Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

The voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants are types of consonantal sounds used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is Template:Angbr IPA, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.

The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the voiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as Template:Angbr IPA, but Template:Angbr IPA is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol Template:Angbr IPA even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.

The bunched or molar r sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as a voiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction. It can be transcribed in IPA as Template:Angbr IPA<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or Template:Angbr IPA.

FeaturesEdit

File:Voiced alveolar approximant.svg

A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].

File:Voiced postalveolar approximant.svg

A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].

Features of the voiced alveolar approximant:

Template:Approximant Template:Alveolar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

OccurrenceEdit

AlveolarEdit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian	unknown	gjelbër	main}}	'green'
Armenian	Classical	lang}}	main}}	'coffee'
Assamese		ৰঙা (rônga)	main}}	'red'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Alqosh dialect	ܪܒ	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'many'	Corresponds to Template:IPAslink in most other Assyrian dialects.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Tyari dialect	ܪܒ	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'many'
Bengali Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'again'	Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] in others. See Bengali phonology
Burmese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'furniture'	Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English.
Chukchi Template:Citation needed		ңирэк	main}}	'two'
Dahalo<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		'work'	main}}, and may be a weak fricative Template:IPAblink or simply a plosive Template:IPAblink instead.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
Danish	Standard<ref name="Basbøll">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Grønnum">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="SOWL1">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'at'	main}} in the syllable coda.<ref name="Basbøll"/><ref name="Grønnum"/><ref name="SOWL1"/> For a minority of speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead.<ref name="SOWL1"/> See Danish phonology.
Dutch	Central Netherlandic	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'through'	Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology.
	Western Netherlandic	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'through'
	Leiden	lang}}	main}}	'rat'	main}} in other dialects.
Faroese		lang}}	main}}	'rudder'	See Faroese phonology.
German	Moselle Franconian (Siegerland<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse</ref> and Westerwald<ref>Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache</ref> dialects)	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'vine'	Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative Template:IPAblink, a uvular trill Template:IPAblink or an alveolar trill Template:IPAblink. See Standard German phonology.
	Silesian
	Upper Lusatian
Greek<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}} méra	main}}	'day'	Allophone of Template:IPAslink in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology.
Icelandic		lang}}	main}}	'brother'	Usually apical. See Icelandic phonology.
Limburgish	Montfortian dialect<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'now'
Persian		فارسی	main}}	'Persian'	main}} before /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /l/. See Persian phonology.
Portuguese	Multiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland Centro-Sul<ref>Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná Template:Webarchive. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21 (in Portuguese)</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'love'	main}} in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or a rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology.
Spanish	Andalusian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt citing Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	doscientos	main}}	'two hundred'	main}} before [θ]. See Spanish phonology.
	Belizean	invierno	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'winter'	Possible realization of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} in the syllable coda due to English influence.
	Caribbean Colombian
	Puerto Rican
	Costa Rican<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	carro	main}}	'car'	main}}, and of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} before {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}. See Costa Rican Spanish.
Swedish	Central Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'strongest'	main}}. Some speakers have Template:IPAblink (Template:IPAblink when geminated) in all positions. See Swedish phonology.
Tagalog		lang}}	main}}	'like-'	main}} and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English.
Turkish	Marmara Region	lang}}	main}}	'excess, surplus'	Occurs as an allophone of Template:IPAblink in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar Template:IPAblink. See Turkish phonology.
Vietnamese	Saigon<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'go out'	In free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink. See Vietnamese phonology.
Zapotec	Tilquiapan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	rdɨ	main}}	'pass'	main}} before consonants.

PostalveolarEdit

Template:See also

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian	red	main}}	'red'	Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed Template:Angbr. See Australian English phonology, English phonology, Rhoticity in English and Pronunciation of English /r/.
	Most American dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt citing Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt, and Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		Template:Audio-IPA
	Received Pronunciation		Template:Audio-IPA
Igbo<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'eat'
Malay		راتوس / ratus	main}}	'hundred'	main}}] or flap [{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}]. See Malay phonology
Maltese	Some dialects<ref name="puech">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'quickly'	main}} in other dialects.<ref name="puech"/>
Shipibo<ref name="val283">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		roro	main}}	'to break into pieces'	Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.<ref name="val283"/>