William W. Belknap

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use mdy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{{embed}}}

| abovestyle = font-size: 100%;

| above = {{#if:|

{{{honorific-prefix}}}

}}

{{#if:|

{{{honorific-suffix}}}

}}

| subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;

| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes||{{#if:|{{#if:|

}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:|

}}}}}}

| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=William W. Belknap Brady-Handy.jpg|size=|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | captionstyle = line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em; | caption{{#if:|3|{{#if:|2}}}} = Belknap Template:Circa 1860–75

| headerstyle = color: #202122; {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes|background:#eee|background:lavender}}

| data2 = | header3 = {{#if:William Worth BelknapTemplate:Birth date Newburgh, New York, U.S.Template:Death date and age Washington, D.C., U.S.Template:Ubl Template:Plainlist College of New Jersey (BA)
Georgetown University|Personal details}} | label4 = Pronunciation | data4 =

| label5 = Born | data5 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br

|1 = {{#if:William Worth Belknap|

William Worth Belknap

}}

|2 = Template:Birth date
|3 = Newburgh, New York, U.S.
}}

| label6 = Died | data6 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br|Template:Death date and age|Washington, D.C., U.S.}}

| label7 = {{#ifexpr: Template:Strfind short

   | Manner |{{#if:|Manner|Cause}} }} of death

| data7 = {{#if:||}}

| label8 = Resting place | class8 = label | data8 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br||}}

| label9 = Citizenship | data9 =

| label10 = Nationality | data10 = {{#switch:{{#invoke:delink|delink|}} | {{#ifeq:Template:Country2nationality|{{#invoke:delink|delink|}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|}}}} = | {{#ifeq:Template:Find country|England|British}} = | #default = }}

| label11 = Political party | data11 = {{#switch:Template:Ubl | = | Democrat | Democratic | Democrat = Democratic | Republican | United States Republican Party | Republican | Republican Party = Republican | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Labour Party | Labour = Labour | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Liberal Party | Liberal = Liberal | KMT | Kuomintang | KMT | KMT | Kuomintang | Kuomintang (KMT) | Kuomintang (KMT) = Kuomintang | DPP | DPP | Democratic Progressive Party = Democratic Progressive Party | #default = Template:Ubl }}

| label12 = Other political
affiliations | data12 =

| label13 = Height | data13 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox person/height}}

| label14 = Spouse{{#if:|s|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize|Template:Plainlist|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data14 = Template:Plainlist

| label15 = Domestic partner{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data15 =

| label16 = Relations | data16 =

| label17 = Children | data17 =

| label18 = Parent{{#if:|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}}|{{#ifexpr:Template:Count > 1|s}}}} | data18 = {{#if:|{{{parents}}}|{{#invoke:list|unbulleted|{{#if:|{{{father}}} (father)}}|{{#if:|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}}}}}

| label19 = Relatives | data19 =

| label20 = Residence{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | class20 = {{#if:Template:Death date and age Washington, D.C., U.S.||label}} | data20 =

| label21 = Education | data21 = College of New Jersey (BA)
Georgetown University

| label22 = Alma mater | data22 =

| label23 = Occupation | data23 =

| label24 = Profession | data24 =

| label25 = Known for | data25 =

| label26 = Salary | data26 =

| label27 = Cabinet | data27 =

| label28 = Committees | data28 =

| label29 = Portfolio | data29 =

| label30 = {{#if:|Civilian awards|Awards}} | data30 =

| label31 = {{{blank1}}} | data31 =

| label32 = {{{blank2}}} | data32 =

| label33 = {{{blank3}}} | data33 =

| label34 = {{{blank4}}} | data34 =

| label35 = {{{blank5}}} | data35 =

| label36 = Signature | data36 = {{#if:|[[File:{{{signature}}}|{{#if:|{{{signature_size}}}|128x80px}}|class=skin-invert|alt=|William W. Belknap's signature]]}}

| label37 = Website | data37 =

| label38 = Nickname{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data38 =

| header39 = {{#if:United StatesU.S. Army (Union Army)Template:Ubl Template:Ubl Keokuk City Rifles
15th Iowa Infantry Regiment
XVII Corps Template:Ubl Template:Tree list

American Civil War

Template:Tree list/end|Military service}}

| label40 = Allegiance | data40 = United States

| label41 = {{#if:||Branch/service}} | data41 = U.S. Army (Union Army)

| label42 = {{#if:||Years of service}} | data42 = Template:Ubl

| label43 = {{#if:||Rank}} | data43 = Template:Ubl

| label44 = {{#if:||Unit}} | data44 = Keokuk City Rifles
15th Iowa Infantry Regiment
XVII Corps

| label45 = Commands | data45 = Template:Ubl

| label46 = {{#if:||Battles/wars}} | data46 = Template:Tree list

American Civil War

Template:Tree list/end

| label47 = {{#if:|Military awards|Awards}} | data47 =

| label48 = {{{military_blank1}}} | data48 =

| label49 = {{{military_blank2}}} | data49 =

| label50 = {{{military_blank3}}} | data50 =

| label51 = {{{military_blank4}}} | data51 =

| label52 = {{{military_blank5}}} | data52 =

| below =

{{#if:| As of {{{date}}}{{#if:|, {{{year}}}}}}}

{{#if:|Source: [{{{source}}}]}}

}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }}

William Worth Belknap (September 22, 1829 – October 12, 1890) was a lawyer, Union Army officer, government administrator in Iowa, and the 30th United States secretary of war, serving under President Ulysses S. Grant. Belknap was impeached on March 2, 1876, for his role in the trader post scandal but was acquitted by the Senate. Belknap was the first cabinet secretary in U.S. history to be impeached.

A native of New York, Belknap graduated from the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, in 1848, studied law with a Georgetown attorney, and passed the bar in 1851. He moved to Iowa, where he practiced law in partnership with Ralph P. Lowe. Belknap entered politics as a Democrat and served one term in the Iowa House of Representatives. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, Belknap joined the Union Army. A tall burly man, Belknap was a natural Union Army leader and recruiter. A veteran of the Iowa Home Guard who had attained the rank of captain, he was commissioned as a major in the 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry. He took part in numerous engagements, including Shiloh, where he was wounded, and Corinth. He served as a regimental, brigade, division, and corps commander, and served in high-level staff positions. By the end of the war, Belknap had been promoted to brigadier general and received a brevet promotion to major general of volunteers.

After declining a regular Army commission, Belknap was appointed Iowa's Collector of Internal Revenue by President Andrew Johnson; he served with distinction for four years. In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Belknap as Secretary of War. During his tenure, Belknap ordered portraits of all the previous secretaries, intending to create a complete collection in honor of the United States Centennial. In 1871, Belknap was investigated by Congress, after he was directly involved in the sale of arms and munitions to France, while the United States was ostensibly neutral during the Franco-Prussian War. The same year, Belknap had arranged aid for victims of the catastrophic Chicago Fire.

During the Reconstruction era, Belknap's War Department and the U.S. military worked under the supervision of President Ulysses S. Grant and the United States Attorney General's office to occupy the former Confederacy and attempt to implement changes in government and the economy, while protecting freedmen from an increasingly violent insurgency. Belknap supported Grant's Reconstruction policy, which most Democrats opposed.

In 1875, Grant, Belknap, and other members of Grant's administration secretly agreed to remove troops from the Black Hills after gold was discovered. The US had protected the area from white settlers as part of a US treaty with the Lakota. The withdrawal of troops allowed a gold rush of white settlers to take place, and the US took de facto possession after the Lakota refused to sell their sacred lands. In 1876, the trader post scandal at Fort Sill led to Belknap's sudden resignation, impeachment by the Democratic-controlled House, and trial by the Senate. While a majority of senators voted to convict, they lacked the two-thirds required, and Belknap was acquitted. Judge Arthur MacArthur Sr. dismissed Belknap's Washington D. C. federal trial. Belknap resumed practicing law in Washington; he continued to be popular among Iowa Civil War veterans and was active until he died of a heart attack in 1890. One historian described Belknap as a man of both virtues and flaws, a talented lawyer, administrator, and military officer, but whose personal corruption overshadowed his positive qualities. Historians have largely forgotten Belknap's heroic Union Civil War service.

Early life and careerEdit

File:William Goldsworth Belknap (1794-1851) (US Army Brigadier General).jpg

style }}

William Worth Belknap was born in Newburgh, New York on September 22, 1829, the son of career soldier William G. Belknap and Anne Clark Belknap.<ref name=DOABWWB>Dictionary of American Biography (1936), William Worth Belknap</ref> Belknap's father fought with distinction in the War of 1812, the Florida War, and Mexican–American War.<ref name=NYT10141890>"Belknap's Sudden Death", New York Times (October 14, 1890)</ref>Template:Sfn Belknap attended the local schools in Newburgh, and graduated from the College of New Jersey at Princeton in 1848.<ref name=NYT10141890/> In addition to attending Princeton with Hiester Clymer, the Democratic Congressman who later led the investigation into Belknap's War Department corruption, Belknap was a college contemporary of Grant's Secretary of Navy George M. Robeson, who was one year behind Clymer and Belknap at Princeton.Template:Sfn After graduation, he studied law with Georgetown attorney Hugh E. Caperton.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After passing an examination by Judge William Cranch in 1851, Belknap was admitted to the Washington, D.C. bar, and began looking for a place to settle and begin his career.

He moved west to Keokuk, Iowa, and entered into a partnership with Ralph P. Lowe.<ref name=NYT10141890 /> Deciding to make Iowa his permanent residence, in 1854, Belknap had a home built in Keokuk. He joined the Democratic Party and successfully ran for state office in 1856, serving in the Iowa House of Representatives from the 54th district between 1858 and 1860.Template:Refn Belknap was looked on as a rising Iowa Democratic leader.Template:Sfn Belknap also joined a local company of the Iowa Home Guard, the Keokuk City Rifles, and he attained the rank of captain.Template:Sfn

Marriages and familyEdit

In 1854 Belknap married Cora LeRoy, who died in 1862. They had one child together, Hugh R. Belknap, who served as a U.S. representative from Illinois.<ref name=Kp59-60>Koster (2010), pp. 59–60.</ref> Belknap married Carita S. Tomlinson of Kentucky in January 1869;<ref name=Kp59-60/> she died of tuberculosis shortly after childbirth in December 1870.<ref name=Kp59-60/>

Belknap married again on December 11, 1873, to Amanda (née Tomlinson) Bower, his second wife's widowed sister.<ref name=Kp59-60/> They had a daughter, Alice Belknap, born November 28, 1874.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Alice Belknap was considered one of Washington society's most sought-after belles.<ref>Form: An Illustrated Weekly Pub. Every Sat. in the Interests of American Society at Home and Abroad</ref> In 1897 she reportedly converted to Judaism for her engagement to Paul May, an attaché of the Belgian legation in Washington.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The engagement was broken the following year, and in June 1898 Alice Belknap married William Barklie Henry of Philadelphia.<ref name="books.google.co.il">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

American Civil WarEdit

File:William Belknap, Brady-Handy bw photo portrait, ca1855-1865.jpg

style }}

When the American Civil War started, Belknap remained loyal to the Union as a pro-war Democrat.Template:Sfn He first saw action in the Battle of Athens as the captain of the Keokuk City Rifles,<ref name=Beaman>Template:Cite journal</ref> a company of the Iowa Home Guard. He enlisted in the Union Army as a volunteer on November 7, 1861, and commissioned as a major. On December 7 he was mustered<ref name=Record>Template:Cite book</ref> and tasked with raising and equipping the 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry.<ref name=NYT10141890/> Belknap was assigned to Companies F&S.<ref name=NPS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A rugged, charismatic and handsome man, Belknap was well-suited to the rigors of being a soldier. At over six feet tall and 200 pounds, with blue eyes, and fair hair, mustache, and beard, Belknap was regarded a natural leader described as "a fine type of Saxon-American manhood".Template:Sfn In addition, the public speaking skills and powers of persuasion he developed as a lawyer made him an effective recruiter.Template:Sfn Belknap was a natural soldier, whose leadership skills, loud voice, and militia experience were assets in the training of newly enlisted privates.<ref name=Ipp566-567>Ingersoll (1880), pp. 566–577</ref>

Shiloh, Corinth, and VicksburgEdit

File:Thure de Thulstrup - Battle of Shiloh.jpg

style }}

In March 1862, Maj. Belknap and the 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry were mustered into military action.<ref name=Ipp566-567/> Traveling by steamer from St. Louis, Belknap was sent to the front at the Battle of Shiloh; arriving at Pittsburgh Landing on April 6 joining the Army of the Tennessee, under the authority of Union General Ulysses S. Grant.<ref name=Ipp566-567/> Belknap and his men were ordered to the front to serve under Maj. Gen Benjamin M. Prentiss at the Hornet's Nest.<ref name=Ipp566-567/> Belknap and his raw 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry troops were forced to fight like regular army veterans on Prentiss's depleted line.<ref name=Ipp566-567/> Belknap was slightly wounded in the shoulder,<ref name=Record/> and his horse was shot and killed from under him. Afterwards he continued on the field on foot.<ref>Template:Cite book Template:PD-notice</ref><ref name=Ipp566-567/> Reinforced, the Union Army under General Grant, forced the Confederates to retreat back to Corinth, and Shiloh was considered a Union victory.Template:Sfnm

File:Makers of the world's history and their grand achievements (1903) (14782619185).jpg

Charge of the Federals
Battle of Corinth (1862)

After Shiloh, Belknap served as acting commander of the 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry at the Battle of Corinth.<ref name=Ipp566-567/> Col. Hugh T. Reid, commander of the 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry, had been severely injured in the neck at Shiloh and removed from active duty.<ref name=B-Tp609>Belknap-Tyler (1887), p. 609</ref> Col. Reid stated that at Shiloh Belknap, "was always in the right place at the right time, directing and encouraging officers and men as coolly as a veteran"<ref name=DOABWWB/> At Corinth, Belknap was noted for his "conspicuous gallantry".<ref name=DOABWWB/> After Corinth, Belknap and the 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry for a time served on guard duty.<ref name=Ipp566-567/><ref name=B-Tp609/> Belknap was formally promoted from major to lieutenant colonel on August 20, 1862. Belknap was promoted from lieutenant colonel to colonel of the Iowa 15th Volunteer Infantry on June 3, 1863.<ref name=Ipp566-567/>

File:Battle of Vicksburg, Kurz and Allison.png

Siege of Vicksburg

The Union capture of Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi, was vital and would split the Confederacy in two.Template:Sfnm Belknap's primary military operation took place at the Siege of Vicksburg until Confederate General John C. Pemberton surrendered to Union General Grant on July 4, 1863.<ref name=NYT10141890/><ref name=Ipp566-567/> Colonel Belknap, Fifteenth Iowa, was part of the Third Brigade of the Sixth Division serving under Major General John McArthur.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On December 24, 1863, Belknap was in command of the 11th Iowa Volunteer Infantry and the 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry reinforcing Redbone, Mississippi, south of Vicksburg.<ref name=B-Tp609/> On February 26, 1864, Belknap served as provost marshal of post in Canton, Mississippi.<ref name=B-Tp609/>

Battle of Atlanta, Battle of Ezra Church, and March to the SeaEdit

File:Battle of Atlanta.png

style }}

On June 8, 1864, Col. Belknap and the veteran 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry were transferred to the 4th Division, XVII Corps at Ackworth, Georgia.<ref name=Ipp566-567/> On July 22, 1864, at the Battle of Atlanta, Belknap served with distinction, fighting against the 45th Alabama Infantry.<ref name=NYT10141890/><ref name=Severance_2013_p_213>Severance (2012), Portraits of Conflict: A Photographic History of Alabama in the Civil War, p. 213</ref> Belknap and his Iowa troops dug in and set up earthworks and a parapet around Bald Hill.<ref name=Severance_2013_p_213/> The 45th Alabama infantry led by Confederate Col. Harris D. Lampley, assaulted the entrenched Union line two times but were repelled by massive Union gun power.<ref name=Severance_2013_p_213/> On the second attempt, Lampley and his remaining men crossed over to the Union line for hand-to-hand combat. Lampley, who had been shot, cursed his men who had fallen or were retreating.<ref name=Severance_2013_p_213/> In the midst of the fierce fighting the burly Belknap grabbed the wounded Lampley by the collar, spun him around to face the Confederate lines, and shouted, "Look at your men! They are dead! What are you cursing them for!?"<ref name=B-Tp24>Belknap-Tyler (1887), p. 24</ref> Belknap took the wounded Lampley prisoner; he was held until his death on August 24.<ref name=Severance_2013_p_213/>

William H. Chamberlain of the 81st Ohio Infantry Regiment later wrote: "The next day [July 23, 1864] I remember seeing Colonel Wm. W. Belknap of the 15th Iowa (afterward Brigadier-General and Secretary of War). He was a brawny, red-bearded giant in appearance, and it was told of him that he had captured a number of prisoners by pulling them over the breastworks by main force, so closely were the lines engaged."<ref>W. H. Chamberlin. "Hood's Second Sortie at Atlanta," in Johnson, Robert Underwood and Buel, Clarence Clough, edd., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. IV, p. 331. Template:ISBN.</ref>

On July 28, 1864, at the Battle of Ezra Church, Belknap was in charge of the 15th Iowa Volunteer Infantry and the 32nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which reinforced Maj. Gen. Morgan Lewis Smith's XV Corps.<ref name=B-Tp609/>Template:Sfn On July 30, Belknap was promoted to brigadier general as commander of the 4th Division, XVII Corps, and participated in Major Gen. Sherman's operations in Georgia and the Carolinas.<ref name=NYT10141890/><ref name=B-Tp609/> After Atlanta was taken by the Union Army, Belknap accompanied Maj. Gen. Sherman on his March to the Sea.<ref name=NYT10141890/> Belknap was promoted to Brevet Major General of Volunteers on March 13, 1865,<ref name=Record/> as a reward for his bravery in the Atlanta Campaign.<ref name=NYT10141890/> Having declined a regular Army commission, on August 24, 1865, Belknap was mustered out of the U.S. Army.<ref name=NYT10141890/>

Iowa Collector of Internal Revenue (1865–1869)Edit

In 1865, President Andrew Johnson appointed Belknap Collector of Internal Revenue for Iowa's 1st District.<ref name="Society">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In this position, Belknap was responsible for collecting millions of dollars in federal taxes; collectors were paid a percentage of the revenue they brought in, which made the position lucrative and highly sought after.<ref name=Kp59>Koster (2010), p. 59</ref> Belknap served for four years until he was appointed Secretary of War by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869.<ref name=Kp59-60/> During his term as Collector, which coincided with the Reconstruction Era, Belknap associated himself with the Republican Party.<ref name="Society"/> Belknap served with distinction; when his Collector's accounts were settled, they were accurate to within four cents.<ref name="Society"/>

Secretary of War (1869–1876)Edit

File:William Worth Belknap, 30th United States Secretary of War.jpg

style }}

On the advice of General of the Army William T. Sherman, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Belknap to Secretary of War on October 25, 1869, to take the place of Secretary John A. Rawlins, who had died in office of tuberculosis.<ref name=Spp542-543>Smith (2001), pp. 542–543</ref>Template:Sfn Sherman himself had served briefly as acting secretary of war, after Rawlins's death.Template:Sfn Belknap was seen as a protégé of Sherman's, having fought in the Atlanta Campaign and accompanied him on Sherman's March to the Sea.<ref name=Spp542-543/> President Grant believed Belknap had served capably during the American Civil War and deserved to head the War Department.<ref name=Spp542-543/>

After his appointment, Belknap implemented or recommended several positive initiatives. He recommended that Congress act to fix the date of May 1 as the start of the fiscal year, allowing for more accurate accounting of department funds. He inaugurated the preparation of historical reports by post commanders as a way to document their activities for posterity, and proposed actions to preserve Yellowstone National Park.<ref name=Bp78>Bell (1981), p. 78</ref> Not all of Belknap's actions were well received, however. He bypassed Sherman when making appointments, and reduced Sherman's budget, thus weakening the authority of the General of the Army position.

In 1874, Sherman responded by leaving Washington and moving his headquarters to St. Louis.<ref name=Dpp104-105>Donovan (2008), pp. 104–105</ref> Major General Oliver O. Howard was also ostracized by Belknap. While stationed in Oregon, in 1874, Major General Howard candidly expressed his opinion of Belknap. Howard stated that Belknap was deceptive to "General Grant", that Belknap was not a true Republican, and that he associated nightly with "foul-mouthed" Democratic Kentucky associates. Howard also opined that Belknap was "not in favor" of the President's Indian Peace policy.<ref name=TPOUSG_1874_pp82-83>Simon ( 2003), The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Vol. 5, 1874</ref> That statement is likely related to a conflict, during Belknap's tenure, between the War and Interior Departments as to which would exercise control over American Indian policy.<ref name=Dpp104-105/> In the context of this era, Belknap's actions may not be seen as overly aggressive or overreaching. In terms of Reconstruction, historian Jean Edward Smith, notes that Grant, a former General of the Army, personally supervised the use of the U.S. military and that Belknap "had less freedom of action than other cabinet members."<ref name=Sp543>Smith (2001), p. 543</ref> Belknap held office for 6 years, 4 months, and 7 days.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

War Department portrait gallery (1869)Edit

Upon assuming office in 1869, Belknap conceived the idea of creating portraits of previous civilian heads of the War Department in honor of the upcoming 1876 U.S. Centennial,<ref name=Bp8>Bell (1981), p. 8</ref> and hired renowned artists Daniel Huntington, Robert Weir, and Henry Ulke.<ref name=Bp8/> Belknap's portrait was painted by Huntington in 1874.<ref name=Bp8/> The portraits were assembled into a distinct collection to be viewed by the public.<ref name=Bp8/> The portrait initiative was continued by Belknap's successors;<ref name=Bp8/> in addition to secretaries, the collection came to include others notable for their military distinction.<ref name=Bp8/> This effort at historic preservation was considered a success, and Belknap received "unqualified credit" for his creation of the War Department portrait gallery.<ref name=Bp8/>

Indian ring (1870–1876)Edit

File:Fort Sill.jpg

style }}

During the summer of 1870, Belknap successfully lobbied Congress to grant him the sole power to appoint and license agents, known as sutlers, with ownership rights to highly lucrative "traderships" at U.S. military forts in the Western frontier.<ref name=Kp59/><ref name=SALpp319-320>Forty First Congress, Statutes At Large, pp. 319–320</ref> These monopoly traderships were considered good investments during the Gilded Age and were highly sought after.<ref name=Kpp59-60>Koster, pp. 59–60</ref>Template:Sfn On July 15, the Commanding General of the Army's power to appoint traderships was repealed, empowering Belknap while further eroding Sherman's authority.<ref name=SALpp319-320/>

To ensure maximum profits, Belknap ordered soldiers stationed at forts having Belknap-approved sutlers to buy supplies only through the authorized traderships.<ref name=Kp59/> Soldiers on the Western frontier, who were thus forced to buy goods at exorbitant prices that far exceeded the usual rate, were left in debt or destitute as a result.<ref name=Kpp58-59>Koster pp. 58–59</ref> One 7th Cavalry Sergeant noted that a shot of whiskey "mostly glass" cost 25 cents (.25¢ 1871 = $5.40 2019) glass, at a time when soldiers were paid a few dollars ($1.00 1871 = $21.60 2019) a month.Template:Sfn

Hostile American Indians bought supplies at these traderships, including high-quality single-shot breech-loaders and repeating rifles.<ref name=Kp58>Koster, p. 58</ref> At the same time, Army requisitions for rifles were filled by Belknap's War Department with inferior single-shot breech-loaders that jammed frequently, and were no match for superior breech-loaders and repeating rifles.<ref name=Kp58/> The policy had a negative effect on the firepower of the U.S. troops and may have contributed to the defeat of George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Cavalry at Battle of the Little Big Horn in June 1876, several months after Belknap was out of office.<ref name=Kp58/> (However, Custer had also decided against bringing Gatling guns; these would have increased Custer's firepower, even if his troops had been armed with inferior rifles.)<ref name=Hp30>Hofling (1981), p. 30</ref>

Belknap's second wife, Carita, was socially ambitious and unwilling to live in Washington, D.C., on Belknap's $8,000 annual salary (about $157,000 in 2018).Template:Sfn When the couple arrived in Washington from Keokuk, Iowa in 1869, Belknap rented a large house recently vacated by Secretary of State William H. Seward.Template:Sfn In hosting large parties, a typical social requirement for cabinet members, the Belknaps overextended their invitations; one of their events had 1,200 guests, including many young army officers; the resulting raucous behavior led to extensive damage and vandalism, including destruction of curtains, couches, and other furniture.Template:Sfn The Belknaps could not afford to pay for the damages, and were faced with leaving Washington society and reducing expenses by living in a boarding house, or finding a way to increase their income.Template:Sfn

They decided to look for additional income, and Carita engineered a plan to obtain a lucrative "cash cow" Indian tradership position at the recently built Fort Sill, located in the Oklahoma Indian Territory.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Carita lobbied her husband to appoint a New York contractor, Caleb P. Marsh, to the Fort Sill tradership; John S. Evans, an experienced sutler, had already been appointed and did not want to give it up.<ref name=Mp58>McFeely (1981), p. 58</ref>Template:Sfn To settle the question, Marsh drew up an illicit partnership contract that allowed Evans to keep the tradership at Fort Sill, provided that he pay Marsh $12,000 per year in quarterly installments (approximately $236,000 in 2018).Template:Sfn Marsh, in turn, was required to give half of his $12,000 to Carita, also in quarterly installments.Template:Sfn All the parties agreed to the arrangement; however, Carita received only one payment before her death from tuberculosis after childbirth in December 1870.Template:Sfn

After Carita's death, Marsh continued to pay the quarterly share of the profits to Carita's younger sister Amanda, known as "Puss",Template:Sfn who had moved in with the Belknaps, ostensibly to hold as a trust fund for the benefit of Carita's child.<ref name=Mp58/>Template:Sfn This profiteering arrangement between Amanda and Marsh was all done with Belknap's full knowledge and consent.Template:Sfn After Carita's child died in June 1871, Amanda left to tour Europe, and Belknap continued to take the quarterly bribery payments until December 1873, when Amanda returned and became Belknap's third wife.<ref name=Mp58/> Amanda was a beautiful young socialite; intending to keep the modest fortune she inherited from her family while also attaining a high position in Washington society, she required Belknap to sign a prenuptial agreement.Template:Sfn

Belknap rented a large new house on G Street, which had been built by Orville Babcock, President Grant's personal secretary.Template:Sfn From that time onward, Belknap and Amanda continued to accept Marsh's quarterly payments.<ref name=Mp58/>Template:Sfn Amanda was considered to be more self-indulgent than her sister Carita, donning gorgeous gowns, jewelry and other accessories for parties and other events, and called the "spendthrift belle" by Washington society.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Belknaps' extravagant lifestyle entertaining Washington society, holding lavish parties, and wearing elegant clothes, created envy among both Democratic political figures and permanent residents of Washington.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn However, that the Belknaps were receiving kickbacks was not publicly known until February 1876, when the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives launched an investigation,<ref name=Mp58/>Template:Sfn which discovered that Belknap and his wives had received about $20,000 (approximately $394,000 in 2018) in bribes from Marsh.Template:Sfn

French arms sales (1870)Edit

During the Franco-Prussian War from 1870 to 1871, the United States declared neutrality.<ref name=Mpp150-151>McFeely (1981), pp. 150–151</ref> Belknap had been accused by Grant administration critics, including Senators Charles Sumner and Carl Schurz, of violating neutrality and selling arms to French agents.<ref name=Mpp150-151/> In fact, Belknap had sold obsolete U.S. War Department firearms to a neighbor of the Remington family, which owned the E. Remington and Sons firearms and ammunition company.<ref name=Mpp150-151/> Samuel Remington, as an arms-selling agent to the French Government, then arranged the sale of those firearms to France.<ref name=Mpp150-151/><ref name=Dp80>Doukas (2003), p. 80</ref> Belknap subsequently sold 54,000,000 cartridges to the French ArmyTemplate:Sndcartridges that would specifically fit the firearms he had previously sold to the Remington neighbor.<ref name=Mpp150-151/> A Congressional investigation that took place in 1872 exonerated Belknap.<ref name=Mpp150-151/>

Pardoned Cadet Smith (1871)Edit

During the Reconstruction Era, former slave James Webster Smith became the first African American cadet to enroll at West Point.<ref name=Mp375>McFeely (1981), p. 375</ref> After starting classes in 1870, Smith was immediately and severely hazed by white cadets. One of Belknap's nephews, a cadet at the academy, had been reprimanded (but not otherwise punished) for hazing Smith.<ref name=Mp377>McFeely (1981), p. 377</ref> In another instance, Smith was arrested and taken to a military court for fighting a white cadet, though Smith said he had merely defended himself. Major General Oliver O. Howard, an advocate for African-American civil rights and in charge of the trial, acquitted Smith and gave him a light punishment for unruly conduct.<ref name=Mpp377-378>McFeely (1981), pp. 377–378</ref> This outraged the academy's Bureau of Military Justice, who made a formal protest to Belknap on November 20, 1870.<ref name=Mp378>McFeely (1981), p. 378</ref> In another hazing incident, in January 1871, Smith was arrested for supposedly not holding his head up when marching, again after being severely harassed by white cadets.<ref name=Mp378/>

With Howard now reassigned to the western United States, the academy's administration determined to force Smith out.<ref name=Mpp375-376>McFeely (1981), pp. 375–376.</ref> This time he was convicted; his case was then appealed to Belknap.<ref name=Mp378/> Smith had been recommended for expulsion, but Belknap intervened with President Grant, who changed the sentence to setting Smith back academically, which caused him to repeat his Plebe year.<ref name=Mp378/> Smith continued at West Point until 1874, when Professor Peter S. Michie, a white supremacist, gave Smith a private test, in defiance of traditional West Point practice, and claimed that Smith had failed.<ref name=Mp379>McFeely (1981), p. 379</ref> Smith was then denied a chance to retest and was forced out of West Point.<ref name=Mp379/>

Belknap concurred when Major General Thomas H. Ruger, appointed superintendent of West Point in 1871, reduced the hazing of cadets by 1873 and made strong efforts to eradicate the "discreditable" practice.<ref name=NYT08_23_1873>New York Times (August 23, 1873), The Military Academy Report of the Board of West Point Visitors</ref> Belknap admired Ruger's performance as West Point Superintendent and stated, "I am pretty satisfied with the success of your management, and private conversations with officers of all grades, & with civilians too, who have been there since your accession..."<ref name=C06_24_2009>Cowan's (June 24, 2009), West Point Superintendent Thomas H. Ruger Archive Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name=FHM>Belknap (Nov. 17, 1871), Frohne's Historic Military Template:Dead link</ref> Other African Americans followed Smith's entrance into West Point and Henry O. Flipper became the first to graduate from the academy in 1877.<ref name=JWSAHOP04_03_2009>Art of the Possible Online (July 3, 2009), James Webster Smith and Henry O. Flipper Template:Webarchive</ref> In 1997, President Bill Clinton attempted to acknowledge and right the wrong done to Smith by awarding him a posthumous commission as a second lieutenant.<ref name=REpA13>Reading Eagle, Armies First Black Cadet Gets Bars 123 Years Later, p. A13</ref>

Aiding Chicago fire victims (1871)Edit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Chicago-fire1.jpg

Belknap aided victims of the devastating 1871 Chicago fire.

From October 8 to October 10, 1871, a devastating fire burned and destroyed much of Chicago, killing hundreds of people and causing $200,000,000 (nearly $4 billion in 2018) in damages. Over 100,000 citizens were left destitute and homeless.<ref name=NYT10_11_1871>New York Times (October 11, 1871), The Ruined City</ref> Belknap took prompt action on October 9, ordering food sent from St. Louis, tents from Jefferson Barracks, and two companies of troops from Fort Omaha to help keep peace and order.<ref name=NYT10_11_1871/> On October 10, Belknap in writing a dispatch to Lt. General Philip Sheridan stated that the fire was "...a national calamity. The sufferers have the sincere sympathy of the nation."<ref name=NYT10_11_1871/> Belknap ordered military officers around the nation to send supplies to Chicago "liberally and promptly".<ref name=NYT10_11_1871/>

In his Annual Report to President Grant in December 1871, Belknap praised the War Department for the efficiency of operations in aiding the homeless and destitute of the Chicago Fire within hours of notification, while the fire was still in progress.Template:Sfn Belknap also praised Sheridan and the several companies of troops under his command for keeping law and order in the ruined city.Template:Sfn

Requested prisoner and prison reform (1871)Edit

In the summer of 1871, a U.S. Board of military officers visited the Quebec, Canada military prison run by the British Army.Template:Sfn The board recommended that British methods be adopted in the U.S. Army, including a system of rewards for good behavior, and difficult physical exercise and taxing military drill and ceremony as punishments, with the goals of returning prisoners to military duty at the end of their sentences and preventing re-offenses.Template:Sfn Belknap approved the board's recommendations and requested Congress incorporate the British system into the U.S. military,Template:Sfn and also requested that funding for the new program be paid for by having soldiers forfeit their pay during the time of their incarceration.Template:Sfn

New Orleans 1872 street riotEdit

During Reconstruction Grant enforced civil and voting rights for African Americans in the South, using the army and newly created Justice Department to destroy the Ku Klux Klan in 1871, under the Enforcement Acts. Louisiana during Reconstruction was one of the most politically turbulent, violent, and disputed states. Rival political factions fought for power in the state government, and white insurgents frequently attacked freedmen and their sympathizers, requiring the deployment of federal troops to keep peace.<ref name=Cpp316-317>Coakley (1988), pp. 316–317</ref>

During January 1872, the War Department was kept on high alert, concerned with the potential for violent confrontation in New Orleans between Gov. Henry Clay Warmoth's faction and that of George W. Carter, former speaker of the Louisiana House.<ref name=Cpp317-318>Coakley (1988), pp. 317–318</ref> Warmoth supported social equality and voting rights for African Americans, but southern conservatives considered him a corrupt northern carpetbagger.<ref>Hogue (2006), Uncivil War, pp. 58–59</ref> To prevent disorder Major General William H. Emory, Louisville District Commander, in charge of New Orleans, decided that federal troops were needed to prevent violence.<ref name=Dpp117-118>Dawson (1982), pp. 117–118</ref> Belknap informed General-in-Chief William T. Sherman, supporting Emory's request.<ref name=Dpp117-118/> On January 5, federal troops were deployed in New Orleans to prevent violence, and were intended to occupy the area until January 11.<ref name=Cpp318-319>Coakley (1988), pp. 318–319</ref> Sec. Belknap advised President Grant that Emory was the best to make the decision about use of the forces.<ref name=Cpp318-319/>

On January 9, a street riot broke out after a Gov. Warmoth supporter was assassinated; Gov. Warmoth's state police retaliated by attacking and dispersing Carter's faction at the Gem Saloon. Emory deployed reinforcement troops on January 10 to restore order.<ref name=Cp319>Coakley (1988), p. 319</ref> On January 12, Grant, wanting to stay out of state politics, told the mayor of New Orleans through the War Department that he would not declare martial law in Louisiana.<ref name=Cp319/> An angry mob of thousands of Carter's men took to the streets. Emory deployed troops equipped with Gatling guns.<ref name=Cpp319-320>Coakley (1988), pp. 319–320</ref> Carter's men dispersed, believing that Emory would use U.S. military force to keep the peace.<ref name=Cpp319-320/>

On January 15, Grant wrote to Belknap that he desired to prevent the "danger of bloodshed" without having to take sides with either faction.<ref name=Cp320>Coakley (1988), p. 320</ref> On January 16, Att. Gen. George H. Williams told Gov. Warmoth that Grant would take sides only if there was a "clear case of legal right and overruling necessity."<ref name=Cp320/> On January 22, learning that Gov. Warmoth and Carter had formed rival militias and were preparing for violence, President Grant issued orders through the War Department for Emory to use troops if necessary.<ref name=Cpp321-322>Coakley (1988), pp. 321–322</ref> When Emory communicated Grant's message to both Gov. Warmoth and Carter, they dispersed their factions and kept peace for 10 months.<ref name=Cpp321-322/>

Eads Bridge commission (1873)Edit

File:Eads Bridge St Louis 1874 ppmsca08973u.jpg

style }}

In 1873, the construction of the Americas' first steel arched bridge, named after James B. Eads, was nearing completion in St. Louis.<ref name=Spp99-100>Stevens (2008), pp. 99–100</ref> Belknap, under influence from the Keokuk Packet steamliner company, was opposed to its completion. He desired that the bridge be torn down, so steamers would not have to lower their smokestacks to sail under it.<ref name=Spp99-100/> Belknap created a commission to make recommendations on either destroying the bridge and rebuilding it with a design that allowed steamers to pass or building a canal around the bridge so that they could pass.<ref name=Spp99-100/> Eads, who was friends with Grant, visited Washington, D.C., in November 1873 before Belknap submitted the report to Congress, and asked that Grant rescue the bridge from destruction.<ref name=Spp100-101>Stevens (2008), pp. 100–101</ref> Belknap argued that according to federal law, the Secretary of War had the authority to prevent obstruction of the Mississippi River.<ref name=Spp100-101/>

In response, Grant reminded Belknap that Congress had authorized the construction of the bridge,<ref name=Spp100-101/> and that Congress would probably not authorize money to tear it down. He overruled Belknap's decision, and told Belknap in person, "You certainly cannot destroy this structure on your own authority...General, you had better drop this case."<ref name=Spp101-102>Stevens (2008), pp. 101–102</ref> Belknap was embarrassed, stood up blushing, bowed to President Grant, and left the meeting.<ref name=Spp101-102/> The Eads Bridge was completed in 1874 and is still in active use today.<ref name=EB>Eads Bridge infosite, en.structurae.de; accessed June 19, 2015.</ref>

Preserved Mathew Brady Civil War photos (1874)Edit

In 1872, photographer Mathew Brady went bankrupt; his possessions, including photographs and negatives, were sold to satisfy creditors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1874, the owner of a warehouse in New York City offered a set of over 2,000 Brady negatives for sale; Belknap authorized their purchase for $2,500.Template:Sfn The negatives were not packed or transported with care, and by the time the War Department took possession, about one-third of them were damaged or destroyed.Template:Sfn

Brady subsequently complained to Belknap that none of the $2,500 had gone to him or any of his creditors.Template:Sfn During the discussion, Brady offered to sell a second set of negatives; Congress appropriated up to $25,000 for the purchase, and after reviewing the materials and obtaining advice from a War Department attorney as to their value, Belknap authorized payment in full.Template:Sfn

As a result of Belknap's initiative, the War Department acquired over 6,000 images of the Civil War era, including photos of prominent military and government officials, battlefields, and defensive works.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This collection was subsequently combined with other collections of Brady photos which were purchased by the federal government; they were later catalogued, and are maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration and the Library of Congress.Template:Sfn

Yellowstone expedition (1875)Edit

During the summer of 1875, Belknap decided to explore Yellowstone the nation's first national park, created as the result of a law signed by President Grant on March 2, 1872.<ref name=Sp105>Scott (2007), p. 105</ref> Accompanying Belknap were Colonel Randolph B. Marcy, Lieutenant Colonel James W. Forsyth, and Chicago businessman William E. Strong.<ref name=Sp105/> Leading the expedition was Lieutenant Gustavus C. Doane, who had led the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition in 1870, the first extensive federal survey of the Yellowstone territory, that was responsible in part for the formation of the park.<ref name=Sp105/><ref name=Cp72>Cambell (1909), p. 72</ref> Doane left Fort Ellis, where he was stationed, and made preparations for Belknap's party's arrival at Mammoth Hot Springs.<ref name=Spp105-106>Scott (2007), pp. 105–106</ref>

On July 26, Belknap's party reached Fort Ellis and proceeded to meet Doane.<ref name=Spp105-106/> Led by Doane, Belknap's party attempted to retrace the original 1870 Expedition in addition to hunting for any big game found on the journey.<ref name=Bpp47-50>Template:Cite book</ref> Belknap's party included 24 soldiers and two ambulances.<ref name=Sp106>Scott (2007), p. 106</ref> The two-week expedition proved to be troublesome as Doane was unable to find big game to hunt and after briefly viewing the Grand Canyon of Yellowstone, Belknap's party had to wait several hours before Doane finally found the trail.<ref name=Bpp47-50/><ref name=Spp106-107>Scott (2007), pp. 106–107</ref>

Great Sioux War (1876)Edit

Template:Further

In late July 1874, a U.S. Army expedition under Col. George A. Custer discovered gold in the Black Hills.<ref name=Ostler_pp_60-62>Jeffrey Ostler (2004) The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee, pp. 60–62</ref> Soon many gold miners were trespassing on land granted to the Indians under the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. In June 1875, President Grant attempted to resolve the problem by offering Indians $100,000 per year to lease their land or $6,000,000 for the Black Hills.<ref name=Ostler_pp_60-62/> The Lakota Sioux under Chief Red Cloud refused since the offer would require the Sioux to be moved to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma.

On November 3, 1875, as the crisis escalated, President Grant held a secret meeting at the White House including Belknap, Secretary of Interior Zachariah Chandler and general Philip Sheridan. Sheridan told Grant that the U.S. Army was undermanned and the territory involved was vast, requiring great numbers of soldiers to enforce the treaty.Template:Sfn Grant, Belknap, and Chandler agreed to a plan that would withdraw U.S. troops from the Black Hills, allowing miners to mine on Indian Territory.<ref name=Ostler_pp_60-62/> According to historian Jeffrey Ostler, the purpose of the troop withdrawal was to start an Indian war.<ref name=Ostler_pp_60-62/>

On December 3, 1875, Chandler ordered all Indians to return to their respected reservations, however, militant Indians under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse refused to return. By January 1876, 4,000 miners illegally occupied Indian land.<ref name=Ostler_pp_60-62/> When hostile Indians refused to leave their hunting grounds by the January 31 deadline, Chandler turned the Indians over to Belknap's War Department stating "the said Indians are hereby turned over to the War Department for such action on the part of the Army as you [Belknap] may deem proper under the circumstances."<ref>Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of War, February 1, 1876, National Archives</ref>

On February 8, 1876, Generals Crook and Terry were ordered to start winter military campaigns against hostile Indians and the Great Sioux War commenced.<ref>Colonel Drum to Gen. Terry and Gen. Crook, February 8, 1876, National Archives</ref> On March 1, 1876, Crook, in freezing weather, marched north from Fort Fetterman near Douglas, Wyoming to attack Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse and their Indian followers on the Powder River.<ref>Collins, Jr., Charles D. Atlas of the Sioux Wars, Second edition, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006, Map 14, 15</ref> The following day, March 2, Belknap abruptly resigned office over the Fort Sill trader post-scandal. From March 3 to March 7 the War Department was run ad interim under Secretary of Navy George M. Robeson. On March 8, 1876 Alphonso Taft was appointed by Grant Secretary of War. The Great Sioux War ended in April 1877 under President Rutherford B. Hayes.

Corruption, resignation, and House impeachment (1876)Edit

Template:Further

File:Hiester Clymer Brady-Handy.jpg

Democratic Congressman Hiester Clymer investigated Belknap's War Department

File:Hon. Heister Clymer, Chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department, Reading to the House of Representatives the Report and Resolutions Asking for the Impeachment of W.W. Belknap, Late Sec. of War.png

Congressman Clymer reads to the House a report recommending impeachment and a resolution

On February 29, 1876, rumors that Belknap was receiving profits from traderships reached Representative Hiester Clymer, chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War. In response, Clymer launched an investigation into the War Department. Although Clymer and Belknap were friends and had been college roommates, Clymer was a racist against black Americans who strongly opposed Republican Reconstruction. During Belknap's tenure, the Army was used in combination with the Justice Department to prosecute the Ku Klux Klan, a policy opposed by most Democrats. Caleb P. Marsh testified to the Clymer Committee that Belknap had personally taken Fort Sill tradership profit payments as part of the partnership agreement between Marsh and John S. Evans. On February 29, 1876, Belknap and his counsel went before Clymer's committee, but Belknap declined to testify.<ref name=Mp433>McFeely (1981), Grant, p. 433</ref>

On the morning of March 2, Treasury Secretary Benjamin Bristow told President Grant of Belknap's impending impeachment. After Grant finished breakfast, Secretary Belknap and Secretary Chandler arrived at the White House. Belknap was extremely anxious, openly wept, and confessed to Grant. Belknap handed Grant a one-sentence resignation letter. Grant personally wrote a letter accepting Belknap's resignation, which he placed on a White House mantel at 10:20Template:Nbspa.m.<ref name=Mp433/>

Clymer's committee was informed at 11:00Template:Nbspa.m. of Belknap's resignation.<ref name=Mp434>McFeely (1981), Grant, p. 434</ref> Although Belknap's resignation initially caused commotion among House members, it did not prevent action by the Clymer committee. The chairman of the House Managers cited authority that as a rule, the law does not recognize fractions of a day and the House saw no cause to make an exception in this case.<ref name=:Hinds>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp The committee unanimously passed resolutions to impeach Belknap and drew up five articles of impeachment to be sent to the Senate; thus Belknap had both resigned and would be impeached at "the same time" on March 2, 1876, by a unanimous vote of the House of Representatives.Template:Sfn This was the first of two times in US history that a cabinet secretary was ever impeached, the second being the impeachment of Alejandro Mayorkas in 2024.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Speaker of the House Michael C. Kerr wrote to the Senate that Belknap resigned "with intent to evade the proceedings of impeachment against him,"Template:Sfn although within a few years of the 1797 impeachment of Senator Blount a number of officers including several judges had been threatened with impeachment and resigned to avoid it, after which the proceedings against them were abandoned.<ref name=:Hinds />Template:Rp

On March 29 and April 4, 1876, George Armstrong Custer testified before the Clymer Committee, which continued to gather evidence for the Senate trial. Custer's testimony was a national media sensation because he accused both Grant's brother and the Secretary of War of corruption. Although Belknap had resigned, he had many political allies in Washington, D.C., including Grant. Custer had previously arrested Grant's son Fred, an Army officer, on the charge of drunkenness. As the result of that incident and his testimony to the Clymer Committee, Custer incurred Grant's displeasure. It took more than a month for Custer to resolve the situation and obtain Grant's permission to return to duty, leading his regiment in the expedition that would culminate with Custer's death at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Upon Belknap's sudden resignation in March, Grant had to hastily ask his secretary of navy George M. Robeson to run the War Department ad interim, which lasted a week. Grant then appointed Alphonso Taft Secretary of War; Taft was an attorney and former judge; unfamiliar with military matters, he reluctantly agreed to serve in order to stabilize the War Department, and Grant promised to nominate him later for another, more suitable position. In May, Grant kept his word when he created a vacancy in the attorney general's post by naming the incumbent, Edwards Pierrepont, to serve as Minister to England; he then appointed Taft to serve as attorney general, and J. Donald Cameron to succeed Taft as secretary of war.

Senate trial, house arrest, and Senate acquittalEdit

File:Matthew H. Carpenter - Brady-Handy.jpg

Belknap's Senate trial defender Matthew H. Carpenter

Starting on April 5, 1876, Belknap was tried by the Senate with President pro tempore Thomas W. Ferry presiding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> For several weeks senators argued over whether the Senate had jurisdiction to put Belknap on trial since he had already resigned office in March.Template:Sfn Belknap's defense managers argued that the Senate had no jurisdiction;Template:Sfn the Senate ruled by a vote of 37–29 that it did.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Belknap was charged with five articles of impeachment, and the Senate listened to over 40 witnesses.Template:Sfn With 40 votes needed for conviction, 25 senators voted no on each of five counts, while the yes votes were 35, 36, 36, 36, and 37, thus acquitting Belknap by failing to reach the required two-thirds majority.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn<ref name=Mp152>McFeely (1974), p. 152</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All Senators agreed that Belknap took the money from Marsh, but 23 who voted for acquittal believed the Senate did not have jurisdiction.Template:Sfn<ref name=Mp152/> Grant's speedy acceptance of Belknap's resignation undoubtedly saved him from conviction.<ref name=Mp152/>

After the trial, Belknap's wife and children traveled extensively in Europe.Template:Sfn Former senator Matthew H. Carpenter of Wisconsin, who had defended Belknap at the Senate trial, said that Belknap was entirely innocent and that if he outlived Belknap he would clear Belknap's name.Template:Sfn Carpenter was reelected to the Senate in 1879, but was in ill health; he died in February 1881 and never produced any new evidence.Template:Sfn

On March 4, 1876, one month prior to his Senate impeachment trial, Grant's Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont had Belknap arrested; as a foe of the Tweed Ring in New York, Pierrepont was seen as a lawyer of integrity, and Grant named him as attorney general to promote reform and anti-corruption within Grant's administration.Template:Sfn Grant, who as former commanding general put more scrutiny into military matters than presidents usually did, had ordered Pierrepont to launch a criminal investigation into Belknap's War department.Template:Sfn Much to Belknap's anger, Pierrepont put an armed guard around his home to ensure he did not attempt to flee.Template:Sfn In May 1876, Grant named Pierrepont Minister to Britain, and appointed his Secretary of War Alphonso Taft to be attorney general.Template:Sfn

Washington, D.C., indictment (1876–1877)Edit

File:Arthur macarthur sr.png

Judge MacArthur dismissed Belknap's Washington D.C. case, pressured by Grant and Attorney General Taft.

After Belknap's Senate acquittal on August 1, the guards around his house were removed; he was indicted by a grand jury on the same day, and set for trial in the District of Columbia federal court.<ref name=NYT08_02_1876>New York Times (August 2, 2012), "Acquittal of Belknap"</ref>Template:Sfn However, journalists and other observers were of the view that the district courts were unlikely to convict, given the number of Grant administration officials who had been accused of corruption and received little or no punishment.<ref name=NYT08_02_1876/>

Belknap remained angry at Pierrepont, and threatened to sue him for false imprisonment.Template:Sfn On February 2, 1877, Belknap visited Grant and pleaded for his indictment to be dismissed.Template:Sfn The next day Grant asked his cabinet for advice;Template:Sfn Secretary of State Hamilton Fish was furious at Belknap and wanted him to be tried.Template:Sfn Grant decided otherwise, and wrote to Taft that the district attorney should be directed to dismiss the case.Template:Sfn

Following Grant's instructions, Taft told Washington, D.C. District Attorney Henry H. Wells that the evidence against Belknap would not sustain a conviction, and that Belknap had suffered enough during the Senate trial.Template:Sfn<ref name=NYT02_09_1877>New York Times, "The Suit Against Gen. Belknap"</ref> Wells moved for dismissal; on February 8, 1877, Belknap's case, indictment No. 11,262, was dismissed by Justice Arthur MacArthur Sr.<ref name=NYT02_09_1877/> No longer facing the possibility of conviction and imprisonment, Belknap decided not to follow through on his threat to sue Pierrepont.Template:Sfn

Later careerEdit

File:Ulysses S. Grant Trapeze Cartoon Keppler Puck 1880.tif

style }}

Having been disgraced by the Senate trial, Belknap sought to escape from the scrutiny and disapproval of Washington society by moving to Philadelphia.<ref name="Cooper pp_312-313">Cooper (2003) William Worth Belknap: An American Disgrace, pp. 312–313</ref> The Belknaps remained married; Amanda and the children visited the Catskills, Coney Island, and other resorts, and Belknap saw them periodically.<ref name="Cooper pp_312-313"/> Belknap later resided in Keokuk, where he practiced law that largely involved representing railroads.Template:Sfn Although he was no longer involved in politics or government, Belknap often returned to Washington to represent clients, and maintained a residence and office there.Template:Sfn

Years after his impeachment, Belknap's reputation publicly still remained damaged by corruption charges.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the 1880 presidential race, he was among those lampooned in a Puck magazine cartoon (Grant the Acrobat, by Joseph Ferdinand Keppler) opposing Ulysses S. Grant's bid for a third term.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

One historian, L.D. Ingersoll, however, defended Belknap in 1880, saying "General Belknap came out of the terrible ordeal with "troops of friends" still standing behind him, notably old army comrades in the army and those who were especially familiar with his conduct of the general affairs of the War Department. These with many public men of the highest standing, insist that he is a much abused man."Template:Sfn

Belknap remained popular among his fellow Civil War veterans; in 1887, Belknap coauthored the book History of the Fifteenth Regiment, Iowa Veteran Volunteer Infantry.<ref name="Cooper pp_312-313"/>

Death, burial and memorialEdit

Belknap died suddenly from a massive heart attack in Washington, D.C. on Sunday October 12, 1890.<ref name=NYT10141890/> The New York Times stated that his death occurred on Sunday between 1:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., and that he died alone at his residence in the Evans building on New York Avenue.<ref name=NYT10141890/><ref name=TMJp1>The Milwaukee Journal, "Dying A Solitary Death"</ref> Prior to his death, Belknap had played cards with his friends on Saturday night, then retired upstairs for the evening.<ref name=NYT10141890/><ref name=TMJp1/> Belknap's wife, Amanda, was in New York City at the time.<ref name=TMJp1/>

At 8:30 a.m. on Monday morning, Belknap's business associate, John W. Cameron, picked up Belknap's mail on the first floor of Belknap's home, where he maintained his law office, and proceeded to the second floor, where Belknap lived.<ref name=NYT10141890/> Cameron and a maid found that all the rooms had been locked.<ref name=NYT10141890/> A janitor was summoned to open the doors, and a step ladder was used to peer into Belknap's bedroom.<ref name=NYT10141890/> Belknap had placed his hat and coat on a chair and his lifeless body was found on his bed.<ref name=NYT10141890/> His left arm had been raised toward his head with his left hand tightly clenched.<ref name=NYT10141890/> The bed clothes were disheveled and he appeared to have struggled for breath.<ref name=NYT10141890/> The physician who initially examined the body stated that he had died of apoplexy; however, an autopsy by the coroner revealed that Belknap suffered from heart disease.<ref name=NYT10141890/><ref name=SFRp1>Spokane Falls Review, "Death Of General Belknap"</ref> The War Department was notified and received with "genuine sorrow" the news of Belknap's death, since Belknap had been a popular Secretary of War.<ref name=TMJp1/>

Belknap was buried in Section 1 at Arlington National Cemetery on October 16, 1890.<ref name="ANC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ceremony was conducted by St. John's Episcopal Church. The site features a granite gravestone with a bronze relief memorial designed by sculptor Carl Rohl-Smith.<ref name="BelknapMonument">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The bronze relief (2 ft. x 2 ft.) bust shows Belknap wearing a dress uniform with his hair parted on the right side as well as a long, full beard.<ref name="BelknapMonument"/> The relief is located on the front of a granite base (6 ft. x 5 ft. x 5 ft.).<ref name="BelknapMonument"/> This piece was surveyed by the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1995 and its condition was described as "Treatment being needed".<ref name="BelknapMonument"/> The relief is signed by the artist: C.R. 1897.<ref name="SOS"/>

File:William Worth Belknap Monument by Carl Rohl-Smith (1891 or 1897) Control IAS 76007700.jpg

style }}

A plaque on the front of the granite base is inscribed:

WILLIAM WORTH BELKNAP

BORN 1829 – DIED 1890

COLONEL 15TH IOWA VOL. INFANTRY

BRIGADIER & BREVET MAJOR GENERAL U.S.VOLS.

SECRETARY OF WAR 1869–1876

ERECTED BY HIS COMRADES OF THE

CROCKER IOWA BRIGADE

11TH, 13TH, 15TH AND 16TH IOWA VOL. INFANTRY

ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE.

COMPANIONS OF THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE

LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES

AND OTHER FRIENDS<ref name="SOS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Historical reputationEdit

Prior to Belknap's 1876 shocking resignation, Belknap's reputation was one of a war hero who honorably served the Union Army.Template:Sfn There were no rumors of corruption while he served under Johnson as a Treasury collector. Even up to 1876, Belknap, under Grant, was believed to be a faithful judicious Secretary of War, publicly recognized for aiding and protecting 100,000 homeless Chicago fire victims.

In 2003 biographer Edward S. Cooper described Belknap as a man of virtues and flaws.<ref name="Cooper p_13">Cooper (2003) William Worth Belknap: An American Disgrace, p. 13</ref> According to Cooper, Belknap "willingly turned to graft to support the social ambitions of his wives" while living a lavish lifestyle in Washington, D.C., at the expense of soldiers and Indians during the Gilded Age.<ref name="Cooper pp_12-13">Cooper (2003) William Worth Belknap: An American Disgrace, pp. 12–13</ref> Belknap is positively credited by Cooper for creating and expanding the weather bureau, reforming the military justice system, and for preserving Mathew Brady's photographic record of the Civil War.<ref name="Cooper p_13"/> Belknap's abrupt and controversial resignation in March 1876 caused an unprecedented succession of four Secretaries of War within a 13-month time period: Belknap, Alphonso Taft, J. Donald Cameron, and George W. McCrary.

In Keokuk, Belknap is remembered for being one of its "colorful citizens" and he has two streets named after him.Template:Sfn He was commended by his Army colleagues for his coolness under fire during the Civil War, but his reputation suffered as the result of his forced resignation as Grant's Secretary of War, which took place under a cloud amid suspicions of misconduct.Template:Sfn

File:Gen. William Worth Belknap House.jpg

Belknap's home in Keokuk – Built 1854

Belknap's name resurfaced in January 2021, due to the similarity between Belknap's 1876 impeachment trial and President Donald Trump's 2021 impeachment trial, since both had left office by the time the trial had commenced.Template:Sfn

Andra Belknap, a Belknap descendant, said, "William Worth Belknap was by many accounts a hero of the Civil War. He served the Union Army, and during the Battle of Shiloh, he was injured and had his horse shot down under him. And still, he continued in battle. During the Battle of Atlanta, he personally took a Confederate officer prisoner (supposedly dragging the man by the collar across the battlefield). His Civil War heroism, however, has been largely forgotten by history — even forgotten by his own family. His impeachment is what remains in the history books." Template:Sfn

LegacyEdit

A collection of his family's records and papers and several boxes of letters received by Belknap are located at Princeton University, where he was a member of the class of 1848.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

His son Hugh R. Belknap served as a U.S. congressman from Illinois.<ref name=IArepbio/>

Mount Belknap in Utah is named in his honor.<ref>Henry Gannett, The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902, p. 39.</ref>

List of Indian campaigns, battles, and wars involving the United StatesEdit

Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
Battle of Summit Springs (1869)
Marias Massacre (1870)
Camp Grant massacre (1871)
Modoc War (1872–1873)
Battle of Salt River Canyon (1872)
Battle of Turret Peak (1873)
Red River War (1874–1875)
Second Battle of Adobe Walls (1874)
Battle of the Upper Washita River (1874)
Battle of Palo Duro Canyon (1874)
Battle of Sunset Pass (1874)
Battle of Snake Mountain (1874)
Las Cuevas War (1875)
Great Sioux War (1876–1877)

Note: Although the Great Sioux War began in February 1876 under Belknap's tenure, no significant battles were fought between the beginning of the war and up to his sudden resignation in March. The war, lasting until April 1877, took place under five cabinet secretaries. Four under President Grant: Belknap, George M. Robeson (ad interum), Alphonso Taft, and J. Donald Cameron, and one under President Rutherford B. Hayes, George W. McCrary.

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

SourcesEdit

BooksEdit

ArticlesEdit

Template:Cite journal

NewspapersEdit

DictionariesEdit

InternetEdit

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

Template:Cite news

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project

Federal Impeachment William W. Belknap Library of Congress Research Guides
Belknap biography Template:Webarchive, history.army.mil
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

Template:S-start Template:S-off Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-par Template:Succession box Template:S-end

Template:USSecWar Template:Grant cabinet Template:Authority control

William W. Belknap

Contents

Early life and careerEdit

Marriages and familyEdit

American Civil WarEdit

Shiloh, Corinth, and VicksburgEdit

Battle of Atlanta, Battle of Ezra Church, and March to the SeaEdit

Iowa Collector of Internal Revenue (1865–1869)Edit

Secretary of War (1869–1876)Edit

War Department portrait gallery (1869)Edit

Indian ring (1870–1876)Edit

French arms sales (1870)Edit

Pardoned Cadet Smith (1871)Edit

Aiding Chicago fire victims (1871)Edit

Requested prisoner and prison reform (1871)Edit

New Orleans 1872 street riotEdit

Eads Bridge commission (1873)Edit

Preserved Mathew Brady Civil War photos (1874)Edit

Yellowstone expedition (1875)Edit

Great Sioux War (1876)Edit

Corruption, resignation, and House impeachment (1876)Edit

Senate trial, house arrest, and Senate acquittalEdit

Washington, D.C., indictment (1876–1877)Edit

Later careerEdit

Death, burial and memorialEdit

Historical reputationEdit

LegacyEdit

List of Indian campaigns, battles, and wars involving the United StatesEdit

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

SourcesEdit

BooksEdit

ArticlesEdit

NewspapersEdit

DictionariesEdit

InternetEdit

External linksEdit