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Tina Turner

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Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939 – May 24, 2023) was a singer, songwriter, actress, and author. Dubbed the "Queen of Rock 'n' Roll," her vocal prowess, raspy voice, and electrifying stage presence broke the color barrier as an artist in rock music.

Turner rose to prominence as the lead singer of the husband-wife duo Ike & Tina Turner in 1960. Known for their explosive live performances with the Ikettes, they were "leading exponents" of soul music.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Their tumultuous marriage led to a disbanding in 1976, and she embarked on a successful solo career, becoming one of the best-selling recording artists of all time, with estimated sales of 100 million records.

In 1984, Tina launched "one of the greatest comebacks in music history",<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> with her multi-platinum album Private Dancer. Her single "What's Love Got to Do with It" won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became her only number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100. Turner's worldwide chart success continued with "Let's Stay Together", "Better Be Good to Me", "Private Dancer", "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)", "It's Only Love", "Typical Male", "The Best", "I Don't Wanna Lose You", "I Don't Wanna Fight", and "GoldenEye".

Turner's Break Every Rule World Tour (1987–88) became the highest-grossing female tour of the 1980s and set a Guinness World Record for the then-largest paying audience in a concert (180,000).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her success as a live performer continued with Wildest Dreams Tour (1996–97), the second highest-grossing female tour of the 1990s, and Twenty Four Seven Tour (2000), the highest-grossing tour of the year in North America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2009, she retired after completing her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour. As an actress, Turner appeared in the films Tommy (1975), Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) and Last Action Hero (1993). Her life was dramatized in the film What's Love Got to Do with It (1993), based on her autobiography I, Tina: My Life Story (1986). Turner was also the subject of the jukebox musical Tina (2018) and documentary film Tina (2021).

Turner received 12 Grammy Awards, which include a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and three Grammy Hall of Fame inductions. Rolling Stone ranked her among the greatest artists and greatest singers of all time. She was the first black artist and first woman to be on the cover of Rolling Stone,<ref name="New">Template:Cite magazine</ref> the first female black artist to win an MTV Award,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the first solo artist with UK top 40 singles across seven decades. Turner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: with Ike Turner in 1991 and as a solo artist in 2021. She was also a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors and the Women of the Year award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early lifeEdit

Turner was born Anna Mae Bullock<ref group="lower-alpha">Ike Turner stated her birth name was Martha Nell Bullock. Turner signed her legal name as Martha Nell Turner on contracts in 1977 and 1978.</ref><ref name="HA"/><ref name="Heritage Auctions-1978"/> on November 26, 1939, in Brownsville, Tennessee.Template:Sfn<ref name="Fong-Torres-1971">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She was the youngest daughter of Floyd Richard Bullock and his wife Zelma Priscilla (née Currie).Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The family lived in the rural unincorporated community of Nutbush, Tennessee, where Bullock's father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180; she later recalled picking cotton with her family at an early age.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Bullock was African American, but she believed she had a significant amount of Native American ancestry until she participated in the PBS series African American Lives 2 with Henry Louis Gates Jr.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn Gates shared her genealogical DNA test estimates and traced her family timeline.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Bullock had two older sisters, Evelyn Juanita Currie and Ruby Alline Bullock, a songwriter.Template:Sfn She was the first cousin once removed of bluesman Eugene Bridges.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> As young children, the three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, to work at a defense facility during World War II.Template:Sfn Bullock went to stay with her strict, religious paternal grandparents, Alex and Roxanna Bullock, who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville.Template:Sfn Two years later, the family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community, where Bullock attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth grade.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

As a young girl, Bullock enjoyed singing and acting, and she often performed in the streets for change so she could go to the movies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 1950, when she was 11, her mother Zelma left without warning, seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd by relocating to St. Louis.Template:Sfn Two years after her mother left the family, her father married another woman and moved to Detroit. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their maternal grandmother, Georgeanna Currie, in Brownsville, Tennessee.Template:Sfn She stated in her autobiography I, Tina that she felt her parents did not love her and that she was not wanted.Template:Sfn Zelma had planned to leave Floyd but stayed once she became pregnant.Template:Sfn Bullock recalled: "She was a very young woman who didn't want another kid."Template:Sfn

As a teenager, Bullock worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family in Ripley, Tennessee.Template:Sfn She was at the Henderson house when she was notified that her half-sister Evelyn had died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret Currie and Vela Evans, while Vela survived the car crash.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A self-professed tomboy, Bullock joined both the cheerleading squad and the female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville, and "socialized every chance she got".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn When Bullock was 16, her grandmother died, so she went to live with her mother in St. Louis. She graduated from Sumner High School in 1958.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After high school, Bullock worked as a nurse's aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Ike and Tina TurnerEdit

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Origins: 1956–1959Edit

Template:Quote box Bullock and her sister began to perform frequently at nightclubs in St. Louis and East St. Louis.Template:Sfn She first saw Ike Turner perform with his band the Kings of Rhythm at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis.Template:Sfn Bullock was impressed by his talent, recalling that she "almost went into a trance" watching him play.Template:Sfn She asked Turner to let her sing in his band despite the fact that few women had ever sung with him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn Turner said he would call her but never did.Template:Sfn One night in 1956, Bullock got hold of the microphone from Kings of Rhythm drummer Eugene Washington during an intermission and she sang the B.B. King blues ballad, "You Know I Love You".<ref name="Gleason-1969"/>Template:Sfn Upon hearing Bullock sing, Ike Turner asked her if she knew more songs.Template:Sfn She sang the rest of the night and became a featured vocalist with his band.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn During this period, he taught her the finer points of vocal control and performance.Template:Sfn Bullock's first recording was in 1958 under the name Little Ann on the single "Boxtop". She is credited as a vocalist on the record alongside Ike and fellow Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.Template:Sfn

Early success: 1960–1965Edit

In 1960, Ike Turner wrote "A Fool in Love" for singer Art Lassiter. Bullock was to sing background with Lassiter's backing vocalists, the Artettes. Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session at Technisonic Studios.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since Turner had already paid for the studio time, Bullock suggested that she sing the lead.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref>Template:Sfn He decided to use Bullock to record a demo with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter's at a later date.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Local St. Louis disc jockey Dave Dixon convinced Turner to send the tape to Juggy Murray, president of R&B label Sue Records.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Upon hearing the song, Murray was impressed with Bullock's vocals, later stating that "Tina sounded like screaming dirt. It was a funky sound".Template:Sfn Murray bought the track and paid Turner a $25,000 advance for the recording and publishing rights.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Murray also convinced Turner to make Bullock "the star of the show".Template:Sfn Turner responded by renaming Bullock "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Turner added his last name and trademarked the name "Tina Turner" as a form of protection; his idea was that if Bullock left him like his previous singers had, he could replace her with another "Tina Turner".Template:Sfn However, family and friends still called her Ann.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn

File:Ike & Tina Turner - Cash Box 1962.jpg
Ike & Tina Turner on the cover of Cash BoxTemplate:'s June 30, 1962, issue

Bullock was introduced to the public as Tina Turner with the single "A Fool in Love" in July 1960.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn It reached No. 2 on the Hot R&B Sides chart and No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100.<ref name="Music VF-2019" /> Journalist Kurt Loder described the track as "the blackest record to ever creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles's gospel-styled 'What'd I Say' that previous summer".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Another single from the duo, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", reached No. 14 on the Hot 100 and No. 2 on the R&B chart in 1961, earning them a Grammy nomination for Best Rock and Roll Performance.<ref name="Music VF-2019" /><ref name="Grammy-2018"/> Other singles Ike and Tina Turner released between 1960 and 1962 included the R&B hits "I Idolize You", "Poor Fool", and "Tra La La La La".<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

After the release of "A Fool in Love", Ike Turner created the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm and a girl group, the Ikettes, as backing vocalists and dancers. He remained in the background as the bandleader. Ike Turner put the entire revue through a rigorous touring schedule across the United States, performing 90 days straight in venues around the country.Template:Sfn During the days of the Chitlin' Circuit, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue built a reputation as "one of the hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles", rivaling the James Brown Revue in terms of musical spectacle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to their profitable performances, they were able to perform in front of desegregated audiences in Southern clubs and hotels.<ref name="bbc-12-13-2007">Template:Cite news</ref>

Between 1963 and 1965, the band toured constantly and produced moderately successful R&B singles. Tina Turner's first credited single as a solo artist, "Too Many Ties That Bind"/"We Need an Understanding", was released from Ike Turner's label Sonja Records in 1964.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Another single by the duo, "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had", reached No. 29 on the Billboard R&B chart.<ref name="Music VF-2019" /> After their tenure at Sue Records, the duo signed with more than ten labels during the remainder of the decade, including Kent, Cenco, Tangerine, Pompeii, A&M, and Minit.Template:Sfn<ref name="Callahan-31-10-2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1964, they signed to Warner Bros. Records and Bob Krasnow became their manager.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> On the Warner Bros. label, they achieved their first charting album with Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show, peaking at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot R&B LP chart in February 1965.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Their singles "Tell Her I'm Not Home", released on Loma Records, and "Good Bye, So Long", released on Modern Records, were top 40 R&B hits in 1965.<ref name="Music VF-2019"/>

Tina Turner's profile was raised after several solo appearances on shows such as American Bandstand and Shindig! while the entire revue appeared on Hollywood a Go-Go.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1965, music producer Phil Spector attended an Ike & Tina Turner show at a club on the Sunset Strip, and he invited them to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Mainstream success: 1966–1975Edit

File:Ike and Tina Turner, 1966.png
Ike & Tina Turner by Dennis Hopper in 1966

Impressed by the duo's performance on The Big T.N.T. Show, Phil Spector was eager to produce Tina Turner.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Working out a deal with Ike & Tina Turner's manager Bob Krasnow, who was also head of Loma, Spector offered $20,000 for creative control over the sessions to produce Turner and have Ike & Tina Turner released from their contract with Loma.<ref name="Fong-Torres-1971"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They signed to Spector's Philles label in April 1966 after Tina Turner had already recorded with him.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Their first single on his label, "River Deep – Mountain High", was released in May 1966. Spector considered that record, with Turner's maximum energy over the "Wall of Sound", to be his best work.<ref name=pc21>Template:Gilliland</ref> It was successful overseas, reaching No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but it failed to go any higher than No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The impact of the record gave Ike & Tina Turner an opening spot on the Rolling Stones UK tour in the fall of 1966.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn In November 1967, Turner became the first female artist and the first black artist to appear on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine.<ref name="Turner-2019">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

The duo signed with Blue Thumb Records in 1968, releasing the album Outta Season in 1969.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The album produced their charted cover of Otis Redding's "I've Been Loving You Too Long".<ref name="Music VF-2019" /> Later that year they released The Hunter album.<ref name="Billboard">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The title track, Albert King's "The Hunter", earned Turner a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.<ref name="Grammy-2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The success of the albums led to the revue headlining in Las Vegas, where their shows were attended by a variety of celebrities including Sly Stone, Janis Joplin, Cher, James Brown, Ray Charles, Elton John, and Elvis Presley.<ref name="blues">Template:Cite book</ref> Sammy Davis Jr. was particularly fond of Turner, and after she filmed an episode of The Name of the Game with him in Las Vegas he surprised her with a Jaguar XJ6.Template:Sfn

As the decade came to an end, Ike & Tina Turner began performing at music festivals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tina Turner's fashion evolved from formal dresses to minidresses and revealing outfits.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She emerged as a sex symbol and was praised for her sensual performances.<ref name="Gleason-1969">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Tina Turner Tulane Stadium 24 Oct 1970 - 01.jpg
Turner performing on stage at Tulane Stadium during Soul Bowl '70 in October 1970

In the fall of 1969, Ike & Tina Turner's profile in their home country was raised after opening for the Rolling Stones on their US tour.<ref name="R&R Hall of Fame-2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They gained more exposure from performances on The Ed Sullivan Show, Playboy After Dark, and The Andy Williams Show.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The duo released two albums in 1970, Come Together and Workin' Together. Their cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" peaked at No. 34 on the Hot 100, whereas the original by Sly and the Family Stone had peaked at No. 38.<ref name="Music VF-2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Come Together and Workin' Together albums marked a turning point in their careers in which they switched from their usual R&B repertoire to incorporate more rock tunes such as "Come Together", "Honky Tonk Woman", and "Get Back".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In early 1971, their cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary" became their biggest hit. The single reached No. 4 on the Hot 100 and sold more than a million copies, winning them a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn In July 1971, their live album, What You Hear Is What You Get, was released. It was recorded at Carnegie Hall and became their first certified Gold album. Later that year they had a top 40 R&B hit with "Ooh Poo Pah Doo".<ref name="Music VF-2019"/> Their next three singles to chart, "I'm Yours (Use Me Anyway You Wanna)", "Up in Heah", and "Early One Morning" (a Little Richard cover) all peaked at No. 47 on the R&B chart.<ref name="Music VF-2019"/>

In 1972, the Turners opened Bolic Sound recording studio near their home in Inglewood.Template:Sfn After Liberty was absorbed into United Artists Records, they were assigned to that label.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Around this time, Tina Turner began writing more songs. She wrote nine out of the ten tracks on their 1972 album Feel Good.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In October 1972, Turner and the Ikettes performed at Star-Spangled Women, a political fundraiser for the 1972 presidential campaign of George McGovern, at Madison Square Garden in New York City.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The duo's 1973 hit single "Nutbush City Limits" (No. 22 Pop, No. 11 R&B),<ref name="Music VF-2019" /> penned by Tina Turner, reached No. 1 in Austria, No. 4 in the UK, and the top 5 in several other countries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was certified silver by the BPI for selling a quarter of a million in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result of their success, they received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Their follow-up hits included "Sweet Rhode Island Red", and "Sexy Ida" in 1974.<ref name="Music VF-2019"/>

In 1974, the duo released the Grammy-nominated album The Gospel According to Ike & Tina, which was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance.<ref name="Grammy-2018"/> Ike also received a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone" from the album.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tina Turner's first solo album, Tina Turns the Country On!, earned her a nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> That year, Tina Turner filmed the rock opera Tommy in London.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She played the Acid Queen, a drug-addicted prostitute; her performance was critically acclaimed. Shortly after filming wrapped, Turner appeared on Ann-Margret's TV special.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the release of Tommy in 1975, Tina Turner released another solo album: Acid Queen.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The album reached No. 39 on the Billboard R&B chart. It produced the charting singles "Baby, Get It On" and a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Split: 1976Edit

By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine, which hindered his relationship with Tina.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1976, they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria New York and signed a television deal with CBS-TV. Ike made plans for them to leave United Artists Records for a five-year deal with Cream Records for $150,000 per year; the deal was to be signed on July 5.Template:Sfn

On July 1, the Turners flew from Los Angeles to Dallas, where the revue had a gig at the Statler Hilton in downtown. The couple got into a physical altercation on their way to the hotel. Shortly after arriving, Tina fled from Ike with only 36 cents and a Mobil card to the nearby Ramada Inn across the freeway.Template:Sfn She filed for divorce on July 27 and it was finalized on March 29, 1978.Template:Sfn<ref name="EW-19960802">Template:Cite magazine</ref> After their separation, United Artists released two more albums credited to the duo: Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Solo careerEdit

Early solo career: 1976–1982Edit

In 1976 and 1977, Tina Turner earned income by appearing on TV shows such as The Hollywood Squares, Donny & Marie, The Sonny & Cher Show, and The Brady Bunch Hour.Template:Sfn After her separation from Ike, lawsuits were mounting for canceled Ike & Tina Turner gigs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn She resumed touring to pay off her debts, with finances given to her by United Artists executive Mike Stewart.Template:Sfn In 1977, she re-emerged with new costumes created by Bob Mackie.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She headlined a series of cabaret shows at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas and took her act to smaller venues in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later that year, she embarked on her first solo concert tour in Australia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1978, Turner released her third solo album, Rough, on United Artists with distribution in North America and Europe on EMI. That album, along with its 1979 follow-up, Love Explosion, which included a brief diversion to disco music, failed to chart, so United Artists Records and Turner parted ways.Template:Sfn Without the premise of a hit record, she continued performing and headlined her second tour.Template:Sfn

In 1979, Australian manager Roger Davies agreed to manage Turner after seeing her perform at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco.Template:Sfn In early 1979, Turner worked in Italy as a regular performer on the Rete 1 TV series Luna Park, hosted by Pippo Baudo and Heather Parisi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Later that year, she embarked on a controversial five-week tour of South Africa during the apartheid regime.Template:Sfn She later regretted the decision, stating that she was "naive about the politics in South Africa" at the time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In October 1981, Rod Stewart attended Turner's show at the Ritz in New York City and invited her to perform "Hot Legs" with him on Saturday Night Live.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November, Turner opened three shows for the Rolling Stones during their 1981 American Tour.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Turner performed in March 1982 in the Willem Ruis show (Netherlands), which resulted in the hit "Shame, Shame, Shame" (reaching No. 47 in the Netherlands). In 1982 Turner's recording of the Temptations' "Ball of Confusion" for the UK production team B.E.F. became a hit in European dance clubs.Template:Sfn In 1982, Turner also appeared on the album Music of Quality and Distinction Volume 1 by B.E.F., a side project of Heaven 17, singing "Ball of Confusion". She filmed a music video for "Ball of Confusion" that aired on the fledgling music video channel MTV, becoming one of the first black American artists to gain airtime on the channel.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Also in 1982, Turner appeared as a special guest on Chuck Berry's television special performed at The Roxy in West Hollywood.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Career resurgence and superstardom: 1983–2000Edit

Until 1983, Turner was considered a nostalgia act, performing mostly at hotel ballrooms and clubs in the United States.<ref name="Benarde-1985">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During her second stint at the Ritz, she signed with Capitol Records in 1983.Template:Sfn In November 1983, she released her cover of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together", which was produced by B.E.F. It reached several European charts, including No. 6 in the UK.<ref name="Chart Stats: Tina Turner (Let's Stay Together)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Tina Turner: Let's Stay Together (song)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the US, the song peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 1 on Hot Dance Club Songs, and No. 3 on Hot Black Singles.<ref name="Billboard-2019">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Following the single's surprise success, Capitol Records approved a studio album. Turner had two weeks to record her Private Dancer album, which was released in May 1984.<ref name="Benarde-1985"/> It reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 in the United Kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Private Dancer was certified 5× Platinum in the United States,<ref name="RIAA-2020"/> and sold 10 million copies worldwide, becoming her most successful album.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Also in May 1984, Capitol issued the album's second single, "What's Love Got to Do with It";<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the song had previously been recorded by the pop group Bucks Fizz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the album's release, Turner joined Lionel Richie as the opening act on his tour.<ref name="Benarde-1985"/>

On September 1, 1984, Turner achieved her first and only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 with "What's Love Got to Do with It".<ref name="Billboard-2019"/> The follow-up singles "Better Be Good to Me" and "Private Dancer" were both US top 10 hits.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The same year, she duetted with David Bowie on a cover of Iggy Pop's "Tonight". Released as a single in November, it peaked at No. 53 in both the UK and the US.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Turner culminated her comeback when she won three Grammys at the 27th Annual Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Award for Record of the Year for "What's Love Got to Do with It".<ref name="Grammy-2018"/> In February 1985, she embarked on her second world tour to support the Private Dancer album. Two nights were filmed at Birmingham, England's NEC Arena and later released as a concert on home video. During this time, she also contributed vocals to the USA for Africa benefit song "We Are the World".Template:Sfn

Turner's success continued when she traveled to Australia to star opposite Mel Gibson in the 1985 post-apocalyptic film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome. The movie provided her with her first acting role in ten years; she portrayed the glamorous Aunty Entity, the ruler of Bartertown.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Upon release, critical response to her performance was generally positive.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The film was a global success, grossing more than $36 million in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Turner later received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress for her role in the film.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She recorded two songs for the film, "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" and "One of the Living"; both became hits, with the latter winning her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.<ref name="Grammy-2018"/> In July 1985, Turner performed at Live Aid alongside Mick Jagger.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their performance shocked observers when Jagger ripped her skirt off.<ref name="Tina2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turner released a duet, "It's Only Love", with Bryan Adams.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was nominated for a Grammy Award, and the music video won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance.<ref name="Wikane-2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1986, Turner released her sixth solo album, Break Every Rule, which reached No. 1 in four countries and sold over five million copies worldwide within its first year of release.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The album sold more than a million copies in the United States and Germany alone.<ref name="RIAA-2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album featured the singles "Typical Male", "Two People", "What You Get Is What You See", and the Grammy-winning "Back Where You Started". Prior to the album's release, Turner published her autobiography I, Tina, which became a bestseller. That year, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.<ref name="Walk of Fame-2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her Break Every Rule World Tour, which began in March 1987 in Munich, Germany, was the third highest-grossing tour by a female artist in North America that year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In January 1988, Turner performed in front of approximately 180,000 at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, setting a Guinness World Record at the time for the largest paying concert attendance for a solo artist.<ref name=upi88>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Guinness">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In April 1988, Turner released the Tina Live in Europe album, which won a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After taking time off following the end of the tour, she emerged with the Foreign Affair album in 1989. It reached No. 1 in eight countries, including in the UK (5× Platinum), her first number-one album there. The album sold over six million copies worldwide and included the international hit single "The Best".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="totalsales">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1990, Turner embarked on her Foreign Affair European Tour, which drew in nearly four million spectators—breaking the record for a European tour that was previously set by the Rolling Stones.<ref name="jet">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In October 1991 Turner released her first greatest hits compilation Simply the Best, which sold seven million copies worldwide.<ref name="sales">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album is her biggest seller in the UK, where it is certified 8× Platinum with more than two million copies sold.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.<ref name="R&R Hall of Fame-2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ike Turner was incarcerated at the time and Tina Turner did not attend.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Turner stated through her publicist that she was taking a leave of absence following her tour and she felt "emotionally unequipped to return to the U.S. and respond to the night of celebration in the manner she would want".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Phil Spector accepted the award on their behalf.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1993, the semi-autobiographical film What's Love Got to Do with It was released.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film starred Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner; they received Best Actress and Best Actor Oscar nominations for their roles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While she was not heavily involved in the film, Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It, re-recording old songs and several new songs. The single "I Don't Wanna Fight" from the soundtrack was a top 10 hit in the US and UK.<ref name="biography.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1993 Turner embarked on her What's Love? Tour, which visited primarily North America with a few shows in Australasia and Europe.

In 1995, Turner returned to the studio, releasing "GoldenEye", which was written by Bono and the Edge of U2 for the James Bond film GoldenEye.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1996 Turner released the Wildest Dreams album, accompanied by her "Wildest Dreams Tour". In September 1999, before celebrating her 60th birthday, Turner released the dance-infused song "When the Heartache Is Over" as the leading single from her tenth and final solo album, Twenty Four Seven.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The success of the single and the following tour helped the album become certified Gold by the RIAA.<ref name="RIAA-2020"/> The Twenty Four Seven Tour was the highest-grossing tour of 2000, grossing over $120 million.<ref name="terry">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her two concerts at Wembley Stadium were recorded by the director David Mallet and released in the DVD One Last Time Live in Concert.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At a July 2000 concert in Zurich, Switzerland, Turner announced that she would retire at the end of the tour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Later career: 2001–2021Edit

File:Tina Turner 50th Anniversary Tour.jpg
Turner during her 50th Anniversary Tour in 2009

In November 2004, Turner released All the Best, which debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 in 2005, her highest-charting album in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The album went platinum in the US three months after its release and reached platinum status in seven other countries, including the UK.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In December 2005, Turner was recognized by the Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC, and was elected to join an elite group of entertainers.<ref name="Files-2005">Template:Cite news</ref>

In February 2006, Turner released "Teach Me Again", a duet single with Italian singer-songwriter Elisa that was recorded for the anthology film All the Invisible Children.<ref name="Rockol-2006">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The whole revenue from the single's sales was donated to charity projects for children led by the World Food Programme and UNICEF.<ref name="Rockol-2006"/>

Turner made a public comeback in February 2008 at the Grammy Awards, where she performed alongside Beyoncé.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition, she won a Grammy as a featured artist on River: The Joni Letters. In October 2008, Turner embarked on her first tour in nearly ten years with the Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In support of the tour, Turner released a greatest hits compilation. The tour was a huge success and became one of the bestselling tours in history.<ref name="terry"/> In 2009, Turner officially retired from performing.<ref name=retired/><ref name="BBC-2013">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2009, Turner co-founded a global music foundation, Beyond Foundation,<ref name="Beyond Music Ambassador">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with Swiss Christian musician Regula Curti and Swiss Tibetan Buddhist Dechen Shak-Dagsay. Turner co-released four albums of spiritual or uplifting music released through projects with Beyond: Buddhist and Christian Prayers (2009), Children (2011), Love Within (2014), and Awakening (2017). As of 2023, the Swiss Beyond Foundation remains active and enables the collaboration of musical artists from different parts of the world.<ref name="Beyond Music">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In April 2010, mainly due to an online campaign by fans of Rangers Football Club, Turner's 1989 hit, "The Best", returned to the UK singles chart, peaking at No. 9. This made Turner the first female recording artist in UK chart history to score top 40 hits in six consecutive decades (1960s–2010s).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2011, Beyond's second album Children – With Children United in Prayer followed and charted again in Switzerland. Turner promoted the album by performing on TV shows in Germany and Switzerland. In April 2013, Turner appeared on the cover of the German issue of Vogue magazine at the age of 73, becoming the oldest person to be featured on the cover of Vogue.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2014, Parlophone Records released a new compilation titled Love Songs.<ref name=retired>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

File:Tina at Aldwych Theatre in London.jpg
The musical Tina playing at the Aldwych Theatre in the West End, September 2019

In December 2016 Turner announced that she had been working on Tina, a musical based on her life story, in collaboration with Phyllida Lloyd and Stage Entertainment.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The show opened at the Aldwych Theatre in London in April 2018 with Adrienne Warren in the lead role.<ref name="bbc18">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Warren reprised her role on Broadway in the fall of 2019.<ref name="HR-20181003">Template:Cite news</ref>

Turner received the 2018 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and her second memoir, My Love Story, was released in October 2018.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2020, she came out of retirement to collaborate with Norwegian producer Kygo on a remix of "What's Love Got to Do with It".<ref name="Garvey-2020">Template:Cite news</ref> With this release, she became the first artist to have a top 40 hit in seven consecutive decades in the UK.<ref name="Chart UK-2018">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2020, Turner released her third book, Happiness Becomes You: A Guide to Changing Your Life for Good. She co-wrote the book with American author Taro Gold and Swiss singer Regula Curti.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was chosen by Amazon's editors as a Best Nonfiction book of 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2021, Turner appeared in the documentary film Tina directed by Dan Lindsay and T. J. Martin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In October 2021, Turner sold her music rights to BMG Rights Management for an estimated $50 million, with Warner Music still handling distribution of her music.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later that month, Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist, accepting her award via satellite from her home near Zurich, Switzerland.<ref name="Smith-2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Relationships and marriagesEdit

Early relationshipsEdit

While still in Brownsville, Turner fell in love for the first time with Harry Taylor.Template:Sfn They met at a high school basketball game. Taylor initially attended a different school, but he relocated to be near her.Template:Sfn In 1986, she told Rolling Stone: "Harry was real popular and had tons of girlfriends, but eventually I got him, and we went steady for a year."<ref name="RS-19861023">Template:Cite news</ref> Their relationship ended after she discovered that Taylor had married another girl who was expecting his child.<ref name="RS-19861023"/>

After moving to St. Louis, Turner and her sister Alline became acquainted with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm. Alline was dating the band's drummer Eugene Washington and Tina began dating the saxophonist Raymond Hill. After Tina became pregnant during her senior year of high school, she moved in with Hill, who lived with Ike Turner.Template:Sfn She recalled, "I didn't love him as much as I'd loved Harry. But he was good-looking. I thought, 'My baby's going to be beautiful.Template:'"<ref name="RS-19861023"/> Their relationship ended after Hill broke his ankle during a wrestling match with Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.Template:Sfn Hill returned to his hometown of Clarksdale before their son Craig was born in August 1958, leaving Turner to become a single parent.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Ike TurnerEdit

File:Ike & Tina Turner (1971).jpg
Ike & Tina Turner arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in 1971

Turner likened her early relationship with Ike Turner to that of a "brother and sister from another lifetime".Template:Sfn They were platonic friends from the time they met in 1956 until 1960. Their affair began while Ike was with his live-in girlfriend Lorraine Taylor.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn They became intimate when she went to sleep with him after another musician threatened to go into her room.<ref name="RS-19861023"/>Template:Sfn

After recording "A Fool in Love" in 1960, a pregnant Turner told Ike that she did not want to continue their relationship; he responded by striking her in the head with a wooden shoe stretcher.Template:Sfn Turner recalled that this incident was the first time he "instilled fear" in her, but she decided to stay with him because she "really did care about him".Template:Sfn After the birth of their son Ronnie in October 1960, they moved to Los Angeles in 1962 and married in Tijuana. In 1963, Ike purchased a house in the View Park area.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They brought their son Ronnie, Turner's son Craig, and Ike's two sons with Lorraine (Ike Jr. and Michael) from St. Louis to live with them.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn She later revealed in I, Tina that Ike was abusive and promiscuous throughout their marriage, which led to her suicide attempt in 1968 by overdosing on Valium pills.Template:Sfn She said, "It was my relationship with Ike that made me most unhappy. At first, I had really been in love with him. Look what he'd done for me. But he was totally unpredictable."Template:Sfn Later on, in his old age, Ike was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.<ref name="Christian-2008">Template:Cite journal</ref>

By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine, which hindered his relationship with Turner. She abruptly left Ike after they got into a bloody fight on their way to the Dallas Statler Hilton on July 1, 1976.<ref>Template:Harvnb: "On July 1, 1976 ... For the Ike and Tina Turner Revue ... the opening engagement, that festive weekend, was at a Hilton hotel in downtown Dallas."</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb: "That Thursday morning, when the time came for us to go to Dallas to play."</ref> She fled with only 36 cents and a Mobil credit card in her pocket to the nearby Ramada Inn across the freeway.<ref name="WaPo-20181016">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="People-20171026">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On July 27, Turner filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Her divorce petition asked for $4,000 a month in alimony, $1,000 a month in child support, and custody of her sons Craig and Ronnie.Template:Sfn The divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978.Template:Sfn In the final divorce decree, Turner took responsibility for missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien. Turner retained songwriter royalties from songs she had written, but Ike got the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers.Template:Sfn She also kept her two Jaguars, furs, jewelry, and her stage name.Template:Sfn Turner gave Ike her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, and real estate, and he kept his four cars.Template:Sfn Several promoters lost money and sued to recoup their losses. For almost two years, she received food stamps and played small clubs to pay off debts.<ref name="EW-19960802"/>

Ike Turner stated on several occasions that he was never officially married to Turner because he was legally married to another woman at the time of their ceremony.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, they had a common-law marriage and still had to go through a formal divorce.<ref>Template:Harvnb: "He also claimed that he and Tina had never actually been married all those years ago—a point that, under California common law, was by now moot."</ref> He also stated that her birth name was Martha Nell Bullock (not Anna Mae Bullock).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} At 8:06 in the interview, Turner corrects the host who says Tina's real name is Annie Mae Bullock. He says "No, her name is Martha Nell Bullock."</ref> She signed her legal name as Martha Nell Turner on multiple contracts.<ref name="Heritage Auctions-1978"/><ref name="HA"/>

In his autobiography Takin' Back My Name, Ike Turner stated: "Sure, I've slapped Tina. We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. But I never beat her."Template:Sfn In a 1999 interview on The Roseanne Show, Roseanne Barr urged Ike to publicly apologize to Turner.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2007, Ike told Jet that he still loved her and he had written a letter apologizing for "putting her and the kids through that kind of stuff", but he never sent it.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

After his death on December 12, 2007, Tina Turner issued a brief statement through her spokesperson: "Tina hasn't had any contact with Ike in more than 30 years. No further comment will be made."<ref name="people">Template:Cite news</ref> Tina's sister Alline still considered Ike her brother-in-law and attended his funeral.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Phil Spector criticized Tina Turner at the funeral.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Vague In 2018, Tina Turner told The Sunday Times that "as an old person, I have forgiven him, but I would not work with him. He asked for one more tour with me, and I said, 'No, absolutely not.' Ike wasn't someone you could forgive and allow him back in."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Erwin BachEdit

In 1986, Turner met German music executive Erwin Bach, who was sent by her European record label (EMI) to greet Turner at Düsseldorf Airport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bach was over sixteen years her junior.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Initially friends, they began dating later that year. In July 2013, after a 27-year romantic relationship, they married in a civil ceremony on the banks of Lake Zurich in Küsnacht, Switzerland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ChildrenEdit

Turner had two biological sons: one with Kings of Rhythm saxophonist Raymond Hill, named Raymond Craig, born on August 20, 1958, and the other with Ike Turner, Ronald "Ronnie" Renelle Turner, born on October 27, 1960.<ref name="Tina Turner: Singer"/>Template:Sfn She also adopted two of Ike Turner's children, raising them as her own.<ref name="Tina Turner: Singer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turner was 18 years of age when she gave birth to her eldest son.Template:Sfn Ike Turner adopted Raymond Craig Hill, and changed his name to Craig Raymond Turner.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Craig was found dead in an apparent suicide in July 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Turner's younger son, Ronnie, played bass guitar in a band called Manufactured Funk with songwriter and musician Patrick Moten. Ronnie also played for both of his parents' bands.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="Eaton-2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn Through him, Turner had two grandchildren.<ref name="Tina Turner: Singer"/> He was married to French singer Afida Turner.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ronnie died from complications of colon cancer in December 2022.<ref name="RonnieCancer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During Turner's divorce trial, Ike sent their four sons to live with Tina and gave her money for one month's rent.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Ike Turner Jr. worked as a sound engineer at Bolic Sound and briefly for Turner after her divorce,Template:Sfn later winning a Grammy Award for producing his father's album Risin' with the Blues.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He toured with former Ikette Randi Love as Sweet Randi Love and the Love Thang Band.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ike Turner Jr. stated that he and his brothers had a distant relationship with their mother (Tina).<ref name="Eaton-2016"/> Turner wrote in her autobiography I, Tina that after her divorce she became "a little bit estranged" from all her sons except Craig.Template:Sfn In 1989, Turner told TV Week that "she's still there for the boys",<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but there were reports of Turner's estrangement from her sons in the years before her death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Religious beliefsEdit

Turner sometimes referred to herself as a "Buddhist–Baptist", alluding to her upbringing in the Baptist church where her father was a deacon and her later conversion to Buddhism as an adult.Template:Sfn In a 2016 interview with Lion's Roar magazine, she declared, "I consider myself a Buddhist."<ref name="Andrea Miller">Template:Cite news</ref> The February 15, 1979, issue of Jet magazine featured Turner with her Buddhist altar on the cover.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Turner credited the Liturgy of Nichiren Daishonin and Soka Gakkai International for her introduction to spiritual knowledge.<ref>Template:Harvnb: "I would like to acknowledge: The Liturgy of Nichiren Daishonin for an introduction to spiritual knowledge."</ref><ref name="ShSun-WLGTDWI-201109">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Turner stated in her 1986 autobiography I, Tina that she was introduced to Nichiren Buddhism by one of Ike Turner's mistresses named Valerie Bishop, who taught her the chant nam-myōhō-renge-kyō in 1973.Template:Sfn<ref name="worldtribune-turner">Template:Cite news</ref> Turner later stated in her 2020 spiritual memoir Happiness Becomes You that her son, Ronnie Turner, first suggested she might benefit from chanting.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Turner practiced Buddhism with her neighborhood Soka Gakkai International chanting group.<ref name="World Tribune-2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After chanting, Turner noticed positive changes in her life, which she attributed to her newfound spiritual practice. She said: "I realized that I had within me everyone I needed to change my life for the better."Template:Sfn<ref name="World Tribune-2020"/> During the hardest times of her life, Turner chanted four hours per day, and although in later life she no longer chanted as much, she still maintained a daily practice.<ref name="worldtribune-turner"/> Turner likened Buddhist chanting to singing. She told Lion's Roar: "Nam-myoho-renge-kyo is a song. In the Soka Gakkai tradition we are taught how to sing it. It is a sound and a rhythm and it touches a place inside you. That place we try to reach is the subconscious mind. I believe that it is the highest place and, if you communicate with it, that is when you receive information on what to do."<ref name="Andrea Miller"/> Dramatizations of Turner chanting were included both in the 1993 film What's Love Got to Do with It and in the 2021 documentary film Tina.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Turner met with the 14th Dalai Lama, in Einsiedeln, Switzerland, on August 2, 2005. She also met with Swiss-Tibetan Buddhist singer Dechen Shak-Dagsay and in 2009 co-created a spiritual music project with Shak-Dagsay and Swiss singer Regula Curti called Beyond.<ref name="SWI-20090710">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Migros Magazine, issue No. 38–19, September 2011.</ref>

Residences, citizenship, and wealthEdit

Turner began living at Château Algonquin in Küsnacht on the shore of Lake Zurich in 1994.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She had previously owned property in Cologne, London, and Los Angeles, and a villa on the French Riviera named Anna Fleur.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 2013, Turner applied for Swiss citizenship,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> stating she would renounce her citizenship in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="WaPo20131114">Template:Cite news</ref> The stated reasons for the relinquishment were that she no longer had any strong connections to the United States and "has no plans to reside" there in the future.<ref name="WaPo20131114"/> In April, she undertook a mandatory citizenship test which included advanced knowledge of German (the official language of the canton of Zurich) and of Swiss history. On April 22, 2013, she became a citizen of Switzerland and was issued a Swiss passport.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Turner signed the paperwork to relinquish her American citizenship at the US embassy in Bern on October 24, 2013.<ref name="WaPo20131114"/>

Turner's wealth was estimated at 225Template:Nbspmillion Swiss francs (about Template:US$Template:Nbspmillion) in 2022 by the Swiss business magazine Bilanz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Illness and deathEdit

File:Villa Algonquin Flowers.jpeg
Turner's home, Villa Algonquin in Küsnacht, Switzerland, two days after her death

Turner revealed in her 2018 memoir My Love Story that she had multiple life-threatening illnesses.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She had had high blood pressure since 1978, which remained mostly untreated, and resulted in damage to her kidneys and eventual kidney failure.<ref name=People2023>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013, three weeks after her wedding to Erwin Bach, she had a stroke and needed to learn to walk again.<ref name=People2023/> In 2016, she was diagnosed with intestinal cancer.<ref name=People2023/> She attempted to treat her health problems with homeopathy, which worsened her condition.<ref name=People2023/>

Her chances of receiving a kidney transplant were considered low and she was urged to start dialysis. She signed up with an organization that facilitates assisted suicide, a procedure which is legal in Switzerland, becoming a member of Exit International.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, her husband offered to donate a kidney for transplant.<ref name="New"/> She accepted his donation and had kidney transplantation surgery on April 7, 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turner also openly discussed her feeling of shame after discovering that she had dyslexia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On May 24, 2023, Turner died at her home in Küsnacht, Switzerland, aged 83, following years of illness.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Multiref2</ref> Turner's body was cremated after a private funeral.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the aftermath of her death, many fellow artists mourned her loss, including Beyoncé,<ref name="Paul-2023">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Dolly Parton,<ref name="Archie-2023"/> Lulu, Debbie Harry, Gloria Gaynor, Kerry Katona,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Jimmy Barnes,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Peter Andre,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Bryan Adams, Lionel Richie,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Elton John,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Madonna,<ref name="AS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rod Stewart,<ref name="SKY">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lizzo,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Brittany Howard,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Mick Jagger,<ref name="Paul-2023"/> Keith Richards, Ronnie Wood and Cher.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Fantasia and Patti LaBelle paid tribute to Turner with a rendition of "Proud Mary" at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards and a rendition of "The Best" at the 2023 BET Awards, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Turner also received tributes by British model Naomi Campbell, as well as film and television figures such as Oprah Winfrey, Angela Bassett, Jenifer Lewis, Forest Whitaker,<ref name="Paul-2023"/><ref name="Archie-2023"/> and Bette Midler<ref name="SKY"/> and theater producer Joop van den Ende.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> US president Joe Biden, as well as former presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton, and Swiss president Alain Berset also paid tribute to Turner through public statements.<ref name="Archie-2023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> King Charles III paid tribute by allowing "The Best" to be performed during the changing of the guard.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On May 25, 2023, theatres across the West End of London, dimmed their lights for two minutes to mark Turner's death.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Musical legacy and accoladesEdit

Often referred to as "The Queen of Rock and Roll", Turner is considered one of the greatest singers of all time.<ref name="RS-198610232">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Cosgrove-20192">Template:Cite magazine</ref> An article in The Guardian in 2018 noted her "swagger, sensuality, gravelly vocals and unstoppable energy",<ref name="theguardian12">Template:Cite news</ref> while The New York Times in 1996 noted that she was known for the appearance of her legs.<ref name="The New York Times-19962">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Gallery of The Popular Image2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Journalist Kurt Loder asserted that Turner's voice combined "the emotional force of the great blues singers with a sheer, wallpaper-peeling power that seemed made to order for the age of amplification".<ref name="theguardian12" /> Daphne A. Brooks, a scholar of African-American studies, wrote for The Guardian:<ref name="theguardian12" />

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Turner merged sound and movement at a critical turning point in rock history, navigating and reflecting back the technological innovations of a new pop-music era in the 60s and 70s. She catapulted herself to the forefront of a musical revolution that had long marginalized and overlooked the pioneering contributions of African American women and then remade herself again at an age when most pop musicians were hitting the oldies circuit. Turner's musical character has always been a charged combination of mystery as well as light, melancholy mixed with a ferocious vitality that often flirted with danger.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Awards, honors and achievementsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Don Grierson with Tina Turner.jpg
Turner holding certification plaques with Don Grierson

Turner previously held a Guinness World Record for the largest paying audience (180,000 in 1988) for a solo performer.<ref name="upi88"/><ref name="Guinness"/> In the UK, Turner was the first artist to have a top 40 hit in seven consecutive decades; she has a total of 35 UK top 40 hits.<ref name="Chart UK-2018"/> Turner was ranked as one of the most successful female singles artist in German chart history.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> She sold over 100 million records worldwide, including certified RIAA album sales of 10 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of May 2023, Turner has reportedly sold around 100 to 150 million records worldwide.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Turner won a total of 12 Grammy Awards. These awards include eight competitive Grammy Awards;<ref name="Grammy-2018"/> she shares the record (with Pat Benatar, and with Sheryl Crow) for most awards (four) given for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three of her recordings, "River Deep – Mountain High" (1999), "Proud Mary" (2003), and "What's Love Got to Do with It" (2012) are in the Grammy Hall of Fame.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turner is the only female artist to have won a Grammy in the pop, rock, and R&B fields.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Turner received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turner also won Grammys as a member of USA for Africa and as a performer at the 1986 Prince's trust concert.

File:TINA TURNER STAR ON HOLLYWOOD BLVD 20230528 155650 2.jpg
Turner's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame covered with flowers and tributes from her fans on May 28, 2023

Turner received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1986 and a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 1991.<ref name="Walk of Fame-2019"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

File:Photo449327o.jpg
Tina Turner star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in University City, Missouri

After her death, her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was covered with flowers from loving fans. Fans around the world paid respect with flowers and candles lit outside her home in Switzerland and outside London's Aldwych Theatre – the home of the musical Tina. Gloria Gaynor said Turner "paved the way for so many women in rock music, black and white". Turner was also praised by Mariah Carey and Oprah Winfrey as a "survivor" who overcame years of domestic abuse. Michelle and Barack Obama praised her for "singing her truth through joy and pain". The charity Women's Aid paid tribute with a quote from one of Turner's songs, saying: "She will always be simply the best."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a duo with Ike Turner in 1991.<ref name="R&R Hall of Fame-2020"/> In 2005, Turner received the prestigious Kennedy Center Honors.<ref name="Whitehouse">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> President George W. Bush commented on her "natural skill, the energy and sensuality",<ref>December 5, 2005, Long Beach Press-Telegram (CA)</ref> and referred to her legs as "the most famous in show business".<ref>December 6, 2005, Kansas City Star.</ref> Several artists paid tribute to her that night including Melissa Etheridge (performing "River Deep – Mountain High"), Queen Latifah (performing "What's Love Got to Do with It"), Beyoncé (performing "Proud Mary"), and Al Green (performing "Let's Stay Together"). Oprah Winfrey stated, "We don't need another hero. We need more heroines like you, Tina. You make me proud to spell my name w-o-m-a-n."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2021, Turner was inducted by Angela Bassett into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist.<ref name="Smith-2021"/> Keith Urban and H.E.R. performed "It's Only Love", Mickey Guyton performed "What's Love Got to Do with It", and Christina Aguilera performed "River Deep – Mountain High".<ref name="Smith-2021"/>

Turner has also received the following honors:

  • 1967: Turner was the first black artist and first female on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine (Issue No. 2).<ref name="Turner-2019"/>
  • 1977: She was named the most exciting woman of the year by International Bachelor's Society<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 1984, Turner ranked No. 18 on 25 Most Intriguing People by People magazine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1987: Berolina Award honored Turner with the biggest influence in music in Germany<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1990, She was voted for Best International female Singer of the year in Europe by Goldene Europa<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1990, Turner ranked No. 15 in Celebrity Sleuth 25 Sexiest Women of 1990 by Celebrity Skin (magazine)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1993: World Music Awards presented Turner with the Legend Award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1993: Essence Awards honored Turner<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> with the Living Legend Award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1996: She was inducted into the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame by Vanity Fair.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1996: Turner received the accolade of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from the French education minister.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1997: Hanes campaign honored Turner with the sexiest legs in entertainment business<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1999: MOBO Awards honored Turner<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> with the Lifetime Achievement Award.

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1999: Turner ranked No. 2 on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2000, Turner ranked No. 33 on 50 Most Beautiful People in the World by People magazine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2000, Turner ranked No. 78 on USA Today Pop Candy's 100 People of the Year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2002, Turner ranked No. 6 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists of All Time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2002: Tennessee State Route 19 between Brownsville and Nutbush was named "Tina Turner Highway".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

  • 2002, She was voted at No. 56 in Q magazine's list of the Top 100 Women Who Rock The World.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2003, Turner ranked No. 22 on VH1's 50 Greatest Women Of The Video Era.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2003, Turner ranked No. 11 on PollstarTemplate:'s Top 40 Grossing Tours of all-time in North America [Through 2003].<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2004: People ranked her 1985 performance of "What's Love Got to Do With It" as one of the top 10 Grammy moments.<ref name="PeopleTop10Grammys">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2005, Turner was one of 25 African-American women saluted at Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball, a three-day celebration, honoring their contributions to art, entertainment, and civil rights.
  • 2006, Turner ranked No. 9 on Sly Magazine's 10 Sexiest Women Over 40 [January 2006]<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2006: She was voted one of The Sexiest Celebrity Grandparents of the Year by The Grand Magazine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • In 2007, she was ranked at number 19 on BET's "Top 25 Dancers of All Time".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2012, Turner ranked No. 34 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2012, Turner ranked No. 22 on The 100 hottest female singers of all time by complex.com<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2013: Turner covered Vogue Germany, becoming the oldest person (aged 73) to cover Vogue magazine, surpassing Meryl Streep (aged 62) who covered American Vogue in 2012.<ref name="vogue">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
  • 2013, ABC named Turner one of the greatest woman in music.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2013, Turner ranked No. 6 on most loved singers in Switzerland. by The Swiss TV channel SRF 1.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2013, Turner ranked No. 2 on 10 biggest musical comebacks of all time by Toronto Sun<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2014, Turner ranked No. 2 on The 15 Greatest Legs In The Music Biz by VH1.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2015: Turner ranked No. 4 on 11 Hair Icons of all time by Hype Hair<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2015: The Tina Turner Museum at Flagg Grove School proved once again that it truly is Simply The Best addition to Tennessee Tourism winning nine awards at The Tennessee Association of Museums Conference. In a ceremony at Discovery Park of America<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2015, Turner ranked No. 33 on MetroNOW's Top 50 Gay Icons by MetroSource.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2015: Rolling Stone ranked Ike & Tina Turner No. 2 on their list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
  • 2015: Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2015, Turner was ranked number 29 in Billboard magazine's list of the "35 Greatest R&B Artists of All Time".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
  • 2016, Turner ranked No. 2 on Top 5 Greatest Voices in the History of Rock Music by ppcorn.com.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2016, Turner ranked No. 55 on The 75 Greatest Women of All Time by Esquire.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2021: Turner became a two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee.<ref name="NPR-2021">Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 2021: Turner received an honorary doctorate for her "unique musical and artistic life's work" from the Philosophical and Historical Faculty of the University of Bern.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2022: Mattel released a Barbie doll in Turner's likeness to commemorate her single "What's Love Got to Do with It".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2023: Rolling Stone ranked Turner No. 55 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
  • 2023, The song "What's Love Got to Do With It" appeared on BillboardTemplate:'s list of the 500 best pop songs of all time.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
  • 2023–2024: Smooth Radio ranked Turner No. 8 on their list of the top music icon of all time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2025, Forbes ranked her No. 9 on The 50 Black Female Singers With Incredible Vocals List.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the number five female singer of the 80s .<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DiscographyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

Studio albumsEdit

ToursEdit

Template:See also

  • 1977: Australian Tour<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1978: Tina Turner Revue<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1979: Tina Turner Show<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1981–1983: Tina Turner: Live in Concert<ref>Sources for tour held from 1981 to 1983:
  • Template:Cite news
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As opening actEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1984: Can't Slow Down Tour Template:Small<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

FilmographyEdit

Year Film Role Notes
1965 The Big T.N.T. Show Herself Sequel to T.A.M.I. Show<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1970 It's Your Thing Documentary on the Isley Brothers concert at Yankee Stadium<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Gimme Shelter Documentary on the Rolling Stones' 1969 American tour<ref name="TVG filmog">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

1971 Soul to Soul Documentary on the Independence Day concert in Ghana<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Taking Off <ref name="TVG filmog"/>
Good Vibrations from Central Park <ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
1975 Tommy The Acid Queen <ref name="TVG filmog"/>
Ann-Margret Olsson Herself citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Poiret est à vous citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

1978 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Our Guests at Heartland citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

1982 Chuck Berry: Live at the Roxy with Tina Turner Herself <ref name="TVG filmog"/>
1985 Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome Aunty Entity Won (1986) – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture<ref name="TVG filmog"/>
1993 What's Love Got to Do with it Herself Singing voice for Angela Bassett, also archive footage<ref name="TVG filmog"/>
Tina Turner: Girl From Nutbush Documentary<ref name="TVG filmog"/>
Last Action Hero The Mayor <ref name="TVG filmog"/>
2000 Ally McBeal Herself Episode: "The Oddball Parade"<ref name="TVG filmog"/>
2012 Ike & Tina on the Road: 1971–72 Documentary filmed by rock photographer Bob Gruen<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

2021 Tina citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> final film role

BooksEdit

  • Tina! (1985).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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External linksEdit

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