Voiced pharyngeal fricative

The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.

Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation.

The IPA letter Template:Angbr IPA is caseless. Capital Template:Angbr and lower-case Template:Angbr are pending at Unicode U+A7CE and U+A7CF.

Features

Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:

Occurrence

Template:Multiple image Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, an epiglottal approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}},<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> or a pharyngealized glottal stop {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		lang}}/Template:Transliteration	main}}	'March'
Afar		damaqtu	[dʌmʌʕtu]	'male baboon'
Arabic		lang}}/Template:Transliteration	main}}	'Arabic'	See Arabic phonology
Assyrian	Eastern	{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/Template:Transliteration	main}}	'door'	The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
	Western		main}}
Avar		lang}}/Template:Transliteration/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'handle'
Chechen		lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'winter'
Coeur d'Alene<ref name="doak97">Template:Cite thesis</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'antelope'
Danish	Standard<ref name="SOWL323">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}]	'raven'	An approximant;<ref name="SOWL323" /> also described as uvular Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Danish phonology
Dhao<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref>		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'and'	Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as a glottal stop.
Dutch	Limburg<ref name="CoMe">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'wheel'	main}}.<ref name="CoMe"/> Realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
German	Some speakers<ref name="dud51">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'mother'	An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.<ref name="dud51"/> See Standard German phonology
	Swabian dialect<ref name="Hiller">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'changes' || An approximant.<ref name="Hiller"/> It's an allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in nucleus and coda positions;<ref name="Hiller"/> pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.<ref name="Hiller"/>
Hebrew	Iraqi	{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/Template:Transliteration	main}}	'Hebrew language'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
	Sephardi		main}}
	Yemenite		Template:Audio-IPA
Ingush		lang}}	[ʕaddal]	'Archer'
Judaeo-Spanish	Haketia	lang}}	main}}	'lazy'	Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew
Kabyle<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'my (paternal) uncle'
Kurdish	Kurmanji	lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'cloud'	The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but Template:Angbr can be used.
Khalaj	Standard	lang}}	main}}	'side'
Luwati		lang}}	main}}	'castle'	Used in Arabic loanwords
Malay	Kedah	lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'burn'	main}} as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [[[:Template:IPA link]]] for some speakers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Nuu-chah-nulth		ʕiiniƛ	main}}	'dog'	May be a plosive {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Occitan	Southern AuvergnatTemplate:Citation needed	lang}}	main}}	'shovel'	See Occitan phonology
Okanagan<ref name="pattison1978">Pattison, Lois Cornelia. "Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology." University of British Columbia. 1978.</ref>		ʕaymt	main}}	'angry'
Somali		lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'food'	See Somali phonology
Sioux	Stoney	lang}}	main}}	'rain'
Ukrainian		lang}}	main}}	'voice'	Also described as glottal Template:IPAblink. See Ukrainian phonology

See also

• Modifier letter left half ring
• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiced uvular fricative
• Glottal stop
• ع

General references

• Template:Citation
• Template:Citation
• Template:Citation
• Template:Citation
• Template:Citation
• Template:SOWL
• Template:Cite journal

External links

• Template:Phoible