Edouard Izac

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Edouard Victor Michel Izac (December 18, 1891 – January 18, 1990) was a lieutenant in the United States Navy during World War I and a Medal of Honor recipient. From 1937 to 1947, he served five terms as a U.S. House Representative from California.

He was posted to the troop transport Template:USS in 1918 when that ship was sunk by German submarine Template:SMU. Taken as a prisoner of war, and not letting his captors know that he spoke German, Izac gathered intelligence on the submarine and its crew before being transferred to prison camps in Germany, from where he escaped in October 1918.

At the time of his death in 1990, he was the last living Medal of Honor recipient from World War I.

Early yearsEdit

Edouard Victor Michel Izac was born on December 18, 1891Template:Sfn in Cresco, Howard County, Iowa, the youngest of nine children to Balthazar Izac, a builder of farm wagons, and Mathilda Geuth. His father emigrated to the United States from Alsace-Lorraine in 1852 amid instability from the coup d'état instigated by Napoleon III, while his mother was born in Philadelphia to a family that immigrated from Baden-Württemberg. Balthazar Izac's name was changed to Isaacs by immigration officials as he entered the country, and all of his children except for Edouard adopted this spelling of the name as well.Template:Sfn The family spoke an Alsatian dialect of German at home,Template:Sfn and Izac learned to speak French early in his life.Template:Sfn

Izac attended the School of the Assumption in Cresco, before moving to attend high school in South St. Paul, Minnesota.Template:Sfn He decided to enter the United States Naval Academy to get a "complete education," seeing private colleges as out of reach. After securing a recommendation from a Congressman in Chicago, he was appointed to the academy. Izac did not excel in academics at the Academy, however he did meet Agnes Cabell, daughter of General DeRosey Caroll Cabell, at a dance. Izac graduated the Academy in 1915, and he and Cabell were married the next day.Template:Sfn

Military serviceEdit

Following his graduation, Izac was assigned to the battleship Template:USS, as the United States began its involvement in World War I.Template:Sfn When he was promoted from ensign to lieutenant (junior grade), he signed up for the Naval Transport Service, hoping for assignments less open-ended than battleship duty. During this time, his daughter Cabell was born in 1916. He transferred to the troop transport Template:USS in July 1917, and helped to oversee the conversion of that ship from an ocean liner to a ship of war, duties which kept the ship in drydock until its maiden voyage on 18 October. The ship subsequently undertook four uneventful trips to Europe, including one in November 1917 escorting U.S. Representative Clarence B. Miller.Template:Sfn

Capture and escapeEdit

By the ship's fifth voyage, Izac was its executive officer. During this voyage, the ship successfully ferried troops to Brest, France, on May 23, 1918, and began the return trip, in convoy, to New York City on May 29. The next day, the destroyer escort for the convoy departed, leaving four troopships to cross the sea alone.Template:Sfn Izac was in command of the guns on the afterdeck. A submarine was spotted early in the morning on May 31 and the ships attempted to evade it unsuccessfully.Template:Sfn President Lincoln was Template:Convert from the coast of France when it was struck by three torpedoes at a range of about Template:Convert at 08:54 by German submarine Template:SMU. By 09:15, her captain, Commander Percy Wright Foote ordered the ship abandoned. President Lincoln rolled starboard at 09:30 and sank, but only took 26 men in a crew of 700 with her. The rest remained in lifeboats as the rest of the convoy headed to a safe distance, as was policy at the time.Template:Sfn U-90 then surfaced, attempting to locate the ship's captain, but was unable to do so, pulling Izac out of a lifeboat instead because its crew recognized his officers' insignia. Izac was taken as a prisoner of war after lying to the sub's crew that the captain had gone down with the ship. He was subsequently held in quarters aboard the ship while it dived Template:Convert to avoid depth charges from the pursuing Template:USS.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

File:USS President Lincoln.jpg

Sinking of the USS President Lincoln

Izac later recalled that he was treated well while a prisoner, dining with the ship's officers and playing bridge and other card games with the crew.Template:Sfn During political discussions on the boat, he also learned about the German mindset and conditions for German U-Boat crews, which were generally superior to conditions in other ships at the time. During this time, he began to take mental notes of the submarine and the routines and operations of her crew, hoping to gather intelligence that could be useful against German submarine efforts.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He concealed his knowledge of German language which he used to listen in on the crew.Template:Sfn Using maps and binoculars borrowed from the crew, Izac was able to ascertain the ship's return route to Kiel, which took it north of the Shetland Islands, into the North Sea and past Skagerrack and Kattegat in a bid to avoid minefields and patrols. He also learned of a rendezvous point used by U-boats near Denmark to avoid patrols, though was thwarted in his first escape attempt there.Template:Sfn He also learned of at least one island where sub crews were commonly landing to poach mutton, which he considered ideal for a trap.Template:Sfn Arriving in Kiel on June 10, he was transferred to Template:Ship, on which he was ferried to a prison camp in Karlsruhe.Template:Sfn Conditions there were more difficult and the prisoners were fed less, so he tried unsuccessfully to escape again.Template:Sfn

File:Lieutenant Edouard V.M. Isaacs, USN Crop.png

Izac at Villingen, 1918

Four weeks later, as Izac was moved to Villingen by train, he attempted to escape again by jumping headfirst out of a window as the train was traveling Template:Convert but struck his head and knees on the railroad ties and was caught and beaten by guards for the attempt, then forced to run the remaining Template:Convert to the prison camp. Bedridden by his injuries for three weeks, he was then sentenced to two weeks of solitary confinement. Izac would be unable to bend his knees for two months. During his initial recapture, a guard broke his rifle striking Izac and was court martialed for destruction of military property; after the war Izac sought damages from a claims commission and was awarded $27,000 for the incident.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn By the time he left solitary confinement, Izac had lost Template:Convert and weighed Template:Convert.Template:Sfn Conditions in this camp were more harsh and Izac prepared to escape here by walking, running, and weightlifting as he continued his recovery. But conditions at the camp continued to deteriorate, especially for the Russian prisoners of war.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

On the night of October 6, Izac and a group of American prisoners succeeded in a mass escape from the prison by cutting power and leaving the premises dressed as German guards. To avoid dogs and other pursuers, he and another American officer, Harold Buckley Willis,Template:Sfn hiked a roundabout route to Switzerland. They traveled through the Black Forest and along the Alb, followed a rail line and crossed the Rhine River, crossing the border early in the morning of 13 October.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their path had taken them through Template:Convert even though a direct route from the camp to the closest Swiss border was Template:Convert away.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn They survived on raw vegetables along the way. From the crossing he was taken to the American Embassy in Bern,Template:Sfn where he was given money by the American Red Cross to travel to Paris,Template:Sfn which he reached on 22 October.<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AThe_New_York_Times%2C_1918-11-11.pdf/9 Template:Bare URL inline</ref> From there, he was taken to London, where he met with Admiral William Sims on 23 October, and finally returned to the Bureau of Navigation, arriving on November 11, 1918, Armistice Day.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Medal of HonorEdit

Welcomed to the Department of the Navy as a hero, Izac was promoted to lieutenant commander within a few months and assigned to a prestigious post as the director of munitions at the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., moving there with his family. He was subsequently awarded the Medal of Honor by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt on November 11, 1920, with whom he became friends.Template:Sfn In addition, he was awarded the Italian Croce di Guerra and the Cross of Montenegro.Template:Sfn However, the injuries he sustained to his knees in his escape attempts ended his Navy career and Izac was forced to retire.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Living only on a small pension, Izac moved his family to a home of his father-in-law in San Diego, where he took a job selling ads for the San Diego Union from 1922 to 1929, during which time he also began working as a freelance writer, focused mainly on subjects on problems of war veterans, history, and English. The newspaper job was lost following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and he briefly moved the family to rural France, living simply, likely off of the money awarded from the German government.Template:Sfn

Political careerEdit

File:Ed V. Izac 1934.jpg

Izac Template:Circa 1934

Izac returned to San Diego in 1931. Three years later, a group of veterans in the city convinced him to run for Congress in California's 20th congressional district. He secured nominations from both the Democratic and Progressive parties, but ultimately lost the election to Republican George Burnham.Template:Sfn

Campaigning again in 1936, Izac changed his strategy and used his war record and Medal of Honor award as selling points in his political campaign. He retold the story of his capture in various rallies, becoming noted for his animation while speaking. A supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal policies, Izac promoted a policy of neutrality, support for veterans, and advocated for a larger military presence in San Diego as an economic anchor.Template:Sfn During the campaign, he raised $40 each from a group of 40 veterans under the condition of repaying them should he lose. Crafting a political image that tied him as a friend to Roosevelt, a patriot and with first-hand experience in poverty, he won the election in 1936.Template:Sfn

CongressEdit

File:Edouard Izac Congress.png

Izac in Congress Template:Circa 1938

Sworn in to the Seventy-fifth Congress, Izac advocated for non-interventionalism in World War II. In his first speech on the House floor, Izac said the path the nation was on would lead to its involvement in the conflict, which elicited substantial coverage from The New York Times. Among other acts, he introduced legislation calling for the protection of the Palomar Observatory, establishment of a U.S. Marine Corps hospital in San Diego, aid for construction of public schools, and to add a battalion of African American soldiers in the then-segregated California Army National Guard.Template:Sfn Veterans were a substantial focus of his legislative efforts. He introduced legislation including disabled veterans and their families in New Deal and other appropriations.Template:Sfn He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1940 and 1944.<ref name="Congress">Template:CongBio</ref>

Serving on the House Naval Affairs Committee, Izac was considered a potential candidate for greater positions of power. His name came up in 1940 as possible candidate to become the Assistant Secretary for the Navy, but Izac publicly announced at the time that he wanted to remain in Congress, in a role that was focused on support of veterans.Template:Sfn He eventually became chair of the House Naval Affairs Committee, and in this role he had an oversight role in military efforts to defense matters on the Pacific coast and was also involved in questioning Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt over the internment of Japanese Americans.Template:Sfn This duty sent him on inspection tours of U.S. bases in the Pacific during the war.Template:Sfn He also pushed against efforts for a post-war downsizing of U.S. military bases in the Pacific.Template:Sfn

It was around this time that Izac's popularity began to wane for his growing Leftward-leaning liberal positions in Congress. His voting record came under scrutiny by the San Diego Union, in part for his opposition to permanent status for the House Un-American Activities Committee and for his protests against the deportation of prominent West Coast union leader Harry Bridges.Template:Sfn Izac subsequently won re-election by smaller margins. He had won his 1938 re-election campaign by 20,000 votes in a vote of 58,806 to 38,333, but was re-elected by just 4,373 votes in 1940, and re-elected by only 777 votes in 1942 in a close election that came down to the count of absentee ballots. Izac despised Adolf Hitler but nonetheless never advocated for entering the war against him, and his isolationist views were increasingly unpopular in favor of national unity to support the war effort, especially after the attack on Pearl Harbor.Template:Sfn In 1942 following redistricting, Izac shifted to the 23rd congressional district, and Republican Carl Hinshaw replaced him in the 20th congressional district.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1945, General Dwight Eisenhower suggested to Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall that legislative representatives be brought to Europe to learn about the concentration camps being found there firsthand. Izac was one of a group of 12 Congressmen and Senators sent to the European Theater of Operations, where they toured Buchenwald, Nordhausen, and Dachau concentration camps, learning of the conditions directly from a number of the survivors, an experience that deeply impacted Izac and led to his belief that "terroristic and fanatical" members of the Nazi Party should be "eliminated" rather than reintegrated as part of denazification.Template:Sfn He was also a believer in more harsh punishment for the German people in the name of justice, though he knew such sanctions were unlikely.Template:Sfn The group penned a report, Atrocities and other Conditions in Concentration Camps in Germany.Template:Sfn

In 1946, he was present at Operation Crossroads, observing nuclear weapons tests on a fleet of 90 Navy vessels at Bikini Atoll. Izac observed the tests aboard the Template:Ship, Template:Convert from the epicenter of the blasts, but said little of his reaction to the weapons.Template:Sfn

Izac's 1946 re-election campaign pitted him against Republican Charles K. Fletcher, a banker who focused on local issues, differentiating him from Izac, who felt they should be addressed by local bodies, rather than federal government.Template:Sfn Fletcher defeated Izac gaining 69,411 votes to Izac's 53,898 and was elected to the Eightieth Congress.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Later lifeEdit

Later in life, Izac chose to downplay the accomplishments of the Medal of Honor again.Template:Sfn After leaving office, he moved his family to land inherited from his father-in-law in Gordonsville, Virginia, where Izac became a farmer and led a simple life raising cattle and growing different kinds of fruit and vegetables. The family then grew most of its own food and survived on pensions from the Navy and Congress. At one point, he dammed a stream to make a small lake, which has since been known as Lake Izac.Template:Sfn In retirement the family also took to traveling, visiting Jerusalem almost every year and using these visits as the basis for a 1965 book, The Holy Land: Then and Now. Of the book, he later said, "No one who has not visited the most momentous events in the history of the human race will ever be able to visualize just how it all happened. You simply have to go there."Template:Sfn

In 1952, one of Izac's sons, 19-year-old Forrest, died in what the coroner ruled a suicide. His youngest son, Andre, eventually joined the Navy as a chaplain and served aboard the Template:Ship.Template:Sfn He later lived in Bethesda, Maryland,<ref name="Congress"/> in the 1960s.<ref name=NYT/> An accident following the death of his wife in 1970 led him to live with his second daughter, Anna for the remainder of his life, in Fairfax, Virginia.<ref name="Congress"/> By 1989 he was the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient and his 99th birthday was noted by Willard Scott on Today.Template:Sfn

Death and burialEdit

Izac died in his sleep of congestive heart failure on January 18, 1990.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn<ref name=NYT/> At the time of his death, he was the last living Medal of Honor recipient from World War I. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Edouard Izac was survived by five children, nineteen grandchildren and twenty-five great-grandchildren.Template:Sfn<ref name=NYT>Template:Cite news</ref>

Medal of Honor citationEdit

File:Edouard Izac's Medal of Honor.jpg

Reverse of Izac's Medal of Honor. He received the "Tiffany Cross" version of the medal.

Rank and organization: Lieutenant, U.S. Navy. Place and date: Aboard German submarine U-90 as prisoner of war, May 21, 1918. Entered service at: Illinois. Born: December 18, 1891, Cresco, Howard County, Iowa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Citation:

When the U.S.S. President Lincoln was attacked and sunk by the German submarine U-90, on May 21, 1918, Lt. Izac was captured and held as a prisoner on board the U-90 until the return of the submarine to Germany, when he was confined in the prison camp. During his stay on the U-90 he obtained information of the movements of German submarines which was so important that he was determined to escape, with a view to making this information available to the U.S. and Allied Naval authorities. In attempting to carry out this plan, he jumped through the window of a rapidly moving train at the imminent risk of death, not only from the nature of the act itself but from the fire of the armed German soldiers who were guarding him. Having been recaptured and reconfined, Lt. Izac made a second and successful attempt to escape, breaking his way through barbed-wire fences and deliberately drawing the fire of the armed guards in the hope of permitting others to escape during the confusion. He made his way through the mountains of southwestern Germany, having only raw vegetables for food, and at the end, swam the River Rhine during the night in the immediate vicinity of German sentries.

Electoral historyEdit

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