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Edith Claire Head (née Posener,<ref name="cs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> October 28, 1897 – October 24, 1981) was an American film costume designer who won a record eight Academy Awards for Best Costume Design<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> between 1949 and 1973, making her the most awarded woman in the Academy's history. Head is considered to be one of the greatest and most influential costume designers in film history.
Born and raised in California, Head started her career as a Spanish teacher, but was interested in design.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After studying at the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles,<ref name=":1" /> Head was hired as a costume sketch artist at Paramount Pictures in 1923.<ref name=":0" /> She won acclaim for her design of Dorothy Lamour’s trademark sarong in the 1936 film The Jungle Princess,<ref name=":0" /> and became a household name after the Academy Award for Best Costume Design was created in 1948. Head was considered exceptional for her close working relationships with her subjects, with whom she consulted extensively; these included virtually every top female star in Hollywood.
Head worked at Paramount for 44 years. In 1967, the company declined to renew her contract, and she was invited by Alfred Hitchcock to join Universal Pictures. There she earned her eighth and final Academy Award for her work on The Sting in 1973.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early life and careerEdit
She was born Edith Claire Posener in San Bernardino, California, the daughter of Jewish parents, Max Posener and Anna E. Levy. Her father, born in January 1858, was a naturalized American citizen from Germany,Template:Citation needed who came to the United States in 1876. Her mother was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1875, the daughter of an Austrian father and a Bavarian mother.Template:Citation needed Max and Anna married in 1895, according to the 1900 United States Federal Census records. Just before Edith's birth, Max Posener opened a small haberdashery in San Bernardino, which failed within a year.
The marriage did not survive. In 1905, Anna remarried, this time to mining engineer Frank Spare, originally from Pennsylvania. The family moved frequently as Spare's jobs moved. The only place Head could later recall living during her early years was Searchlight, Nevada. Frank and Anna Spare passed Edith off as their child. As Frank Spare was a Catholic, Edith ostensibly became one as well.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1919, Edith received a Bachelor of Arts degree in letters and sciences with honors in French from the University of California, Berkeley, and in 1920 earned a Master of Arts degree in romance languages from Stanford University.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
She became a language teacher with her first position as a replacement at The Bishop's School in La Jolla teaching French. After one year, she took a position teaching Spanish at the Hollywood School for Girls. Wanting a slightly higher salary, she told the school that she could also teach art, even though she had only briefly studied the discipline in high school.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> To improve her drawing skills, at this point rudimentary, she took evening classes at the Otis Art Institute and Chouinard Art College.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On July 25, 1923, she married Charles Head, the brother of one of her Chouinard classmates, Betty Head. Although the marriage ended in divorce in 1938 after a number of years of separation, she continued to be known professionally as Edith Head until her death. In 1940 she married award-winning art director Wiard Ihnen, a marriage which lasted until his death in 1979.
The Paramount yearsEdit
In 1924, despite lacking art, design, and costume design experience, the 26-year-old Head was hired as a costume sketch artist at Paramount Pictures. Later she admitted to "borrowing" other students' sketches for her job interview. She began designing costumes for silent films, commencing with The Wanderer in 1925 and, by the 1930s, had established herself as one of Hollywood's leading costume designers. She worked at Paramount for 43 years until she went to Universal Pictures on March 27, 1967, possibly prompted by her extensive work for director Alfred Hitchcock, who had moved to Universal in 1960.
Head's marriage to set designer Wiard Ihnen, on September 8, 1940, lasted until his death from prostate cancer in 1979. Over the course of her long career, she was nominated for 35 Academy Awards, annually from 1949 (the first year that the Oscar for Best Costume Design was awarded) through 1966, and won eight times – receiving more Oscars than any other woman.<ref>Fishko, Sara. Edith Head. February 25, 2011.</ref>
Although Head was featured in studio publicity from the mid-1920s, she was originally overshadowed by Paramount's lead designers, first Howard Greer, then Travis Banton. Head was instrumental in conspiring against Banton, and after his resignation in 1938 she became a high-profile designer in her own right. Her association with the "sarong" dress designed for Dorothy Lamour in The Hurricane (1937) made her well known among the general public, although Head was a more restrained designer than either Banton or Adrian. She gained public attention for the top mink-lined gown she created for Ginger Rogers in Lady in the Dark (1944), which caused much comment owing to the mood of wartime austerity. The establishment, in 1949, of the Academy Award for Costume Design further boosted her career, giving her a record-breaking run of Award nominations and wins, beginning with her nomination for The Emperor Waltz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Head and other film designers like Adrian became well known to the public.<ref name="meltzer20130919">Template:Cite news</ref>
Head was known for her unique working style and, unlike many of her male contemporaries, usually consulted extensively with the female stars with whom she worked. As a result, she was a favorite among many of the leading female stars of the 1940s and 1950s, such as Ginger Rogers, Bette Davis, Barbara Stanwyck, Jane Wyman, Rita Hayworth, Shirley MacLaine, Grace Kelly, Audrey Hepburn, and Elizabeth Taylor. In fact, Head was frequently "loaned out" by Paramount to other studios at the request of their female stars. She herself always dressed very plainly, preferring thick-framed glasses and conservative two-piece suits.<ref name="Jorgensen">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1946, Head worked for the first time with director Alfred Hitchcock. They worked together on his spy film Notorious. Head, who worked for Paramount, was loaned to Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) pictures to work with Hitchcock on this film. In this time period it was more often found that costume designers would design to reflect their own style. Head had a different outlook on this. She felt that it was more important to design pieces that reflected the character. During their time working on this movie, Head and Hitchcock found that they were like-minded and had the same bluntness in their careers and attitudes. The costumes she designed for this film reflected restraint and the need to blend in. This style suited what Hitchcock was looking for since he did not want the clothes to be the focal point. The two would go on to work together many more times.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
On February 3, 1955 (Season 5 Episode 21), Edith Head appeared as a contestant on the Groucho Marx quiz show You Bet Your Life. She and her partner won a total of $1,540. Her winnings were donated to charity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref>
Head also authored two books describing her career and design philosophy, The Dress Doctor (1959) and How To Dress For Success (1967). These books were re-edited in 2008 and 2011, respectively.
The Universal yearsEdit
In 1967, at the age of 70, she left Paramount Pictures and joined Universal Pictures, where she remained until her death in 1981.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By this point, Hollywood was rapidly changing from what it had been during Head's heyday in the 1930s-1940s. Studio-based production was giving way to outdoors and on-scene shooting, and many of the actresses from that era whom she worked with and knew intimately had retired or were working less. She thus turned more of her attention to TV, where some old friends such as Olivia de Havilland had begun working. She designed Endora's clothing on Bewitched, and made a cameo appearance in 1973 on the detective series Columbo beside Anne Baxter, playing herself and displaying her Oscars to date. In 1974, Head received a final Oscar win for her work on The Sting.
In the late 1970s Edith Head was asked to design a woman's uniform for the United States Coast Guard, because of the increasing number of women in the Coast Guard. Head called the assignment a highlight in her career and received the Meritorious Public Service Award for her efforts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her designs for a TV mini-series based on the novel Little Women were well received. Her last film project was the black-and-white comedy Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982), starring Steve Martin and Carl Reiner, a job Head was chosen for because of her expertise on 1940s fashions. She modeled Martin and Reiner's outfits on classic film noir and the movie, released in theaters just after her death, was dedicated to her memory.
DeathEdit
Head died on October 24, 1981, four days before her 84th birthday, from myelofibrosis, an incurable bone marrow disease.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Hollywood Walk of FameEdit
Edith Head's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which she received in 1974, is located at 6504 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Actors and actresses designed forEdit
Among the actresses Edith Head designed for were:
- Mae West in She Done Him Wrong, 1933; Myra Breckinridge, 1970; and Sextette, 1978
- Frances Farmer in Rhythm on the Range, 1936; and Ebb Tide, 1937
- Dorothy Lamour in The Hurricane, 1937; in most of the Road to... movies; and Donovan's Reef, 1963
- Paulette Goddard in The Cat and the Canary, 1939
- Veronica Lake in Sullivan's Travels, 1941; I Married a Witch, 1942
- Barbara Stanwyck in The Lady Eve and Ball of Fire, both 1941; “Flesh and Fantasy”, 1943; Double Indemnity, 1944; Christmas in Connecticut, 1945; My Reputation, 1946; and The Two Mrs. Carrolls, 1947
- Marjorie Reynolds in Holiday Inn, 1942
- Ginger Rogers in Lady in the Dark, 1944
- Clara Bow in Wings, 1927 (uncredited)
- Ruth Hussey and Gail Russell in The Uninvited, 1944
- Betty Hutton in Incendiary Blonde, 1945; and The Perils of Pauline, 1947
- Jane Wyman in The Lost Weekend, 1945; Here Comes the Groom, 1951; Just for You 1952; and Lucy Gallant, 1955
- Ingrid Bergman in Notorious, 1946
- Loretta Young in The Farmer's Daughter, 1947
- Bette Davis in June Bride, 1948; and All About Eve, 1950
- Olivia de Havilland in The Heiress, 1949
- Hedy Lamarr and Angela Lansbury in Samson and Delilah, 1949
- Gloria Swanson in Sunset Boulevard, 1950
- Elizabeth Taylor in A Place in the Sun, 1951; Elephant Walk, 1954; and Ash Wednesday, 1973
- Joan Fontaine in Something to Live For, 1952
- Carmen Miranda in Scared Stiff, 1953
- Audrey Hepburn in Roman Holiday, 1953; Sabrina, 1954; Funny Face, 1957; and Breakfast at Tiffany's, 1961
- Ann Robinson in The War of the Worlds, 1953
- Grace Kelly in Rear Window, 1954; and To Catch a Thief, 1955
- Rosemary Clooney in White Christmas, 1954
- Shirley MacLaine in Artists and Models, 1955; The Matchmaker, 1958; and What a Way to Go!, 1964
- Doris Day in The Man Who Knew Too Much, 1956; and Teacher's Pet, 1958
- Anne Baxter in The Ten Commandments, 1956
- Marlene Dietrich in Witness for the Prosecution, 1957
- Lauren Bacall in Designing Woman, 1957
- Rita Hayworth in Separate Tables, 1958
- Kim Novak in Vertigo, 1958
- Sophia Loren in That Kind of Woman, 1959; and Heller in Pink Tights, 1960
- Rhonda Fleming in Alias Jesse James, 1959
- Natalie Wood in Love with the Proper Stranger, 1963; Sex and the Single Girl, 1964; Inside Daisy Clover and The Great Race, both 1965; Penelope and This Property Is Condemned, both 1966; and The Last Married Couple in America, 1980
- Tippi Hedren in The Birds, 1963; and Marnie, 1964
- Paula Prentiss in Man's Favorite Sport?, 1964
- Christiane Schmidtmer in Ship of Fools, 1965
- Julie Andrews in Torn Curtain, 1966
- Jane Fonda in Barefoot in the Park, 1967
- Joan Crawford in Berserk!, 1968
- Claude Jade in Topaz, 1969
- Katharine Hepburn in Rooster Cogburn, 1975
- Jill Clayburgh in Gable and Lombard, 1976
- Valerie Perrine in W.C. Fields and Me, 1976
Among the actors Edith Head designed for were:
- Fred Astaire in Holiday Inn, 1942
- Danny Kaye in White Christmas, 1954
- Cary Grant in To Catch a Thief, 1955
- Clark Gable in Teacher's Pet, 1958
- Elvis Presley in Blue Hawaii, 1961
- James Stewart in Vertigo, 1958
- John Wayne in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and Hatari!, both 1962; The Sons of Katie Elder, 1965, El Dorado, 1966; and Hellfighters, 1968
- Rock Hudson in Man's Favorite Sport?, 1964
- Steve Martin in Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid, 1982
Academy AwardsEdit
Head received eight Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, more than any other person, from a total of 35 nominations.<ref name=williams2013>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Guest appearancesEdit
Head made a brief appearance in Columbo: Requiem for a Falling Star (1973) acting as herself, the clothing designer for Anne Baxter's character. Her Oscars were displayed on a desk in the scene.
Again as herself, she appeared in the film Lucy Gallant (1955) as the emcee of a fashion show. She also appeared in The Pleasure of His Company (1961) as she showed dresses for Debbie Reynolds' wedding in the film, and in The Oscar (1966) in three short, non-speaking scenes opposite Elke Sommer's character, a sketch artist turned costume designer like Head herself. She also appeared on an episode of the game show You Bet Your Life.
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- Template:Cite book
- John Duka. "Edith Head, Fashion Designer for the Movies, Dies." The New York Times. October 27, 1981.
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
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External linksEdit
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- Template:FMD designer
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- Edith Head Template:Webarchive at Purple Skies
- Edith Head Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
- image: Edith Head alongside actress Claude Jade at the Universal-Studios 1968
- U.S. Coast Guard Historian "Women Find Favor With Coast Guard Fashion"
- Edith Head papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
