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A massif (Template:IPAc-en) is a principal mountain mass,<ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> such as a compact portion of a mountain range, containing one or more summits (e.g. France's Massif Central). In mountaineering literature, massif is frequently used to denote the main mass of an individual mountain.
As a purely scientific term in geology, however, a "massif" is separately and more specifically defined as a section of a planet's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. A massif is a smaller structural unit than a tectonic plate and is considered the fourth-largest driving force in geomorphology.<ref>Allen, P. A. 2008, Time scales of tectonic landscapes and their sediment routing systems, Geol. Soc. Lon. Sp. Pub., v. 296, p. 7–28.</ref>
The word "massif" originates from French (in which the word also means "massive"), where it is used to refer to a large mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range. The Face on Mars is an example of an extraterrestrial massif.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Massifs may also form underwater, as with the Atlantis Massif.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ListEdit
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AfricaEdit
- Adrar des Ifoghas – Mali
- Aïr Massif – Niger
- Ambohiby Massif – Madagascar
- Benna Massif – Guinea
- Bongo Massif – Central African Republic
- Ennedi Plateau – Chad
- Kilimanjaro Massif – Kenya–Tanzania
- Oban Massif – Nigeria
- Marojejy Massif – Madagascar
- Mulanje Massif – Malawi
- Virunga Massif – Uganda–Rwanda–DR Congo
- Waterberg Biosphere – South Africa
AlgeriaEdit
AntarcticaEdit
AsiaEdit
- Annapurna – Nepal
- Bromo-Tengger-Semeru – Indonesia
- Chu Pong Massif – Vietnam
- Dhaulagiri – Nepal
- Gasherbrum – China-Pakistan
- Kangchenjunga – Nepal–India
- Knuckles Massif – Sri Lanka
- Kondyor Massif – Russia
- Kugitangtau Ridge – Turkmenistan
- Kumgangsan – North Korea
- Logar ultrabasite massif – Afghanistan
- Mount Ararat – Turkey
- Mount Everest massif (including Lhotse) – Nepal–Tibet (China)
- Mount Kinabalu – Malaysia
- Mount Tomuraushi – Japan
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – Pakistan
IndiaEdit
IranEdit
- Dena
- Hazaran
- Kheru-Naru (Chekel)
- Kholeno
- Mount Damavand
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- Takht-e Suleyman Massif
- Zard-Kuh
KazakhstanEdit
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- Kokshetau Massif
- Mount Ku
- Myrzhyk
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
EuropeEdit
- Aarmassif – Switzerland
- Ardennes Massif – France–Belgium–Luxembourg
- Åreskutan – Sweden
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – Austria
- Bohemian Massif – Czech Republic
- Ceahlău Massif – Romania
- Gotthard Massif – Switzerland
- Hesperian Massif – Iberian Peninsula
- Jungfrau Massif – Switzerland
- Mangerton Mountain – Ireland
- Montgris – Spain
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – Spain
- Mont Blanc massif – Italy–France–Switzerland
- Rhenish Massif – Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and France
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – Rhodope Massif – Bulgaria–Greece
- Troodos – Cyprus
- Untersberg – Germany–Austria
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Massif – Bulgaria
FranceEdit
- Alpilles
- Aravis Range
- Armorican Massif
- Bauges Massif
- Beaufortain Massif
- Belledonne massif
- Bornes Massif
- Calanques Massif
- Cerces Massif
- Chablais Massif
- Chartreuse Massif
- Dévoluy Mountains
- Massif des Écrins
- Jura Mountains
- Lauzière massif
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- Massif de l'Esterel
- Massif du Mercantour-Argentera
- Monte Cinto massif
- Taillefer Massif
- Queyras Massif
- Vanoise Massif
- Vercors Plateau
- Vosges Mountains
ItalyEdit
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- Grappa Massif
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- Monte Ermada
- Sila Massif
- Speikboden (South Tyrol)
United KingdomEdit
- Ben Nevis massif
- Cornubian Massif
- Long Mynd
- Snowdon Massif
- Ben Klibreck
- Cairngorms massifs
North AmericaEdit
CanadaEdit
- Laurentian Massif
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- Mount Logan
- Mount Cayley
- Level Mountain
- Mount Edziza
- Mount Meager massif
- Mount Septimus
United StatesEdit
- Adirondack Massif
- Denali
- Grandfather Mountain
- Mount Juneau
- Mount Katahdin
- Mount Le Conte
- Mount Shuksan
- Mount Timpanogos
- Shenandoah<ref name="usgs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- French Broad<ref name="usgs"/>
- Teton Range
OceaniaEdit
CaribbeanEdit
Central AmericaEdit
South AmericaEdit
- Brasilia Massif – Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay.
- Neblina Massif – Venezuela–Brazil
- Colombian Massif – Colombia
- North Patagonian Massif – Argentina
- Deseado Massif – Argentina
SubmergedEdit
- Atlantis Massif – part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean
- Tamu Massif — the largest volcano on Earth