Coco Lee
Template:Short description {{SAFESUBST:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox person
CoCo Lee (Template:Lang-zh; 17 January 1975 – 5 July 2023) was a Chinese-American singer, songwriter and actress.<ref name="Sun 2005 u621">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Peoples Daily Online 2017 q386">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She is one of the best selling artists in Asia and widely regarded as a significant figure and a Diva. Her career marked the modernization of pop music in Asia and influenced many other artists. Her career began in 1993 in Hong Kong, and she gained early fame in Taiwan through a series of successful albums, establishing herself as an icon in Asia. During her life, she lived in Hong Kong, Taiwan, the United States and Mainland China. Her diverse cultural experiences shaped her background and laid the foundation for her success in the entertainment industry. She released 18 studio albums, two live albums, and five compilation albums.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Lee has been described as 'Asian Mariah Carey'.<ref name="Bashforth 2023 v490" /><ref name="Berry Wang 2023 k939">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was also noted for her Americanized dance routines.<ref name="Borelli 2014 p. 271">Template:Cite book</ref> She voiced the lead character Fa Mulan in the Mandarin version of the 1998 Disney Film Mulan, and sang its theme song "Reflection".
She was the first Asian singer to have music released globally, making her the first Chinese singer to break into the western market.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Her globally-released album Just No Other Way, released in 1999, was the first ever English-language album recorded by an Asian singer.<ref name="scmp20230723">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her globally-released single "Do You Want My Love" received international success, appearing on the US Billboard Hot Dance Breakouts Chart at No. 4 and entered Top 50 of the US Billboard Dance Club Songs Chart while also peaking at No. 14 on the Official Australian Singles Chart and No. 20 on the Official Chart in New Zealand.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Lee's 2000 song "A Love Before Time" was nominated by the Academy Award for Best Original Song of the movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, she also performed the song at the 73rd Academy Awards, becoming the first, and so far only, Chinese performer to perform at the Academy Awards.<ref name="EFE 2023 b473">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was also the first Asian-American singer to sing the US National Anthem at an NBA game, the first Asian singer to hold a concert at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles California, the first non-mainland Chinese singer to win the Chinese singing reality show I Am A Singer, and the first Asian brand ambassador for Chanel.<ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
She died by suicide in Hong Kong at the age of 48.
Early lifeEdit
Ferren Lee was born on 17 January 1975<ref name="hkapple-2009">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Hong Kong<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> or Wuhan.<ref name="香港01 2023 a295">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="三立娛樂星聞 2023 z049">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was born after her father's death due to illness, making her a posthumous child. She also had physical defects in her left leg, which affected her throughout her life and contributed to her later challenges.<ref name="nexttv20230706">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After her father's death, Lee's mother moved the family to Hong Kong to seek support from relatives. They faced difficult times there before immigrating to the US when CoCo was 9 years old. She had two elder sisters, Carol and Nancy. Nancy would become Coco's manager early on in her career.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite news</ref> She was raised in Hong Kong and had a lot of pleasant memories there. Lee and her family moved to San Francisco when she was around 10.<ref name="Magazine 2016 l605">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She attended Redding Elementary School, Presidio Middle School and Raoul Wallenberg Traditional High School there.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lee won the title of Miss Teen Chinatown San Francisco in 1991 at age 16, marking a significant step toward her later success in the entertainment industry.<ref name="sanfran">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nyt1">Template:Cite news</ref> {{#invoke:Gallery|gallery}} Lee won a local singing contest twice at 17. During the first time she won, she joined in to pay for the damage she did to her mom's car.<ref name="YouTube2006settv">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The second time, she entered it again just because it was so enjoyable.<ref name="lat2000">Template:Cite news</ref> After graduating from high school in 1993,<ref name="sanfran"/> she entered a TVB competition in Hong Kong<ref name=":16" /> and was offered a recording contract. Lee attempted to juggle her singing career in Hong Kong with her pre-medical studies at the University of California, Irvine<ref name="lat2000"/> but eventually left after her first year to concentrate on her pop career.<ref name=":16">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0" /> During an interview in 1997, Lee said she never intended to become a star. Her goal in life was to become a surgeon because her mother was a successful doctor, although completing all of her medical training might take another decade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CareerEdit
Career beginnings and Sony Music: 1993–1998Edit
In 1993, Lee returned to Hong Kong to see her sisters,<ref name=":11">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="香港01 2023 i188">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> who had participated in the Miss Hong Kong Pageant in 1992.<ref name="ETtoday新聞雲 2014 k241">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="myTV SUPER 2023 g955">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While there, she took part in the 12th Annual New Talent Singing Awards (1993) and was the first runner-up,<ref name="sanfran"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> singing Whitney Houston's Run to You.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The following day, Capital Artists offered her a recording contract.<ref name=":11" />
Lee made her debut on compilation albums including Red Hot Hits '93 Autumn Edition (火熱動感93勁秋版).<ref name=":9" /> In 1994, she released her first solo albums in Mandarin in Taiwan, Love from Now On (愛就要趁現在) and Promise Me (答應我), with Fancy Pie Records.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her English language cover album, Brave Enough to Love (勇敢去愛), and her third Mandarin album, Woman in Love (被愛的女人), were released the following year.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":9" />
In 1996, Lee signed with Sony Music Entertainment.<ref name=":13" /> Her next Mandarin album, CoCo Lee (往日情·愛我久一點), became the best-selling album of 1996 in Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Later that year she released an English cover album CoCo's Party (CoCo's Party). The following year, she released her Mandarin album Sincere (每一次想你) as well as a self-titled Cantonese album, COCO (COCO).<ref name=":13">Template:Cite news</ref> That was her first and only solo Cantonese album. In 1998, the Mandarin album Di Da Di (Di Da Di·暗示) was released, selling 1 million copies in less than 3 months.<ref name=":13" />
International collaborations and English debut: 1998–2005Edit
From her next album Template:-r (Sunny Day·好心情), "Colors of the World" (颜色) was used for the opening of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, and the song "The Answer" (答案) for the Chinese movie Bishonen. In 1998, she was hired by Walt Disney Pictures to sing the theme song "Reflection" (自己; translation: Myself) and voice Fa Mulan in the Mandarin version of Mulan (花木蘭).<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In the same year, she sang "Missing You in 365 Days" (想你的365天), one of the theme songs of the film Lotus Lantern, the first commercial animated feature film in mainland China.<ref name="三聯書店(香港)有限公司 2018 p. 166">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Xu 2018 k282">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In August 1998, Coco performed in Taiwan to a concert audience of more than 50,000 fans, the second-largest concert audience in Taiwan, exceeded only by Michael Jackson.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Nast 2019 n202">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She also performed in Michael Jackson's "Michael Jackson and friends" charity concert.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1999, Lee released the Mandarin album From Today Till Forever (今天到永遠).<ref name="五大唱片 e974">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Later that year, under 550 Music, she made her debut Just No Other Way, which included the hit, "Do You Want My Love".<ref name="nyt1" /> The song reached No 4 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Breakouts chart in December 1999,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> marking her success as the first Chinese singer to break into the American market.<ref name="ap2023">Template:Cite news</ref> Her love song "Before I Fall in Love" (originally performed by Canadian female singer Joanna Pennock in 1995 on her self named only album, Joanne) was included in the soundtrack of the movie Runaway Bride.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> She also recorded a duet called "Can't Get Over" with singer Kelly Price. Lee recorded the charity singles "We Meet the Future" and "Hand in Hand" for SARS with other artists including Wang Leehom, Stefanie Sun, Elva Hsiao, and Jolin Tsai.<ref name=":9" /> In Asia, she released a Mandarin album True Lover You & Me (真情人·You & Me). By 2000 she had released 20 albums in Asia and had sold 7.5 million copies of her albums on that continent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2001, Lee sang the song "A Love Before Time" for the movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, which she performed at the Oscars.<ref name=":1" /> The song was introduced by the actress Julia Stiles as an "evocative love ballad" that combined "the flavor and texture of Eastern music with the orchestral color and sensitive lyrics of Western culture" in the ceremony.<ref name="nyt1" /> Her album Promise Coco (Promise) was released in October 2001. She recorded a Mandarin Chinese cover titled "Baby, I'm Sorry" (Baby 對不起) as the lead single of the album.<ref>CoCo Lee BAO BEI DUI BU QI (BABY I'M SORRY)</ref><ref>Discogs: Coco* – Promise</ref> Her version's lyrics were co-written by Lee along with Lou Nanwei while the music is still the same original composition by Alfanno.<ref>魔鏡歌詞網 > 女生歌手 > 李玟 > So Crazy[影音光碟 > BABY對不起]</ref> A music video was released on the same year by Sony Music Entertainment<ref>李玟 CoCo Lee – Baby對不起</ref> Her version placed at number 35 on the Taiwan Yearly Singles Top 100 chart in 2001.<ref name=Taiwan>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2002, Lee released her remix album D. Is Coco (Dance Is Coco). She sang an anti-tobacco song called "From the Beginning 'til the End" (煙絲萬縷) with singer Jacky Cheung.<ref name=":9" /> In the same year, at the NBA (National Basketball Association) debut of Yao Ming Lee performed the US national anthem and became the first Chinese-American singer to sing at an NBA game.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She also sang the anti-racism song "A Dream of One" with Korean singer Jin Young Park. In 2003, she performed with Shaggy at the "MTV Asia Awards" in Singapore and also presented the show with him.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Lee co-starred in the Chinese comedy movie Master of Everything (自娱自乐) with John Lone, which won the Best Foreign Film award in the 2005 Beverly Hills Film Festival.<ref name="biowhartonhongkong">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Second English album and Warner Music: 2005–2011Edit
In 2005, Sony BMG released her second English album, Exposed. The album was banned in mainland China for sexy lyrics in a few songs such as "Touch" and "So Good".<ref name=":8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lee's next Mandarin album, Template:-r (要定你), was released on 22 September 2006. In 2008, Lee was chosen to sing one of the 2008 Summer Olympics' songs, "Forever Friends", opposite Sun Nan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As the first Asian singer to perform at Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, Lee had a solo concert there in July 2009, singing some of Michael Jackson's songs in homage to her idol.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 14 August 2009, she released her new Mandarin album East to West (CoCo的東西) with Warner Music Group.Template:Citation needed It contains the songs "Party Time", "Turn" (流轉) which is on the soundtrack of the film The Legend of Silk Boy for the Shanghai World Expo 2010 and "BYOB" ("Bring Your Own Bag"), a song to encourage people to bring and recycle their own shopping bags to save the environment. She recorded the song "Smile Shanghai" (微笑上海) with other artists including JJ Lin, Andy Lau, Jam Hsiao, and Jane Zhang for Shanghai World Expo 2010. On 27 March 2010, Lee began her East2West World Tour Concert in Taipei at Taipei Arena. She performed at the Encore Theatre in Wynn Casino in Las Vegas on 3 and 4 July, then in Singapore Indoor Stadium in Singapore on 2 October,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in Nanning on 16 December. In March 2011, Lee was one of many artists who participated in the recording of the Artistes 311 Love Beyond Borders official theme song called "Succumb Not to Sorrow" (不要輸給心痛) for the Cantonese version. On 7 April 2011, her song "Dreams on Oriental Seas" (梦在东方的海上) featuring Sun Nan was broadcast. It was named as the theme for the 14th FINA World Championships, which took place in Shanghai on 16 July 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
New album and final projects before death: 2011–2023Edit
On 8 June 2011, Lee announced that had she set up her own studio. On 25 June, her song "Four seas alliance" (四海盟約), the theme song for the 2011 China television drama All Men are Brothers, was broadcast. On 17 December 2011, she performed at "Booey Lehoo Concert" in Beijing with will.i.am and apl.de.ap from The Black Eyed Peas, John Legend, and Shunza.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":7" /> On 9 February 2012, she performed at the TRANS4M Boyle Heights benefit at Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles with will.i.am, apl.de.ap and Taboo from The Black Eyed Peas.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Her album Illuminate (盛開) was released on 31 May 2013 with Universal Music.<ref name=":6" /> She was a judge on the 2015 version of Dancing with the Stars in China.<ref name=":2" />
In 2016, she competed in the fourth season of the Chinese reality show I Am A Singer, although she admitted that losing her voice to bronchitis in 2014 had affected her singing ability.<ref name=":8" /> However, she recovered and participated, going on to win the competition, making her the first non-mainland Chinese singer to do so.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lee later returned as a guest singer for two more seasons (now rebranded with the new title Singer); on the fifth season during the biennial concert, and on the sixth season as with a guest performer for Jessie J, the eventual winner of that season.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2020, Coco Lee announced that she was going to re-record the Mandarin end-credits version of the song Reflection for the live adaptation of Mulan, as she had already done in 1998.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2023 she was digitally animated using motion capture for the virtual reality interactive concert Millennium Realm (千禧之境) on the Pico VR video platform.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Personal lifeEdit
Lee married Hong Kong-based Canadian businessman Bruce Rockowitz on 27 October 2011 in Hong Kong in a Jewish ceremony.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The wedding included performances by Bruno Mars, Alicia Keys, and Ne-Yo.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For her wedding, she recorded the song "I Just Wanna Marry U" (Chinese and English version), which was released on 24 October 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 2018, she mentioned in a brand event that she was undergoing IVF in New York.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="YouTube f542">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She had no biological children but had two stepdaughters from her husband's previous marriage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref><ref name=":5" /> Rockowitz is alleged to have cheated on Lee.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There were reports saying they had separated before Lee died<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and were due to sign the divorce papers in July 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Health issuesEdit
Lee was born with an abnormality in her left leg.<ref name=":1" /> At the age of two, she underwent surgery which failed to correct the problem, causing her to rely more heavily on her right leg for most of her life.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite news</ref>
Lee received a diagnosis of depression in 2019.<ref name="mp n593">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her sister said the condition deteriorated drastically the few months before her death although she had sought professional help.<ref name="nyt1" />
She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2022 and had a tumor removed. In December 2022, the singer reported her weight as 42 kg (92 lbs), sparking concerns for her health.<ref name="Hoi-ying 2023 w481">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="民視新聞網 2023 c162">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Now 新聞 2023 q225">Template:Cite news</ref> On 8 March 2023, she disclosed on social media that she had surgery on her pelvis and thigh in Hong Kong the previous month, after triggering an old leg injury during a dance rehearsal in October 2022.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /> She shared videos of herself learning to walk again with the aid of a walker as well as a nurse.<ref name=":12" /> Lee had to take muscle relaxant medication after the surgery, an insider said.<ref name="Mok 2023 a361">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Tsang 2023 k347">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DeathEdit
Lee attempted suicide on 29 June 2023.<ref name="ETtoday新聞雲 2023 w484">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="YouTube f542" /><ref name="ltn 2023 c553">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She spent one night in a private hospital,<ref name="YouTube f542" /><ref name="hk01_09082023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> before moving to her sisters' house at the Peak.<ref name="hk01_09082023" /><ref name="jaynestars 2023 q445">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She attempted suicide again on 2 July and was taken to the hospital,<ref name=":15">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Guzman 2023 d349">Template:Cite magazine</ref> where she died three days later, on 5 July, at the age of 48.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="香港經濟日報HKET 2023 e303">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The news of her death received significant attention in China, getting almost 1.4 billion views on Weibo in one day.<ref name="cnn20230705">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The family asked Hong Kong authorities to investigate Lee's death, and an autopsy has been requested to determine the cause.<ref name=":17">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Update inline
Services and tributesEdit
Lee's sister Nancy has urged the government of Hong Kong to officially recognize the late star's contributions.<ref name=":14">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A vigil for Lee was held on 31 July at Hong Kong Funeral Home in North Point, with a public memorial service.<ref name="scmp 3228425">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There were eight pallbearers for the funeral, including her brother-in-law Billy Ho; singer Jenny Tseng; lyricist and music producer Chien Yao; Jonathan Serbin, the co-president of Asia at Warner Music; fan and television host Yang Yang; Grace Lee, Lee's high school classmate in San Francisco; Lily Pang and Colleen Yu Fung, Lee's good friends.<ref name="The Straits Times 2023 r916">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="AsiaOne 2023 i017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The private funeral service was on 1 August.<ref name="scmp 3228425" />
Rockowitz's name was missing from multiple announcements made by Lee's sisters.<ref name="jaynestars 2023 q445" /> It was reported that towards the end of the funeral service on 31 July, Nancy suddenly became emotional when hugging a friend and was heard shouting repeatedly in Cantonese: "He took my sister away!" Carol, the eldest sister, was also heard shouting: "She's saying he caused my sister to die!" Their cries did not name any person and lasted for some time before the audio was muted.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 1 August, when asked to say something to Coco outside the crematorium, Rockowitz, who was being mobbed by Lee's angry fans, said, "I love her. My whole life."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He has come under criticism after Lee's death and has sought to dispel various allegations against him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 21 October 2023, Lee's ashes were buried at the Shimen Peak Memorial Park in Wuhan, China.<ref name="Chan 2023 w949">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to her sister, it was their mother's wish that the ashes of Lee, who had never met her father when she was little, be laid to rest next to his.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
She was remembered by the New York Times as "a Chinese American singer and songwriter best known for performing an Oscar-nominated song in the hit film "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
AftermathEdit
Leaked clips and Sing! ChinaEdit
On 17 August 2023, a nine-minute audio clip featuring Lee, a coach during the season 7 of the show Sing! China, came to light. In the recording, she commented on her humiliation at the hands of the production team during the show's final episode in October 2022. This humiliation followed her questioning of the competition format in September 2022.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Lee, who was about to undergo surgery on her left leg, alleged that she was subjected to a sudden placement change during a performance with Wang Zepeng, a contestant on her team. Wang, who was supposed to accompany Lee on stage to assist her due to her fragile condition, had his back turned to her, causing Lee to stand alone and fall during their duet. She described this experience as "humiliating", especially since her health issues had been largely concealed from the public.<ref name="Ip 2023 g984">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Wang later supported Lee's claims by sharing screen captures of their private text messages, where Lee accused the director of intentionally undermining her. There was also a leaked video of a staff member on set attempting to remove Lee from the stage as she repeatedly said, "Don't touch me."<ref name="Ip 2023 g984" />
In the nine-minute audio clip, Lee stated that the production team threatened her, saying they would not give contestant Feige a chance to return to the stage unless she wrote a Weibo post. She complied to ensure Feige had an opportunity to showcase his talent.<ref name="AsiaOne 2023 r266">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
'Jammy' Li Jiajie, one of the contestants in season 8 (2023) agreed with Lee after the clips' leakage.<ref name="Zhang Koetse 2023 a756">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He said in his Weibo post that "the price of 500,000 yuan per seat, in his opinion, is certainly not a baseless rumor... the top ten places in the finals are all available for purchase." His posts were mysteriously removed, and Li later said that his allegations were made without basis.<ref name="hk01 818">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> People were surprised by the posts' removal and his "apologies". They left comments asking him if he was threatened.<ref name="hk01 818" />
The controversy led to a significant debate among netizens, with calls to boycott the show's sponsors. By 25 August 2023, the stock price of Star China Media, the parent company of "Sing! China," plummeted by more than 50 percent, resulting in a loss of approximately $3 billion in value.<ref name="Berry Wang 2023 k939"/> On the same day (25 August), Zhejiang Satellite TV announced that the program had been frozen from broadcasting briefly pending an investigation over the alleged mistreatment of Lee and other issues raised by netizens and viewers.<ref name="AASTOCKS.COM 2023 j519">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Desk 2023 o315">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="am730 2023 e345">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In September, Sing! China's producer Can Xing Media (a subsidiary of Star China Media) filed a suit against the management company of Lee, Warner Music China (HK) Limited. The company was accused of being shameless by some netizens for filing the suit.<ref name="Looi 2023 g569">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Yahoo News 2023 t489">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
LegacyEdit
Lee is remembered by millennials who grew up during a time when Mandopop boomed and enjoyed listening to her songs in English and Mandarin.<ref name=":7" /> She is considered the 'Asian Mariah Carey' due to her impressive voice and dance.<ref name="Bashforth 2023 v490">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was one of the first Asian singers to be widely recognized on both sides of the Pacific. Because of her multilingual and multicultural background, Lee has been compared to Ricky Martin. She has also been credited for breaking down international barriers and bridging the gap between East Asia and the West.<ref name=":11" />
PhilanthropyEdit
Lee was actively involved in the work of UNICEF as a youth ambassador, promoting children's right and their well-being. She supported the Make-A-Wish Foundation, which grants children with critical illness their wishes. She was also an ambassador for the Organisation for World Peace in China, Cancer Fund's Pink Ambassador at Hong Kong's first breast cancer survivors' fashion show in 2016 and Youth AIDS ambassador at a global AIDS conference in Bangkok, Thailand in 2004.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As the Youth AIDS ambassador, she attended the conference as the representative of the Asian artists to meet various youth groups discussing what she could do to educate them about AIDS.<ref name=biowhartonhongkong/>
ArtistryEdit
Lee was inspired by musicians such as Whitney Houston, Madonna, Michael Jackson and Mariah Carey. Because techniques employed by R&B singers in English would change the pitch and meaning of words in Cantonese, she taught herself Mandarin, which allows for more tonal flexibility.<ref name=":11" />
Awards and nominationsEdit
Template:More citations needed section
Award ceremony | Year | Category | Nominee / Work | Result | Template:Abbr | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asian Pop Music Awards | 2023 | Top 20 Songs of the Year – Chinese | "Battle Song" | Template:Won | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Beijing Pop Music Awards | 2009 | Best Female Singer – Hong Kong and Taiwan | Coco Lee | Template:Won | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
CCTV-MTV Music Awards | 1999 | Best Female Singer in Taiwan | Coco Lee | Template:Won | ||
Breakthrough Innovation Award | Template:Won | |||||
2000 | Best International Female Vocalist | Template:Won | ||||
2002 | Asia's Most Outstanding Female Artist | Template:Won | ||||
Changchun Film Festival | 2005 | Best Newcomer | Master of Everything | Template:Nom | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
China Music Awards | 2014 | Most Stylish Singer in Asia | Coco Lee | Template:Won | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Most Popular International Chinese Singer | Template:Won | |||||
2019 | Most Influential Female Singer in Asia | Template:Won | ||||
Most Popular International Chinese Singer | Template:Won | |||||
Chinese Film Media Awards | 2005 | Best New Actor | Master of Everything | Template:Nom | <ref name="filmawards" /> | |
Global Chinese Music Awards | 2001 | Chinese Pop Hits of 2000 | "True Lover" | Template:Won | ||
Media Recommendation Award | "A Love Before Time" | Template:Won | ||||
Best Stage Performance | Coco Lee | Template:Won | ||||
Golden Melody Awards | 1997 | Best Female World Singer | CoCo Lee | Template:Nom | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
1998 | Best Female Mandarin Singer | Each Time I Think of You | Template:Nom | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
Lycra Style Awards | 2004 | Asian Style Artist | Coco Lee | Template:Won | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
MTV Video Music Awards | 1998 | International Viewer's Choice: MTV Mandarin | "Di Da Di" | Template:Won | ||
New Talent Singing Awards | 1993 | Template:N/A | Coco Lee | Template:Runner-up | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Tencent Music Entertainment Awards | 2024 | Best Animation Theme Song | "Battle Song" | Template:Won | ||
Top Chinese Music Awards | 2001 | Female Pop Vocalist of the Year – Hong Kong and Taiwan | Coco Lee | Template:Nom | ||
Top Ten Chinese Gold Songs Award | 2000 | Top Ten Outstanding Artists | Template:Won | |||
2001 | Template:Won |
DiscographyEdit
Studio albumsEdit
Title | Release date | Label | Language | Track listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
Love from Now On (愛就要趁現在) | 15 June 1994 | Fancy Pie Records | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
|
Promise Me (答應我) | 23 December 1994 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
Brave Enough to Love (勇敢去愛) | 12 June 1995 | English | Template:Hidden begin
| |
Woman in Love (被愛的女人) | 3 September 1995 | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
| |
CoCo Lee (CoCo李玟同名专辑) | 14 June 1996 | Sony Music Taiwan | Template:Hidden begin
| |
CoCo's Party | 25 November 1996 | English | Template:Hidden begin
| |
Everytime I Think of You (每一次想你) | 14 May 1997 | Mandarin/Cantonese | Template:Hidden begin
Special Edition:
| |
Be Careful Next Time (CoCo Lee首張廣東專輯) | 10 November 1997 | Cantonese | Template:Hidden begin
| |
Di Da Di Hints (DiDaDi暗示) | 13 January 1998 | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
| |
Sunny Day | 30 June 1998 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
From Today Till Forever (今天到永遠) | 27 May 1999 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
Just No Other Way | 2 November 1999 | 550 Music/Epic Records | English | Template:Hidden begin
|
True Lover You & Me (真情人You & Me) | 24 August 2000 | Sony Music Taiwan | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
|
Promise CoCo | 12 October 2001 | Mandarin/Cantonese | Template:Hidden begin
| |
Exposed | 25 March 2005 | Sony BMG | English | Template:Hidden begin |
Just Want You (要定你) | 22 September 2006 | Sony Music Taiwan | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
|
East to West (CoCo的東西) | 14 August 2009 | Warner Music Taiwan/Music Nation Ursa Major Limited | Template:Hidden begin
2010 Limited edition (2010 美夢限定版) :
| |
Illuminate (盛開) | 31 May 2013 | Universal Music Taiwan/CL Production | Mandarin/English | Template:Hidden begin
2013 Limited edition (2013 閃亮限定版) :
|
Live albumsEdit
Title | Release date | Label | Language | Track listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
You Are in My Heart Concert (你在我心上演唱会全纪录) | December 1995 | Fancy Pie Records | Mandarin/English/French/Spanish | Template:Hidden begin
|
Million Fans Concert (萬人迷演唱会精彩实录) | 17 December 1998 | Sony Music Taiwan | Mandarin/English/Cantonese/Spanish | Template:Hidden begin
CD 1
CD 2
|
Compilation albumsEdit
Title | Release date | Label | Language | Track listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beloved Collection (情人被愛精选集) | 2 August 1996 | Fancy Pie Records | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
CD 1
CD 2
|
The Best of My Love | 28 January 2000 | Sony Music Taiwan | Mandarin/Cantonese | Template:Hidden begin
CD 1
CD 2
|
1994–2008 Best Collection | 16 May 2008 | Mandarin/English | Template:Hidden begin
CD 1
CD 2
| |
Ultimate Coco (最完美影音典藏精选) | 2 March 2012 | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
CD 1
CD 2
DVD
Bonus :
| |
「You & I」25th Anniversary Collection (You & I 经典全纪录) | 21 June 2019 | CL Production / Sony Music Taiwan / Universal Music Taiwan | Template:Hidden begin
CD 1
CD 2
| |
Battle Song CoCo Collection (戰歌李玟精選) | 6 July 2023 | Warner Music Group | Template:Hidden begin
CD 1
CD 2
|
Remix albumsEdit
Title | Release date | Label | Language | Track listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dance with the Wind (玟風起舞) | May 1997 | Fancy Pie Records | Mandarin/English | Template:Hidden begin
|
D.IS. CoCo (愛琴海新歌 + 電音精選) | 18 June 2002 | Sony Music Taiwan | Mandarin/Cantonese | Template:Hidden begin
CD 1
CD 2
BONUS
|
Extended playsEdit
Title | Release date | Label | Language | Track listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
Take a Chance on Love (碰碰看愛情) | 14 August 1998 | Sony Music Taiwan | Mandarin/English | Template:Hidden begin
|
Maxi-singlesEdit
Title | Release date | Label | Language | Track listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
"Di da di Color Remix" (5顔6色 Di Da Di) | 2 April 1998 | Sony Music Taiwan | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
|
"Do You Want My Love" | 7 February 2000 | 550 Music/Epic Records | English | Template:Hidden begin
|
"Wherever You Go" | 21 September 2000 | Template:Hidden begin
|
Digital singlesEdit
Title | Release date | Label | Language | Track listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
"I Have a Dream" | 1 May 2008 | Music Nation Ursa Major Ltd. | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
|
"I Love Watching Movies" (我愛看電影) | 18 September 2008 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
"BYOB" (Bring Your Own Bag) | 17 April 2009 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
"Four Seas" (四海) | 27 December 2010 | Universal Music Taiwan/CL Production | Template:Hidden begin
| |
"I Just Wanna Marry U" | 24 October 2011 | Mandarin/English | Template:Hidden begin
| |
"18" | 17 January 2017 | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin
| |
"Reflection/ Myself 自已 (2020)" | August 29, 2020 | Walt Disney Pictures | Template:Hidden begin
| |
"Paradise Wonder" | June 17, 2022 | Warner Music Group | Template:Hidden begin
| |
"The Love You Left Behind" | July 24, 2022 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
"Miss Dizzy" | August 16, 2022 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
"Legend of the East" | September 9, 2022 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
"Playboy" | November 25, 2022 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
"Candy (feat. MaSiWei)" | January 5, 2023 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
"Tragic" | February 14, 2023 | Template:Hidden begin
| ||
"Battle Song" | May 28, 2023 | Template:Hidden begin
|
Compilation appearancesEdit
Title | Release date | Label | Language | Track listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
Red Hot Hits 93' Autumn Edition (火熱動感93'勁秋版) | October 1993 | Capital Artists/Fancy Pie Records | Cantonese | Template:Hidden begin |
Red Hot Hits 94' Love Party (火熱動感94'戀愛Party) | September 1994 | Template:Hidden begin | ||
Statement of Love, Duet Songs (愛情宣言, 情歌對唱) | November 1994 | Template:Hidden begin | ||
Merry Christmas (聖誕禮讚) | December 1994 | Template:Hidden begin |
VideographyEdit
Title | Released Date | Label | Language | Track Listing |
---|---|---|---|---|
Foot print (足跡) | 1995 | Fancy Pie Records | Mandarin/English | Template:Hidden begin |
You're In My Heart Concert | 1995 | Mandarin/English/French/Spanish | Template:Hidden begin | |
Coco's Workout Camp | 1996 | Sony Music Taiwan | Mandarin/English | Template:Hidden begin |
CoCo In Italy | 1998 | Template:Hidden begin | ||
Di Da Di | Mandarin | Template:Hidden begin | ||
Sunny Day | Template:Hidden begin | |||
Million Fans Concert | 1999 | Mandarin/English/Cantonese/Spanish | Template:Hidden begin | |
The Video Collection | 2000 | Mandarin/English/Cantonese | Template:Hidden begin | |
CoCo So Crazy | 2002 | Mandarin/Cantonese | Template:Hidden begin | |
All my Coco | Mandarin/Cantonese/English | Template:Hidden begin |
FilmographyEdit
FilmEdit
Title | Year | Director | Role | Notes | Template:Abbr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mulan | 1998 | Barry Cook and Tony Bancroft | Fa Mulan | Voice in the Mandarin version | <ref name=":4" /> |
No Tobacco (无烟草) | 2002 | Stanley Kwan | <ref name=":0" /> | ||
Master Of Everything (自娱自乐) | 2004 | Lee Xin | Lu Hua | <ref name=":0" /> | |
Forever Young (栀子花开) | 2015 | He Jiong | Teacher Han | Cameo | <ref name=":3" /> |
TelevisionEdit
Title | Year | Original Network | Role | Notes | Template:Abbr | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kangsi Coming (康熙來了) | 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013 | CTi Variety | Guest | 5 episodes | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="YouTube t533">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="YouTube p109">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="YouTube z764">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="YouTube f424">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="YouTube v153">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Chinese Idol (Season 1) (中国梦之声第一季) | 19 May – 25 August 2013 | DragonTV | Judge | 16 episodes | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||
Hi 2014 (嗨!2014) | 9 May 2014 | CCTV 1 | Guest | No. 5 episode | |||||||
Dancing With the Stars China (与星共舞) | 1 February 2015 | DragonTV | Judge | No. 7 episode | <ref name=":3" /> | ||||||
Super Idol (Season 1) (星动亚洲第一季) | 17 July 2015 | Anhui TV/MBC TV | Judge/Coach | No. 2, 5, 9 episodes | <ref name=":6" /> | ||||||
7 August 2015 | |||||||||||
11 September 2015 | |||||||||||
Talented Singer (Season 1) (隐藏的歌手第一季) | 25 October 2015 | City TV/BTV/iQIYI | Guest performer | No. 2 episode | |||||||
I Am a Singer (Chinese season 4) (我是歌手第四季) | 15 January – 15 April 2016 | Hunan TV | Contestant/Winner | 13 episodes | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||
Come Sing with Me (season 1) (我想和你唱第一季) | 7 May 2016 | Hunan TV | Guest performer | No. 1 episode | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||
The Jin Xing Show (金星秀) | 26 April 2017 | DragonTV | Guest | No. 114 episode | |||||||
Come Sing with Me (season 2) (我想和你唱第二季) | 8 June 2017 | Hunan TV | Guest performer | No. 8 episode | <ref name=":10" /> | ||||||
Sing Out! (这!就是歌唱 对唱季) | 21 September 2018 | Youku | Advisor | No. 9 episode | |||||||
World's Got Talent (巅峰之夜) | 19 April – 12 July 2019 | Hunan TV | Judge | 13 episodes | <ref name=":6" /> | ||||||
Jungle Voice (Season 2) (声林之王第二季) | 27 September 2019 | ETtoday | Advisor | No. 6, 7 episodes | <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||
4 October 2019 | |||||||||||
Infinity and Beyond (Season 1) (聲生不息) | 2022 | Mango TV/TVB | Performer | 12 episodes | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name= "cnn20230705" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
Sing! China (season 7) (中國好聲音) | 2022 | Zhejiang TV | Mentor | No. 9-13 episodes | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
ToursEdit
Date | Country / Territory | City | Venue | Guest | Setlist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Million Fans Tour | |||||
2 August 1998 | Taiwan | Taipei | Municipal Stadium | Human Nature | Template:Hidden begin
|
15 August 1998 | Kaohsiung City | Chung Shan Stadium | None | ||
True Lover You & Me Asia Tour | |||||
17 September 2000 | Mainland China | Shenzhen | Shenzhen Gymnasium | None | Template:Hidden begin |
25 September 2000 | Wuhan | Xinhualu Stadium | Template:Hidden begin | ||
29 September 2000 | Shanghai | Shanghai Stadium | Template:Hidden begin | ||
15 December 2000 | Singapore | Suntec City Concert Hall | Template:Hidden begin | ||
19 September 2001 | Mainland China | Chengdu | Chengdu Sports Center | Template:Hidden begin | |
23 September 2001 | Jinan | Shandong Provincial Sports Centre Stadium | Template:Hidden begin | ||
27 September 2001 | Hangzhou | Yellow Dragon Sports Center | Template:Hidden begin | ||
29 September 2001 | Nanjing | Nanjing Wutaishan Jinbang Gymnasium | Template:Hidden begin | ||
So Crazy China Tour | |||||
6 October 2003 | Mainland China | Beijing | Workers' Stadium | None | Template:Hidden begin |
31 October 2003 | Chongqing | Banan Stadium | Template:Hidden begin | ||
East to West World Tour | |||||
27 March 2010 | Taiwan | Taipei | Taipei Arena | None | Template:Hidden begin |
3 July 2010 | United States | Las Vegas | Encore Las Vegas | Template:Hidden begin | |
4 July 2010 | |||||
2 October 2010 | Singapore | Singapore Indoor Stadium | Template:Hidden begin | ||
16 December 2010 | Mainland China | Nanning | Guangxi Stadium | Template:Hidden begin | |
CoCo Lee 18 World Tour | |||||
6 May 2017 | Mainland China | Shenzhen | Shenzhen Bay Sports Center | Jam Hsiao | Template:Hidden begin
Encore:
|
24 June 2017 | Shanghai | Mercedes-Benz Arena | G.E.M. | Template:Hidden begin
Encore:
| |
8 July 2017 | Beijing | LeSports Center | JJ Lin | Template:Hidden begin
Encore:
| |
22 July 2017 | Guangzhou | Guangzhou Gymnasium | None | Template:Hidden begin | |
12 August 2017 | Xi'an | QuJiang International Conference Exhibition Center | Jason Zhang | Template:Hidden begin | |
9 September 2017 | Wuhan | Wuhan Sports Centre Stadium | Stefanie Sun | Template:Hidden begin | |
23 September 2017 | Hangzhou | Yellow Dragon Sports Center | Dimash Kudaibergen | Template:Hidden begin | |
18 November 2017 | Nanjing | Wutaishan Sports Center | Yoga Lin | Template:Hidden begin | |
9 December 2017 | Changsha | Hunan International Convention & Exhibition Center | MC Jin | Template:Hidden begin | |
24 March 2018 | Chongqing | Chongqing International Expo Center Multi-Purpose Hall | None | Template:Hidden begin | |
"You & I" 25 Anniversary World Tour | |||||
21 June 2019 | Taiwan | Taipei | Taipei Arena | Jolin Tsai | Template:Hidden begin
Encore:
|
27 July 2019 | Mainland China | Chengdu | Sichuan Provincial Gymnasium | None | Template:Hidden begin
Encore:
|
17 August 2019 | Foshan | Foshan International Sports Cultural Performing Center | Template:Hidden begin
Encore:
| ||
26 October 2019 | Macao | Cotai Arena | Template:Hidden begin | ||
14 December 2019 | Nanjing | Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Sports Park | Template:Hidden begin | ||
22 December 2019 | United States | Uncasville | Mohegan Sun Arena | Template:Hidden begin | |
28 December 2019 | Las Vegas | MGM Grand Garden Arena | Template:Hidden begin |
See alsoEdit
- Elva Hsiao
- Han Hong
- Jay Chou
- Jin Xing
- List of best-selling albums in Taiwan
- Michelle Yeoh
- Wang Leehom
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- The Footprints – In loving memory of Coco Lee (mirror)
- Remembering Coco Lee: 7 highlights from her 30-year career
- Celebrating Coco Lee: Honouring the Hong Kong icon through 5 of her career-defining achievements
- Stars share their memories of CoCo Lee
- 《壹週刊》 第1263期 – 娛樂名人 香港女 李玟 (Cantonese) – Interview of Lee in 2014
- 蘋果人物 – 李玟淚訴 聽不清的母女情話 (Mandarin) – Interview of Lee in 2013, in which she cried when talked about the hearing problems of her mother
- Interview With Coco Lee (English) – Lee interviewed in Beijing soon after she won "I am a Singer"
- Media coverage of the death of Lee
External linksEdit
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