did not notice until minutes later at 08:51.Template:Sfn Unlike FlightTemplate:Nbs11, which had turned its transponder off, FlightTemplate:Nbs175's flight data could still be properly monitored.Template:Sfn Also, at 08:51, FlightTemplate:Nbs175 changed altitude. Over the next three minutes, the controller made five unsuccessful attempts to contact FlightTemplate:Nbs175 and worked to move other aircraft in the vicinity away from FlightTemplate:Nbs175.Template:Sfn At 08:55, a supervisor at the New York Air Traffic Control Center notified the center's operations manager of the FlightTemplate:Nbs175 hijacking. Now tasked with handling Flight 175, Bottiglia remarked, "We might have a hijack over here, two of them."Template:Sfn
Near missesEdit
Around this time, the flight had a near midair collision with Delta Air Lines FlightTemplate:Nbs2315 flying from Hartford to Tampa, reportedly missing the plane by only Template:Convert.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="LearningChannel" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bottiglia yelled at the Delta pilot to make collision avoidance maneuvers, adding, "I think [Flight 175] has been hijacked. I don't know his intentions. Take any evasive action necessary."<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="LearningChannel"/> It is likely that the TCAS system was sounding in the cockpit as Flight 175 briefly stopped descending at Template:Convert and climbed Template:Convert and started descending again as soon as they passed the Delta plane.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A few moments later, Flight 175 had another near midair collision with TWA FlightTemplate:Nbs3 flying from JFK to St. Louis missing its tail by around Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Moments before FlightTemplate:Nbs175 crashed, it also narrowly avoided colliding with Midwest Express FlightTemplate:Nbs7, which was flying from Milwaukee to New York.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
CallsEdit
Flight attendant Robert Fangman and passengers Peter Hanson and Brian David Sweeney made phone calls from GTE airphones in the rear of the aircraft. Airphone records also indicate that passenger Garnet Bailey attempted to call his wife four times.<ref name="P200018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="staff4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At 08:52, Robert Fangman called a United Airlines maintenance office in San Francisco and spoke with Marc Policastro.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Fangman reported the hijacking and said the hijackers were likely flying the plane. He mentioned that both pilots were dead and that a flight attendant had been stabbed.Template:Sfn After a minute and 15 seconds, the call was disconnected.<ref name="P200018" /> Policastro subsequently made attempts to contact the aircraft's cockpit using the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) message system. He wrote, "I heard of a reported incident aboard your acft [aircraft]. Plz verify all is normal." He received no reply.Template:Sfn
Brian David Sweeney tried calling his wife, Julie, at 08:59, but ended up leaving a message letting her know the plane had been hijacked. He then called his parents at 09:00 and spoke with his mother, Louise. Sweeney told his mother about the hijacking and mentioned that passengers were considering storming the cockpit and taking control of the aircraft.Template:Sfn Concerned that the hijackers would return, he informed her that he might have to hang up quickly. After saying their goodbyes, he hung up.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At 08:52, Peter Hanson called his father, Lee Hanson, in Easton, Connecticut. Hanson was traveling with his wife, Sue, and their two-year-old daughter, Christine, the youngest victim of the September 11 attacks. The family was originally seated in Row 19, in seats C, D, and E; however, Peter placed the call to his father from seat 30E. Speaking softly, Hanson said the hijackers had commandeered the cockpit, a flight attendant had been stabbed, and that possibly someone else in the front of the aircraft had been killed. He also said the plane was flying erratically. Hanson asked his father to contact United Airlines, but Lee could not get through and instead called the police.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Peter Hanson made a second phone call to his father at 09:00:
It's getting bad, Dad. A stewardess was stabbed. They seem to have knives and Mace. They said they have a bomb. It's getting very bad on the plane. Passengers are throwing up and getting sick. The plane is making jerky movements. I don't think the pilot is flying the plane. I think we are going down. I think they intend to go to Chicago or someplace and fly into a building. Don't worry, Dad. If it happens, it'll be very fastTemplate:Nbs... Oh, my GodTemplate:Nbs... oh, my God, oh, my God.<ref name="LearningChannel"/>
As the call abruptly ended, Hanson's father heard a woman screaming.<ref name="LearningChannel"/> He then switched on the television, as did Louise Sweeney in her own home, and both witnessed as the plane struck the South Tower.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
CrashEdit
At 08:58, FlightTemplate:Nbs175 was over New Jersey at Template:Convert, by which point al-Shehhi would have seen the smoke pouring from the North Tower in the distance.<ref name="Mitchell">Template:Cite book</ref> The airplane was in a sustained power dive of more than Template:Convert in the 5Template:Nbsminutes and 4Template:Nbsseconds between approximately 08:58 and the moment of impact, at an average rate of over Template:Convert per minute.Template:Sfn Bottiglia later said that he and his colleagues "were counting down the altitudes, and they were descending, right at the end, at 10,000 feet per minute. That is absolutely unheard of for a commercial jet."<ref name="LearningChannel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Two minutes before impact, New York Center alerted another nearby Air Traffic Facility responsible for low-flying aircraft, which was able to monitor Flight 175's path as it flew over New Jersey, followed by Staten Island and Upper New York Bay as al-Shehhi lined the plane up to strike the South Tower.Template:Sfn The aircraft was in a banking left turn in its final moments, as it appeared the plane might have otherwise missed the building or merely scraped it with a wing. Therefore, those on the left side would have had a clear view of the towers approaching, with one burning.<ref name="LearningChannel"/> The airplane crashed nose-first into the South Tower's southern façade at a speed of around Template:Convert,Template:Efn striking through floors 77 and 85<ref name="DailyNews">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn with approximately Template:Convert of jet fuel on board.Template:Sfn<ref name=":2" /> All passengers on board were killed instantly.
By the time Flight 175 struck the South Tower at 09:03,Template:Efn<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> multiple media organizations were already covering the first plane crash in the North Tower 17 minutes earlier, with millions watching all around the globe.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The image of FlightTemplate:Nbs175's crash was thus caught on video from multiple vantage points on live television and amateur video, while close to a hundred cameras captured FlightTemplate:Nbs175 in photographs before it crashed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Video footage of the crash was replayed numerous times in news broadcasts on the day of the attacks and in the days that followed, before major news networks put restrictions on use of the footage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of October 2024, there are a total of 72 known video angles of the second plane.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> The initial assumption was that the crash of Flight 11 had been an accident, a mistaken belief that also hindered the process of immediately evacuating the South Tower after the first plane struck the North.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This was dispelled when Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Port Authority initiated an immediate full-scale evacuation of the North Tower within moments of Flight 11's impact. However, the same was not done for the South Tower during the 17-minute window between the two impacts; instead, the Port Authority instructed workers to remain in place.Template:Sfn In spite of these hindrances, the number of people who would have been killed in the South Tower still reduced considerably after the first plane crash, and an estimated 2,900 descended from what would later be the trapped floors before the tower was even hit.<ref name=ncstar1.pdf/>Template:Reference page
Nonetheless, more than 600 people were still present on floors 77–110 when the plane struck. The impact killed hundreds, including everyone on the plane and many more inside the South Tower. Unlike at the North Tower, however, a single stairway was mostly intact from top to bottom after FlightTemplate:Nbs175 crashed into the South Tower. This was because Flight 11 crashed almost directly midway into the North Tower's central core and severed all escape routes from the 92nd floor up, but al-Shehhi flew the plane into the eastern half of the South Tower's southern facade near the southeast corner while also banking at a severe angle, narrowly missing Stairwell A in the northwest corner.Template:Sfn<ref name="102Mins2">Template:Cite news</ref> Only 18 people passed the impact zone through the available stairway and left the South Tower safely before it collapsed. One of these survivors, Stanley Praimnath, saw the plane coming toward him.Template:Sfn<ref name="LearningChannel2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Smoke, isolated fires and hot gases ventilating through the stairs compelled those who were trapped to either avoid using them entirely, or to head upward in the hopes of a rooftop rescue,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while it has been suggested that others may have been in the process of descending from the impact zone when the tower collapsed at 09:59.Template:Sfn<ref name=ncstar1.pdf/>Template:Reference page In any case, those who did not make it out succumbed to the fire and smoke or tower's eventual collapse. Three people were spotted falling to their deaths from the upper floors of the South Tower, two of whom had jumped to escape conditions inside; firefighter Daniel Suhr reporting to the South Tower was killed when one of these two landed on him.Template:Efn
The impact of Flight 175 also did some minor damage to the already-burning North Tower, as some windows on the east face nearest to the South Tower blew out the moment the pressure wave generated by the fireball hit them,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> worsening the fires in the North Tower.<ref name=ncstar1-5av1.pdf>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Reference page After the plane passed through the tower, part of the plane's landing gear and fuselage came out the north side of the skyscraper and crashed through the roof and two of the floors of 45–47 Park Place, between West Broadway and Church Street, Template:Convert north of the former World Trade Center. Three floor beams of the top floor of the building were destroyed, causing major structural damage.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
AftermathEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Flight 175's crash into the South Tower was faster and lower down than that of the North Tower, impacting close to a corner rather than midway into the structure, compromising its structural integrity more. Thus, there was far more structural weight pressing down on an unbalanced, damaged section of the building on fire.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 A.M.,<ref name=ncstar1-5av1.pdf/>Template:Reference page<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Reference page after burning for 56 minutes,Template:Efn Flight 175's impact did not directly cause the collapse of the south tower, but rather the fires caused by the aircraft's jet fuel were the reason for the collapse,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the South Tower was the first of the two skyscrapers to collapse despite being the second to be hit. Nobody who was in the South Tower at the time of its collapse survived.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The flight recorders for FlightTemplate:Nbs175, as with FlightTemplate:Nbs11's, were never found.Template:Sfn Some debris from FlightTemplate:Nbs175 was recovered nearby, including the landing gear found on top of a building on the corner of West Broadway and Park Place, an engine found at Church and Murray Street, and a section of the fuselage which landed on top of 5 World Trade Center.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 2013, a piece of the inboard wing flap mechanism from a Boeing 767<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> was discovered wedged between two buildings at Park Place.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During the recovery process, small fragments were identified from some passengers on FlightTemplate:Nbs175, including a Template:Cvt piece of bone belonging to Peter Hanson,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and small bone fragments of Lisa Frost.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2008, the remains of FlightTemplate:Nbs175 passenger Alona Abraham were identified using DNA samples.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Remains of many others aboard FlightTemplate:Nbs175 were never recovered.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
United Airlines retired the flight numbers 175 and 93 after the attacks. It was reported in May 2011 that the company was reactivating them as a codeshare operated by Continental Airlines, sparking an outcry from some in the media and the labor union representing United pilots.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="reactivation"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> United said the numbers were "inadvertently reinstated" and would not be reactivated.<ref name="reactivation">Template:Cite news</ref>
The names of the victims of FlightTemplate:Nbs175 are inscribed at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The federal government provided financial aidTemplate:Snda minimum of $500,000Template:Sndfor the families of victims who died in the attack. Individuals who accepted funds from the government were required to forfeit their ability to sue any entity for damages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> More than $7 billion has been paid out to victims by the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund, although that figure includes damages to those who were injured or killed on the other hijacked flights or the towers.<ref name=NYTBavis/> In total, lawsuits were filed on behalf of 96 people against the airline and associated companies. The vast majority were settled under terms that were not made public, but the total compensation is estimated to be around $500 million.<ref name=NYTSettled>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=NYTBavis/> Only one lawsuit progressed to a civil trial; a wrongful death filing by the family of Mark Bavis against the airline, Boeing, and the airport's security company.<ref name=NYTBavis>Template:Cite news</ref> This was eventually settled in September 2011.<ref name=NYTSettled/> US President George Bush, other top officials, and various government agencies were also sued by Ellen Mariani, widow of passenger Louis Neil Mariani.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Her cases were deemed to be frivolous.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
GalleryEdit
- FEMA - 12390 - Photograph by Gene Corley taken on 10-25-2001 in New York.jpg
A piece of fuselage on the roof of 5Template:NbsWorld Trade Center
- Engine parts of flight 175.jpg
Airplane engine parts from FlightTemplate:Nbs175
- 4.28.12Flight175PanelS-2ByLuigiNovi3.jpg
Panel S-2 of the National SeptemberTemplate:Nbs11 Memorial & Museum's South Pool, one of three on which the names of victims from FlightTemplate:Nbs175 are inscribed
- September 2018 Portion of Fuselage from UA Flight 175 (43874963254).jpg
A portion of the fuselage from the flight
See alsoEdit
- Malaysian Airline System Flight 653
- Indian Airlines Flight 814
- TWA Flight 847
- List of aircraft hijackings
- List of tenants in Two World Trade Center
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
CitationsEdit
SourcesEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite report
- Template:Cite report
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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External linksEdit
- The Final 9/11 Commission Report (Archive)
- CNN September 11 Memorial page, with passenger and crew lists (Archive)
- Government Releases Detailed Information on 9/11 Crashes
- Picture of aircraft Pre 9/11
- September 11, 2001 archive of United Airlines site with condolences for deceased (Archive)
- Page with additional information, from September 12, 2001 (Archive)
Template:Sept11 Template:Aviation incidents and accidents in 2001 Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 2000s Template:United Continental Holdings