1996 Republican National Convention
Template:Short description Template:Infobox National Political Convention The 1996 Republican National Convention convened at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego, California, from August 12 to August 15, 1996. The convention nominated Senator Bob Dole from Kansas, for president and former representative and secretary of Housing and Urban Development Jack Kemp, from suburban Buffalo, New York, for vice president.
BackgroundEdit
Political contextEdit
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After a bitter primary, Dole had secured the Republican presidential nomination—but at high cost, financially and politically. The Party had lost momentum after President Bill Clinton successfully co-opted the historically Republican issues of crime and welfare reform and portrayed Speaker Newt Gingrich as an extremist.
Within his own party, Dole was under pressure from both sides of the political spectrum. Social liberals such as California governor Pete Wilson and Massachusetts governor Bill Weld loudly argued to remove the Human Life Amendment plank from the convention platform. On the right, primary opponents Pat Buchanan and Alan Keyes withheld endorsements—Buchanan staged a rally for his supporters in nearby Escondido on the eve of the San Diego convention.<ref>Buchanan Rejects Offer for Small Role at Convention. The New York Times. July 30, 1996.</ref> Indeed, past comments by Kemp labeling Dole as a tax-raiser surfaced. The long, bitter primary had also left the Dole campaign short of funds as a result of federal election spending limits in the months leading up to the convention.
The Dole campaign sought to use the convention to unite the party, to appeal to political moderates, and to highlight Dole's honorable service in World War II and in the U.S. Senate. Nearly all floor speeches were delivered by moderate or liberal Republicans, including the keynote address by New York Representative Susan Molinari, and Dole was nominated by fellow veteran and Arizona Senator John McCain. Gingrich, who less than two years earlier had been a star of the party, was denied a prime time slot altogether, as was Buchanan, who had finished in second place for the nomination, with over 200 delegates. However, supporters in the socially conservative grassroots organizations such as the Christian Coalition directed the convention to adopt a conservative platform with little controversy, and Buchanan released his delegates at the last minute.
The convention ran smoothly overall, and the Dole-Kemp team seemed to benefit in the short term. Opinion polls taken shortly after the conclusion of the convention showed the Republicans with a significant "bump" of increased support. However, this bump was extremely temporary, and they continued to trail the incumbent Clinton-Gore team; they went on to lose the election by almost nine points.
Site selectionEdit
The Republican National Committee asked 30 cities to submit bids. Their finalist cities were Chicago, New Orleans, New York City, San Antonio, and San Diego.<ref name="AllPolitics">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chicago withdrew after winning their bid to host the 1996 Democratic National Convention.<ref name="AllPolitics"/> San Diego, ultimately, beat out the remaining finalists to win the RNC.<ref name="AllPolitics"/> The selection of San Diego was announced in January 1995.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The 1996 RNC was the first presidential nominating convention to be held in San Diego, and the only Republican National Convention held in Southern California (the 1972 RNC was scheduled for the San Diego Sports Arena but relocated to Miami Beach, Florida, due to scandal).<ref name="sdhs92fa">Template:Cite news</ref> Indeed, San Diego's bid had been considered unlikely to win. The San Diego Convention Center was far smaller than its predecessor venues, the Astrodome in Houston and the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, and its normal seating layout left several sections and skyboxes with obstructed views. Ardent lobbying by Mayor Susan Golding, who some named as a potential candidate for U.S. Senate in 1998, and by Governor Wilson, himself to seek the 1996 presidential nomination, helped secure San Diego's selection in 1994.Template:Citation needed
BidsEdit
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| City | Venue | Proposed financing for convention | Previous major party conventions hosted by city | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Capacity | |||
| Chicago, Illinois (withdrew bid) | United Center | Democratic: 1864, 1884, 1892, 1896, 1932, 1940, 1944, 1952, 1956, 1968 Republican: 1860, 1868, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1932, 1944, 1952, 1960 | ||
| New Orleans, Louisiana | Louisiana Superdome | 40,000 | $14.6 million | Republican: 1988 |
| New York City, New York | Madison Square Garden | 20,924 | $30.5 million | Democratic: 1868, 1924, 1976, 1980, 1992 |
| San Antonio, Texas | Alamodome | 43,311 | $17.3 million | Template:N/A |
| San Diego, California | San Diego Convention Center | 18,000 | $14 million | Template:N/A |
- Other bids
In mid-February 1994, Los Angeles, California, withdrew its bid to have the Los Angeles Convention Center host the convention, citing the previous month's 1994 Northridge earthquake as the reason the city could not afford to finance the hosting of such an event in 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In late-March 1994, St. Louis, Missouri, withdrew its bid.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
LogisticsEdit
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The San Diego Host Committee, "Sail to Victory '96," was organized on September 8, 1995.
This was the first national party convention since the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, which sparked heightened concerns over terrorism. The possibility that the explosion of TWA Flight 800 weeks before was a terrorist incident also weighed on convention planners. The Convention Center was located on the waterfront, near a harbor frequented by thousands of small boats—upon one of which Dole and Kemp made their ceremonial arrival. The police, Coast Guard, and other security presence was massive.
Convention planners situated the designated protest area several blocks away from the convention center, sparking criticism and legal action. It was later moved to a parking lot closer to the building which had originally been designated as an ADA-compliant transportation hub.
The convention was successful for San Diego, bringing positive publicity to the city and its revitalized waterfront and Gaslamp Quarter. The convention committee, however, overran its budget by some $20 million, largely because of the extra costs of security.
Due to the limited Template:Convert ceiling height of the convention hall, the podium was elevated a mere Template:Convert above the convention floor, significantly lower than the podium had been elevated at the preceding 1992 Republican convention.<ref name="facts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to the small space in the convention hall, thousands of credentialed convention-goers were relegated to watching the convention via television screens in secondary rooms in the convention complex.<ref name="Bennet1"/>
"The Washington Post described Republican Party planning of the convention's prime time programming to be a "tightly packaged, carefully scripted format" and a "fast-paced program, replete with cutaways, taped segments and slick videos, in an effort to maximize air time for their partisan message."<ref name="Kurtz"/> Except for the acceptance and keynote speeches, speakers were generally allotted no more than five minutes to speak.<ref name="facts"/><ref name="Kurtz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To warn speakers when their allotted speaking time was running out, a light was mounted on the podium.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The convention even built its schedule to anticipate and accommodate commercial breaks on the networks broadcasting the convention live.<ref name="Bennet1"/>
To ensure that some television audiences would see uncut extended coverage of the convention with a strictly pro-Republican slant, the Republican National Committee purchased television time on The Family Channel to air its "GOP-TV" coverage commercial free from 9am to 11pm for the duration of the convention. The Family Channel was owned by Pat Robertson, who was prominently involved in Republican politics.<ref name="Kurtz"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Ruth"/> The Republican Party also purchased a half hour of morning broadcast time on USA Network on five days during the convention week.<ref name="Ruth">Template:Cite news</ref>
One of the chief Dole operatives tasked with overseeing convention preparations was Paul Manafort.<ref name="Bennet1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The cost associated with setting up the convention hall itself were reported to be between $5 million and $7 million.<ref name="facts"/>
The federal government provided both conventions with $12.3 million in funding in 1996.<ref name="facts"/>
Johnson & Higgins provided liability insurance coverage for the convention.<ref name="facts"/>
Party platformEdit
Despite speeches at the convention having a more moderate and inclusive tone, the party platform adopted at the 1996 convention catered the conservative ideological right.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Convention speakersEdit
John Marelius of the San Diego Union-Tribune described the convention's lineup of speakers as portraying a, "diverse, inclusive Republican Party of stirring orators, women, minorities, disabled people and Democrats who switched parties." Marelius regarded the convention as contrasting with the preceding 1992 Republican convention, which had given prominent platform for Pat Buchanan's "religious war". Some religious conservatives took issue with the sparse inclusion of "pro-life" (anti-abortion) rhetoric in the convention.<ref name="editorialreactions"/> Pat Buchanan was denied a speaking slot at the convention.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ScheduleEdit
Day one: Monday, August 12Edit
| Speaker<ref name="CQ1">The GOP Convention Day-by-Day (published in CQ Almanac 1996, 52nd ed., 11-6-11-9. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1997)</ref><ref>Gifts of Speech – Nancy Reagan</ref> | Position/Notability | |
|---|---|---|
| File:Gerald Ford (1997a).jpg | Gerald Ford | 38th President of the United States (1974-1977) |
| File:President George H. W. Bush (1997).jpg | George H. W. Bush | 41st President of the United States (1989-1993) |
| File:Colin Powell (48171134477) (1).jpg | Colin Powell | Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989-1993)
Former U.S. National Security Advisor (1987-1989) |
| File:Nancy Reagan.jpg | Nancy Reagan | Former First Lady of the United States (1981-1989) |
| Mary Fisher | HIV/AIDS activists | |
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Day two: Tuesday, August 13Edit
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Day three: Wednesday, August 14Edit
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Day four: Thursday, August 15Edit
| Speaker<ref name="tafel-174" /><ref name="KempSpeech1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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Position/Notability | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stephen Fong | Committeeman from California | |||
| File:Jack Kemp official portrait.jpg | Jack Kemp | 9th U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1989-1993)
Vice Presidential Nominee | ||
| File:Ks 1996 dole (cropped).jpg | Bob Dole | Former U.S. Senator from Kansas (1969-1996)
Former Senate Majority Leader (1995-1996; 1987-1988) 1976 Vice presidential nominee Presidential Nominee | ||
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Notable speechesEdit
Bob Dole's presidential nomination acceptance speechEdit
Dole's acceptance speech provided a heavy focus on the issue of trust, highlighting not just the need for the American public to have trust in government, but also the need for the government to have trust in the American public.<ref name="SDUTarchive1"/> Dole declared, "the fundamental issue is not of policy, but of trust -- not merely whether the people trust the president, but whether the president and his party trust the people, trust in their goodness and their genius for recovery. For the government cannot direct the people, the people must direct the government."<ref name="SDUTarchive1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In his speech, Dole denounced intolerance, including racism and religious intolerance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CTendorsement">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dole declared the Republican to be, "broad and inclusive," claiming that it represented, "many streams of opinion and many points of view". Dole exclaimed, "if there’s anyone who has mistakenly attached themselves to our party in the belief that we are not open to citizens of every race and religion, then let me remind you — tonight this hall belongs to the party of Lincoln, and the exits, which are clearly marked, are for you to walk out of as I stand this ground without compromise."<ref name="Bort1">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In comments that were seen as partially alluding to his longevity of age; Dole who at the age of 74, was older than any previous United States president had been when elected to their first term, hailed himself as prospectively being, "the bridge to a time of tranquility, faith and confidence in action," exclaiming, "to those who say it was never so, that America had not been better, I say, you're wrong, and I know. Because I was there. I have seen it. I remember."<ref name="Bort1"/>
Dole touted the value of political compromise, proclaiming, "in politics, honorable compromise is no sin. It is what protects us from absolutism and intolerance."<ref name="Bort1"/>
Dole characterized his Democratic opponent, incumbent president Bill Clinton, as having failed to, "provide for our future defense" in regards to defense spending.<ref name="NYTmixedmessage"/>
Dole issued negative characterizations of a varied array of groups and elements, including attacks on teachers unions, liberal judges, criminals, and government bureaucracies.<ref name="NYTmixedmessage"/> Dole negatively characterized the book It Takes a Village (which was written by First Lady Hillary Clinton, the wife of Dole's Democratic opponent Bill Clinton) as calling for state collectivist childcare, which he argued ran counter to the concept of family responsibility.<ref name="NYTmixedmessage"/>
Dole mentioned having talked on the phone that day with former president Ronald Reagan (who was absent from the convention due to his Alzheimers condition) and declared that he had promised that he would "win one more for the Gipper."<ref name="CQ1"/> (an allusion to Reagan's role in Knute Rockne, All American). This was the first RNC since 1960 in which Reagan was absent.
Dole's speech was written over a period of several months. However, days before he was scheduled to deliver it, four aides of Dole were brought in to overhaul the speech's conclusion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Houston Chronicle reviewed Dole's speech as making, " his strongest case yet," for why he should become president'<ref name="editorialreactions">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The New York Times editorial board gave the speech a mixed review, describing it as illustrating, "both the strengths and the weaknesses" of Dole's candidacy. It took issue on Dole's criticism of Clinton's defense spending as insufficient, arguing that with his proposed 15% across-the-board tax cut, Dole was, "in no position to declare that he will spend more" on defense spending.<ref name="NYTmixedmessage">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> John Marelius of the San Diego Union-Tribune characterized the speech as lacking either, "soaringly memorable language or a thematic spine." However, he also opined that, by highlighting the issue of mutual trust government and the public, Dole articulated, "a rationale for his candidacy that had so often been missing on the campaign trail."<ref name="SDUTarchive1"/> The Chicago Tribune's editorial board, in its endorsement of Dole, hailed Dole's "eloquent" remarks against religious and racial intolerance.<ref name="CTendorsement"/>
Jack Kemp's vice presidential nomination acceptance speechEdit
Jack Kemp, the former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under the George H. W. Bush administration, gave his acceptance speech of the 1996 Republican vice presidential nomination right before Bob Dole gave his acceptance speech for the Republican presidential nomination.
Elizabeth DoleEdit
Presidential nominee Bob Dole's wife, Elizabeth, spoke at the convention. In tandem with his Democratic opponent Bill Clinton's wife, Hillary Clinton, later speaking at the Democratic convention, 1996 became the year in which it became established practice that both major party candidates spouses speak at their party's convention.<ref name="gallup1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Baltimore Sun observed in 1996, "Although not unheard of, wives of nominees do not routinely address presidential conventions."<ref name="BaltimoreSunMrs.DolesSpeech"/>
Dole opted to deliver her speech from the convention floor rather than from atop of the stage, even walking among some of the delegates during parts of her speech. This was an unusual staging for a convention speech that was likened to having optics resembling the format of an American daytime talk show.<ref name="CQ1"/><ref name="WashPoMrs.Dole">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="BaltimoreSunMrs.DolesSpeech">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After she experienced technical difficulties with her lavalier microphone early into her speech, she was given a wireless handheld microphone. Her twenty-minute speech was much longer than any other speech delivered on that night of the convention. Her speech served to better humanize Bob Dole in the eyes of the American electorate. To further this, before her speech, Bob Dole's daughter Robin Dole had spoken for five minutes.<ref name="WashPoMrs.Dole"/><ref name="BaltimoreSunMrs.DolesSpeech"/> Dole's speech recounted the life of her husband as well as her relationship with her husband.<ref name="WashPoMrs.Dole"/>
Susan Molinari's keynote addressEdit
U.S. Representative and Vice Chair of the House Republican Conference Susan Molinari delivered the convention's keynote address.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Molinari's speech spoke of mothers like herself being, "stretched to the limit, trying to hold down a job while trying to hold down the fort at home, too," faulting Clinton for passing what she claimed was "the largest tax increase in history." Faulting Clinton, she claimed that, "now Americans pay almost 40 cents of every dollar they earn in taxes, the most ever. Every year Bill Clinton's been in office, taxes have been higher, and family incomes have been lower." She painted the Dole-Kemp ticket as offering an alternative to the scenario that she characterized.<ref name="asithappened13"/>
Molinari assailed Clinton as failing to fulfill the campaign promises he had been elected on in 1992, prefacing her speech with the quip, "This speech is a lot like a Bill Clinton promise: It won't last long and it'll sound like a Republican talking," and later quipping that, "Americans know that Bill Clinton's promises have the life span of a Big Mac on Air Force One. While that tag line may be funny, what's not funny is what he is doing to the promise of America."<ref name="asithappened13"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CNN described Molinari's speech, which frequently mentioned her 3-month-old daughter and the children of other individuals, as perhaps intending to help lessen the gender gap shown in polls of women voters favoring the Democratic ticket.<ref name="asithappened13"/>
George H. W. BushEdit
Former president George H. W. Bush, who been unseated in the previous 1992 election, delivered a speech on the convention's opening night.<ref name="bigenough1"/>
Gerald FordEdit
Former president Gerald Ford, who had selected Dole as his vice presidential running mate in the 1976 United States presidential election, delivered a short speech on the convention's opening night.<ref name="bigenough1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="fordspeech1"/>
Ford, in light of the Republican ticket trailing by double-digits in the polls at the time of the 1996 Republican National Convention, reminded voters that the 1976 Ford-Dole ticket gained 30 points in the polls before November 1976.<ref name="bigenough1"/>
In his remarks, Ford made an automobile pun, quipping, "a few years ago, when I suddenly found myself President, I said I was a Ford, not a Lincoln. Today, what we have in the White House is neither a Ford or a Lincoln. What we have is a convertible Dodge. Isn't it time for a trade-in?".<ref name="bigenough1"/><ref name="fordspeech1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Colin PowellEdit
Retired general Colin Powell delivered a speech on the convention's opening night. This was Powell's first major partisan political speech. Powell had only formally joined the Republican Party the previous year. Powell's speech was largely a call for compassion and inclusion, and touched on his upbringing by parents who were black immigrants from Jamaica. In endorsing Dole, Powell did not directly attack the Democratic ticket.<ref name="bigenough1"/>
Nancy ReaganEdit
Template:Quote box The wife of former president Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan, spoke at the convention, expressing gratitude.
Stephen FongEdit
On the closing night of the convention, Stephen Fong, then-president of the San Francisco chapter of the Log Cabin Republicans, spoke at the dais as part of a series of speeches from "mainstreet Americans," but was not publicly identified as gay.<ref name="tafel-174">Tafel, Richard (1999) Party Crasher, New York: Simon & Schuster. Template:ISBN, p. 174.</ref> Fong was the first openly gay speaker at a Republican National Convention.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Musical performancesEdit
Among the musical performances at the convention was an August 15 performance by the "Singing Senators" (Senators Trent Lott, John Ashcroft, Larry Craig, and Jim Jeffords) who sang a barbershop quartet version of the song Elvira in dedication to Elizabeth Dole.<ref name="CQ1"/>
Presidential nomination roll call voteEdit
Senator John McCain placed Bob Dole's name in nomination.
| Republican National Convention presidential vote, 1996<ref name="CQ1996">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Votes | Percentage | ||
| Bob Dole | 1,928 | 96.88% | ||
| Pat Buchanan | 43 | 2.16% | ||
| Steve Forbes | 2 | 0.10% | ||
| Alan Keyes | 1 | 0.05% | ||
| Robert Bork | 1 | 0.05% | ||
| Abstentions | 15 | 0.75% | ||
| Totals | 1,990 | 100.00% | ||
Vice presidential nominating voteEdit
New York Governor George Pataki placed Jack Kemp's name into nomination, after which the former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development was nominated by voice vote.
ImpactEdit
On August 16, the day after the close convention, John Marelius of the San Diego Union-Tribune characterized different polls as showing conflicting indicators as to whether Dole was rising or declining in the polls.<ref name="SDUTarchive1"/>
Ever since the 1996 election, in which both the Democratic and Republican conventions featured the spouses of the presidential nominees as speakers, it had become standard practice that both major parties feature the spouses of their presidential nominees as convention speakers.<ref name="gallup1"/> This convention stood uninterrupted until the 2024 Republican National Convention, at which Republican nominee Donald Trump's wife (Melania Trump) did not speak.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries
- History of the United States Republican Party
- List of Republican National Conventions
- U.S. presidential nomination convention
- 1996 Democratic National Convention
- 1996 Libertarian National Convention
- 1996 United States presidential election
- Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Bob Dole's nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC (transcript) at The American Presidency Project
- Republican Party platform of 1996 at The American Presidency Project
- PBS Online NewsHour: Convention: The GOP in San Diego, archive including transcripts, analysis, photographs, and streaming audio.
- CNN AllPolitics: 1996 Republican National Convention, archived fact, news, chat and speech transcripts, and links
- EmergencyNet News Service: GOP National Convention Security Plan, August 10, 1996
- Video of Dole nomination acceptance speech for President at RNC (via YouTube)
- Audio of Dole nomination acceptance speech for President at RNCTemplate:Dead link
- Video of Kemp nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at RNC (via YouTube)
- Audio of Kemp nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at RNCTemplate:Dead link
- Transcript of Kemp nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at RNC Template:Webarchive
- Video (with full audio) of Susan Molinari's Keynote Address at Republican National Convention
- Text of Susan Molinari's Keynote Address at Republican National Convention
| Preceded by {{#if:1992 Houston, Texas|1992 Houston, Texas|—}} |
Republican National Conventions{{#if:| {{{curr}}}}} |
Succeeded by {{#if:2000 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|2000 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|—}} |
Template:Republican National Convention Template:Authority control