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}}Template:Main other Groningen (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Cite American Heritage Dictionary</ref><ref>"Groningen" Template:Webarchive (US) and Template:Cite Oxford Dictionaries</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen province in the Netherlands. Dubbed the "capital of the north", Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of the country;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as of January 2025, it had 244,807 inhabitants,<ref>AlleCijfers - Groningen population data</ref> making it the sixth largest city/municipality in the Netherlands and the second largest outside the Randstad. The Groningen metropolitan area has a population of over 360,000.
Groningen was established more than 980 years ago but never gained city rights. Due to its relatively isolated location from the then successive Dutch centres of power (Utrecht, The Hague, Brussels), Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions. As a Hanseatic city, it was part of the North German trade network, but later it mainly became a regional market centre. At the height of its power in the 15th century, Groningen could be considered an independent city-state and it remained autonomous until the late 18th century, when it was incorporated into the Napoleonic Batavian Republic.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Today Groningen is a university city, home to some of the country's leading higher education institutes; University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), which is the Netherlands's second oldest university, and Hanze University of Applied Sciences (Hanzehogeschool Groningen).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Students comprise an estimated 25% of its total population, making it the country's demographically youngest city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The origin and meaning of 'Groningen' and its older variant, 'Groeningen', are uncertain. A folk origin story relates the idea that, in 453 BC, exiles from Troy who were guided by a mythical figure called Gruno (or Grunius, Gryns or Grunus), along with a group of Phrygians from Germany, founded a settlement in what is now Groningen, and built a castle on the bank of the Hunze, which they called 'Grunoburg', and which was later destroyed by the Vikings.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Motley1867" />
One modern theory is that 'Groningen' meant 'among the people of Groni' ('Groningi' and 'Groninga' in the 11th century), derived from Gronesbeke, which was the old name for a small lake near the Hunze (on the northern border of Zuidlaarderveen).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As the name Grone (variant Groene) is an old Frisian personal name, the origin may very well be in a settlement originally founded by the family of Grone and their followers, which in Frisian would be called Groninga. Another theory is that the name was derived from the word groenighe, meaning 'green fields'.<ref name="Motley1867">Template:Cite book</ref>
In Frisian, it is called Grins.<ref>"Grins (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011</ref> In Groningen province, it is called Template:Ill. Regionally, it is often simply referred to as Stad (the "city"),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Molema1887">Template:Cite book</ref> and its inhabitants are referred to as Stadjers or Stadjeder.<ref name="Conference1995">Template:Cite book</ref> The Dutch sometimes refer to it as "the Metropolis of the North",<ref name="HagueJenkins2005">Template:Cite book</ref> or Martinistad (after the Martinitoren tower).<ref name="HagueJenkins2005" />
HistoryEdit
Template:For timeline The city was founded at the northernmost point of the Hondsrug area.<ref name="Roggema2012">Template:Cite book</ref> While the oldest document referring to Groningen's existence dates from 1040, the area was occupied by Anglo-Saxons centuries prior.<ref name="Kruit2014">Template:Cite book</ref> The oldest archaeological evidence of a settlement in the region stems from around 3950–3650 BC,<ref name="BarclayField2020">Template:Cite book</ref> and the first major settlement in Groningen trace back to the year 3 AD.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 13th century Groningen was an important trade centre and its inhabitants built a city wall to underline its authority.<ref name="DunfordLee2007">Template:Cite book</ref> The city had a strong influence on its surrounding lands and the Gronings dialect became common.<ref name="BreivikJahr2011">Template:Cite book</ref> The city's most influential period was at the end of the 15th century, when the nearby province of Friesland was administered from Groningen.<ref name="Eyewitness2020">Template:Cite book</ref> During these years the Martinitoren was built which is considered to be the city's most significant landmark.<ref>E.O. van der Werff, Martini. Kerk en toren. Assen, 2003, p. 53; F. Westra, Martinitoren. Groningen, 2009, p. 29. According to an improbable myth, the tower would have been 127 m high</ref>
In 1536, Groningen accepted Emperor Charles V, the King of Spain and the Habsburg ruler of the other Netherlands as its ruler, thus ending the region's autonomy.<ref name="Cruttwell1808">Template:Cite book</ref> The city was captured in the Siege of Groningen (1594) by the Dutch and English forces led by Maurice of Nassau.<ref name="RosseBlair1859">Template:Cite book</ref> After the siege, the city and the province joined the Dutch Republic.<ref name="Prokhovnik2004">Template:Cite book</ref>
During the 17th century, Groningen served as a crucial hub for the Dutch West India Company (WIC). This powerful trading company was responsible for maritime trade, colonization, and the transportation of goods and people.
The WIC transported over 300,000 slaves from the African coast to the Dutch colonies between 1621 and 1792. Warships like the Groeningen sailed from Groningen's shipyards to Africa's west coast, carrying enslaved Africans to plantations in Brazil, Suriname, and the Antilles.<ref name="linksto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These same ships returned to Europe laden with valuable commodities such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco.
The University of Groningen was founded in 1614 with initial course offerings in law, medicine, theology and philosophy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During this period the city expanded rapidly and a new city wall was built.<ref name="Army2014">Template:Cite book</ref>
The Siege of Groningen (1672) led by the bishop of Münster, Bernhard von Galen, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War failed and the city walls resisted;<ref name="Troost2005">Template:Cite book</ref> an event that is celebrated annually with music and fireworks on 28 August as "Template:Interlanguage link" or "Bommen Berend" ("Bombing Bernard").<ref name="Archer-Antiquaries1969">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Groningen tourism site Template:Webarchive</ref> In the early 19th century when the kingdom of Holland under king Jerôme Bonaparte was founded, Groningen was integrated into the French system of administration, and then annexed in 1811 into the French Empire under emperor Napoleon I (until 1813). During the French administration of the area, Groningen was called Groningue.<ref name="Malte-Brun1834">Template:Cite book</ref>
During World War II, the main square and the Grote Markt were largely destroyed in the Battle of Groningen in April 1945.<ref name="Army2014" /> However, the church Martinitoren, the Goudkantoor, and the city hall were undamaged.<ref name="Ashworth2017">Template:Cite book</ref>
GeographyEdit
There is a town named after Groningen in Saramacca District, Suriname, a former Dutch colony. It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor-general of Suriname Jan Wichers, who established the town as a fort in 1790.
CanalsEdit
Numerous canals ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) surround the city, locally called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The major canals that travel from the city are the Van Starkenborgh Canal, Eems Canal, and Winschoterdiep. Groningen's canals, no longer used for commercial goods transport, were once vital hubs in trade and transport. The rivers crossing close to the Binnenstad have been used for trade for at least a Template:Interlanguage link. The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge. Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce.<ref name="linksto"/> These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies.
ClimateEdit
Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate, like all of the Netherlands, although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north-west and its prevailing north-western winds and gales.<ref name="Homans1859">Template:Cite book</ref>
Summers are somewhat warm and humid.<ref name="encyclopedia1879">Template:Cite book</ref> Temperatures of Template:Cvt or higher occur sporadically; the average daytime high is around Template:Cvt. Very rainy periods are common, especially in spring and summer. Average annual precipitation is about Template:Cvt. Annual sunshine hours vary, but are usually below 1600 hours, giving much cloud cover similar to most of the Netherlands. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).<ref name="weatherbase1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Winters are cool; on average above freezing, although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds.<ref name="Brechin.)(F.R.S.)1794">Template:Cite book</ref> Night-time temperatures of Template:Cvt or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods. The lowest temperature ever recorded is Template:Cvt on 16 February 1956. Snow often falls, but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures, although white snowy days happen every winter.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Weather box
EconomyEdit
Hotel and catering industries constitute a significant part of the economy in Groningen.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Focus on business services has increased over time and areas such as IT, life sciences, tourism, energy, and environment have developed.<ref name="OECD2020">Template:Cite book</ref>
Until 2008 there were two major Beet sugar factories within the city. The Suiker Unie plant was constructed in the outskirts of Groningen, but became a part of the city due to expansion. The factory had 98 employees before it was closed in 2008 due to a reduction in demand.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of 2017, Vierverlaten sugar factory in Hoogkerk remains the only beet sugar production plant in the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Other notable companies from Groningen include publishing company Noordhoff Uitgevers,<ref name="Koopmans2015">Template:Cite book</ref> tobacco company Niemeyer,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> health insurance company Menzis,<ref name="Leeuwen2007">Template:Cite book</ref> distillery Hooghoudt,<ref name="Eyewitness2020" /> and natural gas companies GasUnie and GasTerra.<ref name="InkpenMoffett2017">Template:Cite book</ref>
DemographicsEdit
ImmigrationEdit
| CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Country/territory | Population |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Flagicon Netherlands | 175,249 | |
| Template:Flagicon Germany | 6,427 | |
| Template:Flagicon Indonesia | 5,847 | |
| Template:Flagicon Dutch Caribbean | 3,959 | |
| Template:Flagicon Suriname | 3,401 | |
| Template:Flagicon Former Soviet Union | 2,321 | |
| Template:Flagicon China | 2,172 | |
| Template:Flagicon Turkey | 1,774 | |
| Template:Flagicon United Kingdom | 1,768 | |
| Template:Flagicon Italy | 1,401 | |
| Template:Flagicon Yugoslavia | 1,391 | |
| Template:Flagicon Morocco | 1,266 | |
| Template:Flagicon Iran | 1,157 | |
| Template:Flagicon Iraq | 1,050 | |
| Other | 11,992 |
As of 2020, Groningen had a total population of 232,874 people.
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Numbers | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch natives | 175,249 | 75.2% | |
| Western migration background | 29,365 | 12.6% | |
| Non-Western migration background | 28,260 | 12.1% | |
| Indonesia | 5,847 | 2.51% | |
| Netherlands Antilles and Aruba | 3,959 | 1.7% | |
| Suriname | 3,401 | 1.46% | |
| Turkey | 1,774 | 0.76% | |
| Morocco | 1,266 | 0.54% | |
| Total | 232,874 | 100% |
ReligionEdit
The majority of people in Groningen, slightly more than 70%, are non-religious.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With 25.1%, the largest religion in Groningen is Christianity. Template:Pie chart
Population growthEdit
Template:Historical populations Template:Historical populationsThe municipality of Groningen has grown rapidly. In 1968 it expanded by mergers with Hoogkerk and Noorddijk,<ref name="Groningen1987">Template:Cite book</ref> and in 2019 it merged with Haren and Ten Boer.<ref name="OECD2020" /> All historical data are for the original city limits, excluding Hoogkerk, Noorddijk, Haren and Ten Boer.
It has a land area of Template:Cvt, and a total area, including water, of Template:Cvt. Its population density is 1,367 residents per km2 (3,540 per square mile). On 1 January 2019, it was merged with the municipalities of Ten Boer and Haren. The Groningen-Assen metropolitan area has about half a million inhabitants. <timeline> Colors=
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</timeline>
CultureEdit
Groningen is nationally known as the "Metropolis of the North".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city is regarded as the main urban centre of the Northern part of the country, particularly in the fields of education, business,<ref name="KaynakUysal2012">Template:Cite book</ref> music and other arts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is also known as "Martinistad", referring to the tower of the Martinitoren,<ref name="HagueJenkins2005" /> which is named after Groningen's patron saint Martin of Tours.<ref name="DrijversMacDonald1995">Template:Cite book</ref> The large student population also contributes to the very diverse cultural scene for a city of its size.<ref name="HagueJenkins2005" />
Since 2016 Groningen has been host of the International Cycling Film Festival, an annual film festival for bicycle related films. It takes place in the art house cinema of the old Roman Catholic Hospital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The first major international chess tournament after World War II was held in Groningen in 1946. The tournament, won by Mikhail Botvinnik of the USSR, was the first time the Soviet Union had sent a team to a foreign event. An international chess "Schaakfestival Groningen tournament" has been held in the city in most years since 1946.<ref name="Groningen (1946)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MuseumsEdit
Groningen is home to the Groninger Museum.<ref name="Vries2010">Template:Cite book</ref> Its new building designed by Alessandro Mendini in 1994 echoes the Italian post-modern concepts and is notable for its futuristic and colourful style.<ref name="Maidment2000">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Ashworth2017" /> The city has a maritime museum, a university museum, a comics museum and a graphics museum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Groningen is also the home of Noorderlicht, an international photographic platform that runs a photo gallery and organizes an international photo festival.<ref name="Karatzogianni2013">Template:Cite book</ref> The Forum Groningen that opened in 2019 is a cultural center consisting of a museum, art cinema, library, bars, rooftop terrace and tourist information office.<ref name="Guides2019">Template:Cite book</ref>
Theatre and musicEdit
Groningen has a city theatre called the Stadsschouwburg, located on the Turfsingel,<ref name="ToonderHoven2012">Template:Cite book</ref> a theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza,<ref name="Gazaleh-WeeversAgudo2007">Template:Cite book</ref> and a cultural venue on the Trompsingel, called the Oosterpoort.<ref name="ToynbeeDueck2011">Template:Cite book</ref> Vera is located on the Oosterstraat,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt,<ref name="MeerTilman2005">Template:Cite book</ref> and Simplon on the Boterdiep.<ref name="DunfordHolland2000">Template:Cite book</ref> Several cafés feature live music, a few of which specialize in jazz music, including the Jazzcafe De Spieghel on the Peperstraat.<ref name="DunfordHolland1997">Template:Cite book</ref> Groningen is the host city for Eurosonic Noorderslag, an annual music showcase event for bands from across Europe.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
NightlifeEdit
Groningen's active nightlife depends largely on its student population, with the Grote Markt, Vismarkt, Poelestraat and Peperstraat crowded nightly, most bars not closing until five in the morning.<ref name="DunfordLee2007" /> From 2005 to 2007, Groningen was named "best city centre" of the Netherlands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Groningen has a red-light district, called Nieuwstad.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SportsEdit
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FC Groningen, founded in 1971, is the local football club, and as of 2000 they play in the Eredivisie, the highest football league of the Netherlands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Winners of the KNVB Cup in the 2014–15 season,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> their best Eredivisie result was in the 1990–91 season when they finished third.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Their current stadium which opened in January 2006 has 22,525 seats.<ref>10 million Euro orders for Olympic Stadium in Berlin and Euroborg Stadium in Groningen Template:Webarchive Imtech, 8 April 2004</ref><ref name="StadiumCapacity">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is called the Hitachi Capital Mobility Stadion; it was known as the "Euroborg stadium" before 2016, and "Noordlease Stadion" from 2016 to 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
American sports are fairly popular in Groningen; it has American football, baseball, and basketball clubs. Groningen's professional basketball club Donar play in the highest professional league, the Dutch Basketball League, and have won the national championship seven times.<ref name=jdus>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Groningen Giants are the American football team of the city who play in the premier league of the AFBN and are nicknamed as the "Kings of the North".<ref name="Coutinho2018">Template:Cite book</ref>
The running event called 4 Miles of Groningen takes place in the city on the second Sunday of October every year with over 23,000 participants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2002 Giro d'Italia began in Groningen, including the prologue and the start of the first stage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city hosted the start and finish of the fifth stage of the 2013 Energiewacht Tour.<ref name=technicalguide>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Further
EducationEdit
As of 2020, around 25% of the 230,000 inhabitants in Groningen are students. The city has the highest density of students and the lowest mean age in the Netherlands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
There are also Middle Schools, such as H.N. Werkman College
The University of Groningen (in Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), established in 1614 is the second oldest university in the Netherlands (after the University of Leiden).<ref name="Essen2013">Template:Cite book</ref> The university educated the country's first female student, Aletta Jacobs,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the first Dutch national astronaut, Wubbo Ockels,<ref name="Agency2014">Template:Cite book</ref> the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg,<ref name="Koopmans2015" /> and two Nobel laureates; Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (in Physics) and Ben Feringa (in Chemistry).<ref name="Agarwal2008">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The university has about 31,000 students 22% of whom are international.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Hanze University of Applied Sciences (in Dutch: Hanzehogeschool Groningen) was founded in 1986 and is more focused on the practical application of knowledge, offering bachelor and master courses in fields like Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Communication and Multimedia Design, and Renewable Energy.<ref name="hanzeuniversity1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With around 8.1% international students, Hanze hosts more than 28,000 students and is one of the largest universities of applied sciences by enrollment in the Netherlands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PoliticsEdit
The Groningen municipal council has 45 members which, after the 2022 local elections, was made up as follows:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| CitationClass=web
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Party name | Seats |
|---|---|---|
| GroenLinks | 9 | |
| PvdA | 6 | |
| D66 | 5 | |
| Party for the Animals | 4 | |
| Stadspartij 100% voor Groningen | 4 | |
| Socialist Party | 4 | |
| VVD | 3 | |
| Student en Stad | 3 | |
| Christian Union | 2 | |
| Christian Democratic Appeal | 2 | |
| Party for the North | 2 | |
| Party for Freedom | 1 |
From 2022, the ruling municipal coalition consisted of GroenLinks, PvdA, Party for the Animals, the Socialist Party and ChristenUnie.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
International relationsEdit
Template:See also Groningen is twinned with the following cities:<ref name="Groningen">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Groningen also has a trilateral partnership with the nearby northern German cities of Bremen and Oldenburg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TransportEdit
Cycling and walkingEdit
Groningen is known as the "World Cycling City"; around 57% of its residents use a bicycle for regular commute within the city.<ref name="G2013">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2000, Groningen was chosen as the Fietsstad 2002, the top cycle-city in the Netherlands for 2002.<ref name="Tolley2003">Template:Cite book</ref> Similar to most Dutch cities, Groningen has developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists.<ref name="BruntlettBruntlett2018">Template:Cite book</ref> An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car.<ref name="BeckerLampe2018">Template:Cite book</ref>
The city has segregated cycle-paths, public transport, and a large pedestrianised zone in the city centre.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Groningen's city centre was remodeled into a "pedestrian priority zone" to promote walking and biking.<ref name="Beatley2012">Template:Cite book</ref> This was achieved by applying the principle of filtered permeability—the network configuration favours active transportation and selectively "filters out" traveling in a car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre.<ref name="Appleby2012">Template:Cite book</ref> The streets that are discontinuous for cars connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre.<ref name="Spotswood2016">Template:Cite book</ref> In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces, increasing aesthetic appeal and encouraging participation.<ref name="Communities1994">Template:Cite book</ref> The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the fused grid.<ref>Melia, S. (2012). Filtered and unfiltered permeability: The European and Anglo-Saxon approaches. Project, 4.</ref>
Public transportEdit
TrainsEdit
Groningen railway station (in Dutch: Hoofdstation) is the main railway station and has regular services to most of the major cities in the country.<ref name="Ashworth2017" /> The city's remaining two railway stations are Europapark and Noord.<ref>Halte Groningen Europapark Template:Webarchive Template:In lang, Stationsweb. Retrieved on 25 May 2015.</ref><ref>Station Groningen Noord Template:Webarchive Template:In lang, Stationweb. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</ref>
Groningen has six railway routes:<ref name="trains">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Groningen – Delfzijl
- Groningen – Roodeschool / Eemshaven
- Groningen – Leeuwarden
- Groningen – Veendam
- Groningen – Weener / Leer
- Groningen – Meppel / Zwolle
On those six routes, ten lines stop at:<ref name="trains" />
- Groningen – Groningen North – Sauwerd – Bedum – Stedum – Loppersum – Appingedam – Delfzijl West – Delfzijl
- Groningen – Groningen North – Sauwerd – Winsum – Baflo – Warffum – Usquert – Uithuizen – Uithuizermeeden – Roodeschool – (Low Service) Eemshaven
- Groningen – Zuidhorn – Grijpskerk – Buitenpost – De Westereen – Feanwâlden – Hurdegaryp – Leeuwarden Camminghaburen – Leewarden
- Groningen – Buitenpost – Leewarden
- Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Kropswolde – Martenshoek – Hoogezand-Sappemeer – Sappemeer oost – Zuidbroek – Veendam
- Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Kropswolde – Martenshoek – Hoogezand-Sappemeer – Sappemeer oost – Zuidbroek – Scheemda – Winschoten – (lower service) Bad Nieuweschans – Weener (Due to a broken bridge, trains do not go on to Leer. Take a bus from Groningen or Weener.)
- Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Haren – Assen – Beilen – Hoogeveen – Meppel – Zwolle
- Groningen – Assen – Zwolle – Amersfoort Centraal – Utrecht Centraal – Gouda – Rotterdam Alexander – Rotterdam Centraal
- Groningen – Assen – Zwolle – Lelystad Centrum – Almere Centrum – Amsterdam South – Schiphol – Leiden Centraal – Den Haag Centraal / The Hague Centraal
BusesEdit
Template:Col-begin Groningen has bus lines and Q-Link—a network of buses similar to a tram/metro network.<ref name="BijlOort2018">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Col-2 City & Q-Link lines:<ref name="buses">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 1: Main Station – City Center – UMCG North – Station Groningen North – Zernike – P+R Reitdiep
- 2: Groningen Europapark – UMCG Main Entrance – UMCG North – Station Groningen North – Zernike – Station Zuidhorn
- 3: Lewenborg – P+R Kardingen – Main Station – P+R Hoogkerk – Leek
- 4: Beijum – P+R Kardingen – Main Station – P+R Hoogkerk – Peize – Roden
- 5: Harkstede – P+R Meerstad – UMCG Main Entrance – City Centre – Main Station – P+R Haren – Zuidlaren – Annen
- 6: P+R Haren – Main Station – UMCG Main Entrance – Ten Boer – Appingedam – Delfzijl
- 7: De Wijert – Main Station – Westerhaven – Vinkhuizen – Paddepoel – Station Groningen North
- 8: P+R Hoogkerk – Hoogkerk – Westerhaven – Main Station -Groningen Europapark – Corpus den Hoorn – Martini hospital – P+R Hoogkerk
- 9: Eelde – Paterswolde – Martini hospital – Corpus den Hoorn – De Wijert – Main Station – Westerhaven – Paddepoel – Station Groningen North or Zernike
- 10: Corpus den Hoorn – Martini hospital – Main Station – Korrewegwijk – Station Groningen North
- 15: Main Station – Paddepoel – Zernike
- 18: P+R Hoogkerk – Vinkhuizen – Paddepoel – Zernike
Q-Liner lines:<ref name="buses" />
- 300: Groningen – P+R Westlaren (Zuidlaren) – P+R Gieten – P+R Borger – Emmen
- 304: Groningen – P+R Hoogkerk – Drachten
- 309: Groningen – Assen Busstation Marsdijk – Kloosterveen
- 312: Groningen – P+R Haren – P+R Annen – P+R Gieten – Gasselte – Stadskanaal
- 314: Groningen – Drachten
- 315: Groningen – Heereveen – Emmeloord
- 324: Groningen – Emmeloord
Night lines:<ref name="buses" />
- 406: Groningen – Ten Boer – Appingedam – Delfzijl
- 417: Groningen → P+R Hoogkerk → Peize → Roden → Leek → P+R Hoogkerk – Groningen
- 418: Groningen → Haren → Zuidlaren → Annen → P+R Gieten → P+R Annen → P+R Westlaren → P+R Haren → Groningen
- 419: Groningen – Assen Busstation Marsdijk – Station Assen
Template:Col-2 Regional lines:<ref name="buses" />
- 35: Groningen – Aduard – Oldehove
- 39: Groningen – Vinkhuizen – Zuidhorn – Grootegast – Surhuisterveen
- 50: Groningen – Haren – Glimmen – Vries – Station Assen
- 51: Groningen – Haren – Zuidlaren – Annen – Loon – Station Assen
- 61: Groningen – Bedum – Middelstum – Uithuizen
- 65: Groningen – Winsum – Zoutkamp
- 76: Groningen – Hoogezand
- 85:Groningen – Leek – Oosterwolde
- 107: Zernike – P+R Gieten – Gasselte – Stadskanaal
- 109: Zernike – Tynaarlo – Assen Busstation Marsdijk
- 133: Groningen – P+R Hoogkerk – Via A7 – Grootegast – Surhuisterveen
- 139: Groningen – Hoogkerk – Grootegast – Surhuisterveen
- 163: Groningen – Winsum – Lauwersoog (connecting the ferry to Schiermonnikoog)
- 171: Zernike – Via A7 – Hoogezand – Veendam
- 178: Groningen – Slochteren – Siddeburen – Appingedam (limited Service to Appingedam)
Other lines:<ref name="buses" />
- 563: Lewenborg – Thesinge – Sint Annen – Ten Boer
- 564: Ten Boer – Woltersum – Appingedam
- 637: Groningen → Zuidhorn → Grijpskerk → Zoutkamp
- 679: Zernike ← Winschoten
Template:Col-end Direct bus routes from Groningen to Bremen, Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich are also available.
MotorwaysEdit
The A28 motorway connects Groningen to Utrecht (via Assen, Zwolle and Amersfoort).<ref name="Eyewitness2017">Template:Cite book</ref> The A7 motorway connects it to Friesland and Zaandam (West), and Winschoten and Leer (East).<ref name="DoddGrace1989">Template:Cite book</ref>
AirportEdit
Groningen Airport Eelde is an international airport located near Eelde, in Drenthe, with scheduled services to Guernsey, Gran Canaria, Antalya, Crete, Mallorca and Bodrum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable peopleEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
- Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603–1659), explorer, seafarer, merchant for the Dutch East India Company
- Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt (1776–1835), lieutenant-general at the Battle of Waterloo
- Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899), soldier, first validated supercentenarian
- Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926), physicist, Nobel laureate
- Dirk Jan de Geer (1870–1960), statesman and Dutch Prime Minister (1926–29, 1939–40), advocated peace settlement between the Netherlands and Nazi Germany in 1940
- Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), botanist and geneticist
- A. W. L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer (1888–1978), last colonial Governor-General of the Netherlands East Indies
- Michel Velleman (1895–1943), Jewish magician
- Jan Wolthuis (1903–1983), lawyer and collaborator, active in far-right politics after WWII
- Esmée van Eeghen (1918–1944), Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis in Paddepoel, Noorddijk
- Pete Hoekstra (born 1953), United States ambassador to the Netherlands, former Republican member of Congress representing Michigan's 2nd congressional district
- Gerard Kemkers (born 1967), speed skating bronze medalist at 1988 Winter Olympics
- Anda Kerkhoven (1919–1945), Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis near Glimmen
- Bauke Mollema (born 1986), cyclist
- Kim Feenstra (born 1985), model
- Ben Woldring (born 1985), internet entrepreneur
- Luit Bieringa (1942-2022), New Zealand Art Historian
- Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), botanist and geneticist
- Luciano Valente (born 2003), professional footballer
- Noisia, music producers
- Vicetone, DJ and music producer duo
See alsoEdit
- Sint Geertruidsgasthuis, a hofje in Groningen
- Hunze
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Navboxes Template:Dutch municipality Groningen {{#invoke:Navbox|navbox}} Template:Hanseatic League Template:Authority control