Kapampangan language

Template:Short description Template:More footnotes needed {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other Template:Main other Template:Contains special characters

Kapampangan, Capampáñgan, or Pampangan, is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, where the Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The language is known honorifically as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('breastfed, or nurtured, language').<ref name="gruyter">Template:Cite book</ref>

Kapampangan is assigned the ISO 639-2 three-letter code pam, but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code.

ClassificationEdit

Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex {{#invoke:IPA|main}} of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R.<ref>Himes, Ronald S. “The Central Luzon Group of Languages.” Oceanic Linguistics, vol. 51, no. 2, 2012, pp. 490–537. JSTOR, Template:JSTOR. Accessed 27 Nov. 2022.</ref>

HistoryEdit

Kapampangan is derived from the root word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans.

A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period. Template:Ill wrote two 18th-century books about the language: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (first published in 1729)Template:Sfn and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (first published in 1732).Template:Sfn Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Template:Ill was noted for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and playwright Template:Ill wrote {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by Amado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature,Template:Citation needed to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.

Geographic distributionEdit

Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac (Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La Paz, Victoria and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan (Dinalupihan, Hermosa and Orani), Bulacan (Baliuag, San Miguel, San Ildefonso, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan and Calumpit), Nueva Ecija (Cabiao, San Antonio, San Isidro, Gapan and Cabanatuan) and Zambales (Olongapo City and Subic). The language has also speakers outside Central Luzon, particularly in nearby Metro Manila and as far as Palawan and Mindanao. In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in Cagayan de Oro, Davao City, South Cotabato (specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi) and Sultan Kudarat (specifically in Isulan). According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in the Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PhonologyEdit

Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.

VowelsEdit

Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes:

{{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a close back unrounded vowel when unstressed; allophonic with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, an open front unrounded vowel similar to English father when stressed
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}, an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English bed
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a close front unrounded vowel similar to English machine
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English forty
{{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a close back rounded vowel similar to English flute

There are four main diphthongs: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are reduced to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} respectively.

Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:

{{#invoke:IPA|main}} becomes {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in all unstressed positions.
Unstressed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is usually pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in English bit and book respectively (except final syllables).
In final syllables {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('these') can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}/{{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}/{{#invoke:IPA|main}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('bought') can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to us' [except you]) can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('dusk') can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly') can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('book') can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('who') can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to me') can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('cricket') can be pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Unstressed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are usually pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, respectively (except final syllables).

ConsonantsEdit

In the chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to Ilocano, Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin.

		Bilabial	Dental / Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Stop	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Stop	voiced	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Tap/Trill			Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link
Approximant			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link

{{#invoke:IPA|main}} tends to lenite to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} between vowels.
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are allophones in Kapampangan, and sometimes interchangeable; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can be {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Where are the books?').
A glottal stop at the end of a word is often omitted in the middle of a sentence and, unlike in most languages of the Philippines, is conspicuously absent word-internally; hence, Batiáuan's dropping of semivowels from its very name.

StressEdit

Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples):Template:Sfn

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('should, ought to') → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('deed, concern, business')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('gather, burn trash') → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('trash pile')

Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left:Template:Sfn

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('company')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('melt, digest')

Template:AnchorSound changesEdit

In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} merged to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in most dialects of Kapampangan; it is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Cebuano {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and Ilocano {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('grave').

Proto-Philippine {{#invoke:IPA|main}} merged with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The Kapampangan word for 'new' is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; it is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Tagalog, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Ilocano, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Indonesian.

GrammarEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However, the word order can be very flexible and change to VOS (Verb-Object-Subject) and SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('child') to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('food') to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to eat') to '{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('eating') to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('being eaten')).

Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'a group of people having their noses bleed at the same time', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'everyone loves each other', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'can speak Kapampangan', and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan.

NounsEdit

Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, but are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.

Unlike English and Spanish (which are nominative–accusative languages) and Inuit and Basque (which are ergative–absolutive languages), Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns.

Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common).

Case markers
	Absolutive	Ergative	Oblique
Common singular	ing	-ng, ning	king
Common plural	ding, ring	ring	karing
Personal singular	i(y)	-ng	kang
Personal plural	di, ri	ri	kari

Examples:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('The man arrived.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Juan saw Maria.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Where are the books?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I will give the key to Carmen.')

PronounsEdit

Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.

	Absolutive (independent)	Absolutive (enclitic)	Ergative	Oblique
1st person singular	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
1st person dual	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
1st person plural inclusive	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
1st person plural exclusive	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
2nd person singular	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
2nd person plural	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
3rd person singular	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
3rd person plural	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}

ExamplesEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I wrote.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I wrote to him.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('He [or she] wrote me.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('He [or she] has arrived.') Note: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'He arrived (or arrives)'; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'He has arrived.'
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Tell it to me.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Who called you?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('They are reading.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('They eat pigs too?')

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('my house')

The dual pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the inclusive pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} refers to the first and third persons.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('We [dual] do not have rice.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('We [inclusive] do not have rice.')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('We [exclusive] do not have rice.')

Kapampangan differs from many Philippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (not {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 'Ernie arrived').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (not {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 'Maria and Juan are reading').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (not {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 'José wrote you').

Special formsEdit

The pronouns {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('there is/are') and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('there is/are not').

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('He is in Pampanga').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('The doctors are no longer here').

Both {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are correct. The plural form ('they are') is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Both {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

Pronoun combinationsEdit

Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I saw you').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('He wrote to me').

Pronouns also combine to form a portmanteau pronoun:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I saw her').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I will give them money').

Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Do you see him?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('He likes that, too').

In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in the absolutive case, and the row headings denote the ergative case.

Pronoun order and forms
	lang}} (1 sing.)	lang}} (2 sing.)	lang}} (3 sing.)	lang}} (1 dual)	lang}} (1 incl.)	lang}} (1 exclusive)	lang}} (2 plural)	lang}} (3 plural)
lang}} (1 sing)	lang}})	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	–	–	–	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
lang}} (2 sing)	lang}}	lang}})	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	–	–	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	–	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
lang}} (3 sing)	lang}}	lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}}	lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
lang}} (1 dual)	–	–	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}})	–	–	–	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
lang}} (1p inc)	–	–	lang}}	–	lang}})	–	–	lang}}
lang}} (1p exc)	–	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	–	–	lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}}
lang}} (2 p)	lang}}	–	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	–	–	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}})	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
lang}} (3 p)	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})

Demonstrative pronounsEdit

Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural.

Demonstrative pronouns
	Absolutive		Ergative		Oblique		Locative		Existential
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Existential
Nearest to speaker (this, here)	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
Near speaker & addressee (this, here)	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
Nearest addressee (that, there)	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
Remote (yon, yonder)	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}

The demonstrative pronouns {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('this music'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('this is what we do'). {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is always concrete: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('this book'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('this is Juan's dog').

In their locative forms, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, but will refer to their respective towns as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; both mean 'here'.

The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; the plural of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; the plural of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and the plural of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The existential form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('What's this?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('These flowers smell nice').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Who is that man?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Come here').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I am here').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('They will eat there').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Who is that child?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('So that's where your glasses are!')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I haven't seen one of these before').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Those are delicious').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Here are the two gifts for you').
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I like you!')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I love you!')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Let's eat!')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I don't want to lose you!')

Template:AnchorVerbsEdit

Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has Austronesian alignment, and the verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects.

The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (which marks singular subjects) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-case {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng, which is cliticized onto the preceding word.<ref>In the examples, the word to which the accusative case marker attaches is a pronoun or portmanteau pronoun that is obligatorily present in the same clause as the noun with which it is co-referential. In sentences with an agent trigger, the pronoun co-refers with the agent subject. In sentences with a non-agent trigger, the portmanteau pronoun co-refers with both the ergative agent and the non-agent subject, which is marked with direct case.</ref>

Template:Interlinear

Ambiguities and irregularitiesEdit

Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('write') exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'is writing' in Kapampangan and 'will write' in Tagalog.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'will write' in Kapampangan and 'wrote' in Tagalog. It is the infinitive in both languages.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'wrote' in both languages. In Kapampangan, it is in the actor focus (with long i: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) or object focus (with short i: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), and object focus only in Tagalog.

The object-focus suffix -an represents two focuses; the only difference is that one conjugation preserves -an in the completed aspect, and it is dropped in the other conjugation:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to pay someone'): {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('will pay someone'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('is paying someone'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('paid someone')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to pay for something'): {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('will pay for something'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('is paying for something'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('paid for something')

Other Philippine languages have separate forms; Tagalog has -in and -an, Bikol and most of the Visayan languages have -on and -an, and Ilokano has -en and -an due to historical sound changes in the proto-Philippine /*e/.

A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix -um-, but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do (for example, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to do'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to immerse'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to dance'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to take off'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to smoke'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to fetch'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to step') and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to accompany'). Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (-um- verbs), this happens only to verbs with the vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the first syllable; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('to take off') is conjugated {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('will take off'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('is taking off'), and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('took off').

This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} becoming {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} becomes {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in certain cases (for example, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ['brought something'], {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ['worked on something'] and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ['bought']).

There is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may mean 'is speaking' or 'will speak', but there is an audible difference. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} means 'will speak' while {{#invoke:IPA|main}} means 'is speaking'.

Conjugation chart
	Infinitive & contemplative	Progressive	Completed
Actor focus	-um-	CV-	-ín-
Actor focus	–	CV-	-in- -i-
Actor focus	m-	mVm-	min- me- mi-
Actor focus	mag-	mág-	mig-, meg-
Actor focus	ma-	má-	me-
Actor focus	maN-	máN-	meN-
Object focus	-an	CV- ... -an	-in- -i- -e-
Object focus Benefactive focus	i-	iCV-	i- -in- i- -i- i- -e-
Object focus Locative focus	-an	CV- ... -an	-in- ... -an -i- ... -an -e- ... -an
Instrument focus	ipaN-	páN-	piN-, peN
Reason focus	ka-	ká-	ke-

EncliticsEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: used optionally in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: even, even if, even though
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: conditional particle expressing an unexpected event; if
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: reporting (hearsay) particle indicating that the information is second-hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: inclusive particle which adds something to what was said before; also, too
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: expresses hope or an unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspect); also used in conditional aspect
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: expresses uncertainty or an unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: limiting particle; only, just
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: now, already, yet, anymore
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: still, else
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: used in making contrasts and to soften requests and emphasis
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: expresses cause; because, because of
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: used in affirmations or emphasis and to soften imperatives; indeed
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: realization particle, indicating that the speaker has realized (or suddenly remembered) something
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: politeness particle

Examples:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: 'I was told that it is lucky.'
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: 'Your boyfriend is also educated.'

Template:AnchorExistence and possessionEdit

To express existence (there is, there are) and possession (to have), the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: They also have a conscience.

NegationEdit

Kapampangan has two negation words: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} negates verbs and equations, and means 'no' or 'not':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('He did not buy.')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the opposite of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:Template:Clarify

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('They say that there is no more love.')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is sometimes used instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I did not buy it.')

Interrogative wordsEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used to ask how something is. Frequently used as a greeting ('How are you?'), it is derived from the Spanish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How are you?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How is the patient?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'what': {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('What are you doing?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'who':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Who are those men?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Who is Jennifer?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'where', is used to ask about the location of an object and not used with verbs:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Where is the driver?' {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of English driver).
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Where is Henry?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'why':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Why are you here?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Why are you not in your house?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'whose' or 'whom':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('To whom will you give that?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Whose dandruff is this?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'how many':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How many papayas?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How many children did your mother birth?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'when':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('When is the fiesta?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('When is your birthday?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'how':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How do you do this?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How do you become a productive member of the society?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'how much':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How much is one bread?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How much are the milktea, burger and fries?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'to what degree':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How beautiful are you?', literally 'To what degree are you beautiful?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('How many did you buy?', literally 'To what amount did you buy?')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means 'which':

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Which of these do you want?')
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Who do you choose among them?')

LexiconEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese (particularly Cantonese and Hokkien), such as:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '(paternal) grandmother', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'uncle', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '2nd eldest sister', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '2nd eldest brother', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '2nd eldest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '5th eldest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '6th eldest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '8th eldest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Quezon, 'strongest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>Behind the Name: Quezon</ref><ref>QUEZON is the Spanish transliteration of Hokkien for “the strongest grandson” in Instagram</ref>
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '(maternal) grandmother', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '(maternal) grandfather', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'eldest sister', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'eldest brother', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '3rd eldest brother', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '4th eldest sister', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '3rd eldest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'pet, to look after, thank you' (name), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '4th eldest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '7th eldest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'key', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '4th eldest sister', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, '4th eldest brother', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'eldest grandson' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'noodles' (literally 'instant meal'), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'bad luck' (literally 'without clothes and food'), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'tea', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'name', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}},'full, satisfied' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'Chinese lettuce', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'Gold' (a surname), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'spring roll', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Kapampangan soup, from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'tofu' (a snack), from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'soy sauce', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'copper wire', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'wooden clogs', from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 (sun).<ref>El Pilipinismo: Chino Cristiano Surnames</ref>

Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from Sanskrit. A few examples are:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'home', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} alaya
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'fate', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} karma
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'divine law', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} dharma
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'magic formulas', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} mantra
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'power', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} upaya
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'voice', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} svara
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'face', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} rupa
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'every', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'eclipse/dragon', from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} rahu
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'giant eagle' (a surname, 'phoenix'), from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} garuda
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'south' (a surname), from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'admiral' (a surname), from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} lakshmana
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'demerit, bad karma' from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'fruit, blessings' from the Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} phala

The language has also absorbed many Spanish loanwords due to the 333 years of presence of the Spaniards in the Kapampangan speaking provinces. Hence, Spanish Days of the Week, Months, and Numbers are used in Kapampangan respectively. Many Spanish expressions, basic nouns, verbs, and phrases are also present in the Language. Such as, ("Kómusta?") from Spanish, "cómo estás" which means 'how are you?'. (this common expression can also be found in other Philippine Languages, such as Tagalog, Bisaya, Hiligaynon, etc. Other examples are:

Aparte, 'aside or apart', from Spanish 'Aparte'
Casafuego, 'matchstick', from Mexican Spanish "Casa fuego". 'Fósforro' which is also Spanish, is also commonly used by the Speakers.
Mariposa, 'butterfly', from Spanish 'Mariposa'
Primeru, 'first', from Spanish 'Primero'
Matsura, 'ugly', from Spanish 'Mala Hechura'
Domingu, 'sunday', from Spanish 'Domingo'
Filipinas, 'philippines', from Spanish 'Filipinas'

OrthographyEdit

Template:See also

File:Amanung Sisuan in Kulitan.svg

lang}} (honorific name for 'mother language' (literally 'nurtured or suckled language') in Kulitan, Kapampangan's indigenous writing system

Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written in old Kapampangan writing. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems: sulat Baculud, sulat Wawa and a hybrid of the two, Amung Samson.<ref name="K or C">Pangilinan, M. R. M. (2006, January). Kapampángan or Capampáñgan: settling the dispute on the Kapampángan Romanized orthography. In Paper at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan (pp. 17-20).</ref>

The first system ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, also known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} system) is based on Spanish orthography, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (ca, co and cu), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (que, qui). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="K or C"/>

The second system, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. This orthography, based on the Abakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.<ref name="K or C"/>

The third system, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and ⟨k⟩ (in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of [qu]⟩ and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.<ref name="K or C"/>

Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based Filipino language (the national language) and its orthography. The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.<ref name="K or C"/>

Template:AnchorPrayers, words and sentencesEdit

File:Church of the Pater Noster vi pam.jpg

The Church of the Pater Noster in Jerusalem, with a Kapampangan version of the Lord's Prayer on the right (in sulat Baculud spelling).

Sign of the Cross: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Apostle’s Creed: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
The Lord's Prayer: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Hail Mary: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Gloria Patri: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Salve Regina: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Numbers:

One – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (used when reciting numbers; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} used for counting)
Two – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Three – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Four – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Five – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Six – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Seven – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Eight – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Nine – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Ten – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Sentences:

My name is John. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
I am here! – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Where are you? – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
I love you. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
What do you want? – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Good morning! - Mayap a yabak (pu)!
Good afternoon! - Mayap a gatpanapun (pu)!
Good evening! - Mayap a bengi (pu)!
I will go home. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
They don't want to eat. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
He bought rice. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
She likes that. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
May I go out? – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
I can't sleep. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
We are afraid. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
My pet died yesterday. – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
How old are you? – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
How did you do that? – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
How did you get here? – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
How big is it? – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
When will you be back? – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
A baby is born? - {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

ReferencesEdit

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S. 1996. An Outline: The National Language and the Language of Instruction. In Readings in Philippine Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, 223. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc.
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Template:Cite book
Castro, Rosalina Icban. 1981. Literature of the Pampangos. Manila: University of the East Press.
Fernández, Eligío. 1876. Nuevo Vocabulario, ó Manual de Conversaciónes en Español, Tagálo y Pampángo. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Perez
Template:Cite book
Gallárdo, José. 1985–86. Magaral Tang Capampangan. Ing Máyap a Balità, ed. by José Gallárdo, May 1985- June 1986. San Fernando: Archdiocese of San Fernando.
Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300–1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author.
Kitano Hiroaki. 1997. Kapampangan. In Facts About The World's Major Languages, ed. by Jane Garry. New York: H.W. Wilson. Pre-published copy
Lacson, Evangelina Hilario. 1984. Kapampangan Writing: A Selected Compendium and Critique. Ermita, Manila: National Historical Institute.
Manlapaz, Edna Zapanta. 1981. Kapampangan Literature: A Historical Survey and Anthology. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Panganiban, J.V. 1972. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
Pangilinan, Michael Raymon M. 2004. Critical Diacritical. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XIV. Angeles City: KMagazine.
Samson, Venancio. 2004. Problems on Pampango Orthography. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XII. Angeles City: KMagazine.
Samson, Venancio. 2011. Kapampangan Dictionary. Angeles City: The Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University Press. Template:ISBN
Tayag, Katoks (Renato). 1985. "The Vanishing Pampango Nation", Recollections and Digressions. Escolta, Manila: Philnabank Club c/o Philippine National Bank.
Turla, Ernesto C. 1999. Classic Kapampangan Dictionary. Offprint Copy

External linksEdit

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