Foreign relations of Belarus

Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists The Byelorussian SSR was one of only two Soviet republics to be separate members of the United Nations (the other being the Ukrainian SSR). Both republics and the Soviet Union joined the UN when the organization was founded in 1945.

Prior to 2001

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, at which time Belarus gained its independence, Belarus became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), NATO's Partnership for Peace, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The adoption by Supreme Council of the BSSR of the declaration of State Sovereignty of Belarus in 1990 was a turning point on the development of the state. It has also been in a supranational union with Russia since 2 April 1996, although this has had little practical effect. Belarus-Council of Europe relations are based on cooperation and it is not a member (like Russia).

Belarus–Russia relations

Template:Further The introduction of free trade between Russia and Belarus in mid-1995 led to a spectacular growth in bilateral trade, which was only temporarily reversed in the wake of the financial crisis of 1998. President Alexander Lukashenko sought to develop a closer relationship with Russia. The framework for the Union of Russia and Belarus was set out in the Treaty on the Formation of a Community of Russia and Belarus (1996), the Treaty on Russia-Belarus Union, the Union Charter (1997), and the Treaty of the Formation of a Union State (1999). The integration treaties contained commitments to monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common defence and foreign policy.

Belarus–European Union relations

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Following the recognition of Belarus as an independent state in December 1991 by the European Community, EC/EU-Belarus relations initially experienced a steady progress. The signature of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) in 1995 signaled a commitment to political, economic and trade cooperation. Some assistance was provided to Belarus within the framework of the TACIS programme and also through various aid programs and loans. However, progress in EU-Belarus relations stalled in 1996 after serious setbacks to the development of democracy, and the Drazdy conflict.

The EU did not recognize the 1996 constitution, which replaced the 1994 constitution. The Council of the European Union decided against Belarus in 1997: The PCA was not concluded, nor was its trade-related part; Belarusian membership in the Council of Europe was not supported; bilateral relations at the ministerial level were suspended and EU technical assistance programs were frozen.

Acknowledging the lack of progress in relation to bilateral relations and the internal situation following the position adopted in 1997, the EU adopted a step-by-step approach in 1999, whereby sanctions would be gradually lifted upon fulfillment of the four benchmarks set by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. In 2000, some moderately positive developments toward the implementation of recommendations made by the OSCE AMG were observed but were not sufficient in the realm of access to fair and free elections.

Belarus–United Kingdom relations

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Belarus established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 27 January 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Belarus maintains an embassy in London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The United Kingdom is accredited to Belarus through its embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Both countries share common membership of the OSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and an Investment Agreement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Belarus–United States relations

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The United States has encouraged Belarus to conclude and adhere to agreements with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on the program of macroeconomic stabilization and related reform measures, as well as to undertake increased privatization and to create a favorable climate for business and investment. Although there has been some American direct private investment in Belarus, its development has been relatively slow given the uncertain pace of reform. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement was signed in June 1992 but has been suspended since 1995 because Belarus did not fulfill its obligations under the agreement.

Belarus is eligible for Export-Import Bank short-term financing insurance for U.S. investments, but because of the adverse business climate, no projects have been initiated. The IMF granted standby credit in September 1995, but Belarus has fallen off the program and did not receive the second tranche of funding, which had been scheduled for regular intervals throughout 1996.

The United States - along with the European Union - has restricted the travel of President Alexander Lukashenko and members of his inner circle, as well as imposing economic sanctions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Belarus–Baltic relations

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Present situation (2001 onwards)

Relations with the European Union

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The structure of Belarus trade reflects the low competitiveness and output decline of manufacturing industry in the country over the past decade, leading to the predominance of primary production, work-intensive goods as exports. Belarusian exports to the EU consist mainly of agricultural and textile products, while imports from the EU are primarily machinery.

Belarus is a beneficiary of the EU's Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). The European Commission decided in 2003 to initiate an investigation into violations of freedom of association in Belarus as the first step towards a possible temporary withdrawal of the GSP from Belarus.

In December 2004, the EU adopted a position aimed at imposing travel restrictions on officials from Belarus responsible for the fraudulent parliamentary elections and referendum on 17 October 2004, and for human rights violations during subsequent peaceful political demonstrations in Minsk. The European Parliament released a statement in March 2005 in which it denounced the Belarusian government as a dictatorship. The European parliamentarians were primarily concerned about the suppression of independent media outlets in the country and the fraudulent referendum. A resolution of the European Parliament declared that the personal bank accounts of President Lukashenko and other high-ranking Belarusian officials should be tracked and frozen.

In 2005, Amnesty International reported a pattern of deliberate obstruction, harassment and intimidation of human rights defenders in Belarus. Reporters Without Borders accused the Belarusian authorities of hounding and arresting journalists from the country's Polish minority. Lukashenko has closed the country's main Polish newspaper, printing a bogus paper instead with the same name and size that praises his incumbent government. Several foreign, mainly Polish, journalists have been arrested or expelled from the country. Lukashenko accused Poland of an attempt to overthrow his government by stirring up a peaceful revolution in Belarus comparable to the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004.

Later in 2005 the Belarusian riot police seized the headquarters of the Union of Poles in Belarus, an association representing the 400,000 ethnic minority Polish living in western areas the country that were part of Poland until World War II. The dispute between Poland and Belarus escalated further as Poland responded by recalling its ambassador from Belarus for indefinite consultations, and called on the European Union to impose sanctions on the Belarusian leadership in order to curtail the human rights abuses in Belarus. Belarusian papers described this as a 'dirty political game', and part of a 'cold war' waged on president Lukashenko. Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rotfeld said a clampdown was under way, aimed at destroying "all elements of political pluralism and independence" in Belarus.

File:European Union Eastern Partnership.svg

Members of the Eastern Partnership

In August 2005 the EU's executive commission called for human rights to be respected in Belarus. The commission said it was considering offering support to independent media in the country and had set aside more than eight million euros from its budget to offer support for human rights activities. France expressed her solidarity with Poland on the issue of human rights in Belarus a day after the EU declared it was worried about the situation in that country. Several former Soviet Republics, including neighbouring Ukraine, also expressed their concerns about the development of the situation in Belarus.

In May 2009 Belarus and the EU agree on cooperation in the Eastern Partnership (EaP). However, it is contended by some scholars that the (EaP) is unable to create a workable partnership.<ref name=Korosteleva2008>Elena Korosteleva, "The Limits of the EU Governance: Belarus ' Response to the European Neighbourhood Policy", Contemporary Politics, Vol. 15(2), June 2009, pp. 229–45</ref> This proved to be correct when Belarus withdrew from the Partnership on 30 September 2011.<ref name="Belarus Withdrawal">Belarus quits EU's Eastern Partnership initiative Template:Webarchive</ref>

In August 2012, Belarus expelled all Swedish diplomats, including the Swedish Ambassador to Belarus, Stefan Eriksson, and closed its embassy in Stockholm, after a Swedish public relations firm released teddy bears carrying pro-democracy flyers in parachutes from an airplane over Minsk on 4 July 2012. Lukashenko also fired his air defence chief and the head of the border guards over the incident. Their replacements have been told not to hesitate to use force to stop future intrusions from abroad.<ref name="Belarus Sweden">Belarus-Sweden teddy bear row escalates, BBC News, 2012-08-08</ref>

Relations with Russia

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Russia remains the largest and most important partner for Belarus both in the political and economic fields. After protracted disputes and setbacks, the two countries' customs duties were unified in March 2001 but the customs controls were soon restored. In terms of trade, almost half of Belarusian export goes to Russia. Due to the structure of Belarusian industry, Belarus relies heavily on Russia both for export markets and for the supply of raw materials and components.

After initial negotiation with the Russian Central Bank on monetary union, the Russian ruble was set to be introduced in Belarus in 2004, but this was postponed first until 2005, then until 2006, and now seems to have been suspended indefinitely.

Relations with the United States

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Belarus has had an ongoing discussion to relaunch IMF-backed reforms, concluding an arrangement for an IMF Staff-monitored program (SMP) in 2001. However, the authorities did not follow through with reforms as hoped, leaving an uncertain future for IMF-backed cooperation. Belarus authorities have said on several occasions that they find IMF intervention and recommendations in Belarus counter-productive to the economic development of those countries. The relationships with the United States have been further strained, after Congress of the United States unanimously passed the Belarus Democracy Act of 2004.

On 7 March 2008 the government of Belarus ejected US Ambassador Karen B. Stewart from the country, following a row over travel restrictions placed on President Lukashenko and sanctions against state-owned chemical company Belneftekhim. The Belarusian Foreign Ministry announced at the same time that it was recalling its own ambassador to the US. This was followed by the expulsion of ten other U.S. embassy staff from Minsk in late April. At the same time the government of Belarus ordered the U.S. Embassy in Minsk to cut its staff by half.<ref name="aljazeera1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nytimes1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="moscowtimes1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A White House spokesman described the expulsion as "deeply disappointing".

Relations with other countries

Due to strained relations with the United States and the European Union, as well as occasional high-level disputes with Russia over prices on core imported natural resources such as oil and gas, Belarus aims to develop better relations with countries in other regions, like the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America.<ref>Rafal Czachor, Polityka wielowektorowości Republiki Białoruś – geneza, podstawy konceptualne, przykłady realizacji, Wrocławski Przegląd Międzynarodowy, Vol. 1, 2011, pp.54-56, {{#if:1898-0317|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}</ref>

Hong Kong national security law

Belarus was one of 53 countries that in June 2020 supported the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations Human Rights Council.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Nuclear weapons offer

In May 2023, the President of Belarus offered nuclear weapons to other countries who join Belarus and Russia. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Belarus maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Belarus.svg
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Bilateral relations

Multilateral

Organization	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag		See Belarus–European Union relations
Template:Flag		See Belarus–NATO relations

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	1995-04-24	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Angola is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Russia.<ref name=":17" /> Belarus is accredited to Angola from its embassy in South Africa.<ref name=":17" />
Template:Flag	1994-05	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus had an embassy in Addis Ababa, which opened in 2013 and closed in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Update after
Template:Flag	1993-11-17	Bilateral relations were established on 17 November 1993 Belarus has an embassy in Nairobi. Kenya is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992	See Belarus–Libya relations. Belarus operated an embassy in Tripoli between 2000 and 2014, but suspended operations due to escalation of the military conflict.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Libya closed its embassy in Belarus in 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	2000-02-29	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is represented in Mozambique through its embassy in South Africa.<ref name=":18" /> In 2017 the interior ministries of the two countries signed an agreement to work together to fight terrorism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	2000-12-21	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is represented in Namibia through its embassy in South Africa.<ref name=":19" /> Namibia is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Belarus has an embassy in Pretoria<ref name="dirco.gov.za">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> South Africa is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia<ref name="dirco.gov.za"/>
Template:Flag	1999-07-15	See Belarus–Sudan relations
Template:Flag	1992-04-16	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus opened an embassy in Harare in July 2022.<ref>Belarus opens embassy in Zimbabwe</ref>

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag		Argentina is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia. Belarus has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Template:Flag		Belarus has an embassy in Brasília. Brazil has an embassy in Minsk.
Template:Flag	1992-04-15	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus had an embassy in Ottawa, which was closed on September 1, 2021, as a result of Canada's condemnation of the forced grounding of Ryanair Flight 4978<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Canada is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-04	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus opened an embassy in Havana, Cuba, in November 1998, its first in Latin America and the Caribbean.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cuba upgraded its representation in Havana [Minsk?], Belarus, to an embassy in May 1997.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Belarus has an honorary consulate in Santo Domingo, operated though the embassy in Cuba.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dominican Republic has an honorary consulate in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		The governments of Belarus and Ecuador concluded an agreement about mutual visa-free travel. It was signed in Quito on 20 June 2014, ratified by Belarus law on 29 December 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela. Ecuador is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Template:Flag	2000	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 2000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	January 1992	See Belarus–Mexico relations Belarus and Mexico established diplomatic relations in January 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Havana, Cuba, and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mexico is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia, and maintains an honorary consulate in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1998-10-22	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1998.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Panama is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1991	See Belarus–United States relations File:Embassy of Belarus.jpg Embassy of Belarus in Washington, D.C. Diplomatic relations between the United States and Belarus began in 1991 upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, of which Belarus had been a part. However, the relations have turned sour due to accusations by the United States that Belarus has been undemocratic. Belarus, in turn, has accused the United States of interfering in its internal affairs. Belarus has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate-general in New York. United States closed its embassy in Minsk in February 2022 for allowing Russian soldiers to use Belarus as a staging for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>Suspending Operations at U.S. Embassy Minsk and Change in Status for U.S. Embassy Moscow</ref>
Template:Flag	1992	Belarus is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and maintains an honorary consulate in Montevideo. Uruguay is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Template:Flag	1992	Belarus has an embassy in Caracas. Venezuela has an embassy in Minsk.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	1992	See Armenia–Belarus relations Before 1991, both countries were part of the USSR, and before then part of the Russian Empire. Armenia has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Yerevan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are around 25,000 people of Armenian descent living in Belarus.Template:Citation needed Armenia and Belarus withdrew their respective Ambassadors to one another in June 2024, with Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan saying that no official representative of Armenia would visit Belarus while Alexander Lukashenko remained Belarusian President, following Belarusian support for Azerbaijan in the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	1992	See Azerbaijan–Belarus relations Before 1918, they were part of the Russian Empire and before 1991, they were part of the Soviet Union. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Baku.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Azerbaijan is a full member of the Council of Europe, Belarus is a candidate Both Belarus and Azerbaijan are full members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
Template:Flag	1992-02-21	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is primarily represented in Bangladesh through its embassy in India, but also has an honorary consulate in Dhaka.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bangladesh has represented in Belarus by its ambassador in Moscow, Russia since June 2010.<ref name=":5" />
Template:Flag	1992	Belarus has an embassy in Beijing.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> China has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992	See Belarus–Georgia relations Belarus has an embassy in Tbilisi, which opened on 20 December 2016.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Georgia has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus
Template:Flag	1992-04-17	Template:See also<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has had an embassy in New Delhi since June 1998.<ref name=":7" /> It also has an honorary consul in Kolkata.<ref name=":6" /> Since 14 May 1992, India has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1993-03-18	See Belarus–Iran relations. Bilateral relations were established on 18 March 1993.<ref name=":8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has had an embassy in Tehran since 6 March 1998.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Iran opened an embassy in Minsk in February 2001.<ref name=":8" /> The two countries have enjoyed good relations in recent years reflected in regular high level meetings and various agreements. In 2008, Belarusian Foreign Minister Sergei Martynov described Iran as an important partner of his country in the region and the world.<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive</ref>
Template:Flag	1992	See Israel-Belarus relations Belarus and Israel established diplomatic relations in 1992. During the 1990s, around 130,000 Belarusian citizens immigrated to Israel, forming one of the largest Belarusian expatriate communities in the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In August 2015, an agreement was signed on visa-free entry,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Citation needed span Israel and Belarus have signed multiple agreements, including for visa-free travel. Belarus has an embassy in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Israel has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> This was closed for 2 years from 2002 and a decision to close it again in 2016 was reversed after two months.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-01-26	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Tokyo, opened in June 1995.<ref name=":13" /> Japan opened an embassy in Minsk in January 1993.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-09-16	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since 13 July 1997, Belarus has an embassy in Astana, an embassy division in Almaty opened in July 2002.<ref name=":14" /> Since 9 January 1993, Kazakhstan has an embassy in Minsk.<ref name=":14" /> Both countries are full members of the Eurasian Economic Community, of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation and of the Commonwealth of Independent States
Template:Flag	1993-07-21	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Relations were disrupted between August 2012 and October 2015 after Kyrgyzstan recalled their ambassador.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite news</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Bishkek.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Minsk.<ref name=":15" /> Both countries are full members of the Eurasian Economic Community, of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation and of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Template:Flag	1993-12-06	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1993.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	22 September 2000	See Belarus-Myanmar relations
Template:Flag	1993-07-19	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an honorary consulate in Kathmandu, operated by the embassy in India.<ref name=":6" /> Nepal has an honorary consulate general in Minsk.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Minsk and Kathmandu have established twin city relations.<ref name=":9" />
Template:Flag	1992	See Foreign relations of North Korea. Relations were established in 1992.<ref name=":25">Template:Cite news</ref> Belarus has a consulate in Hamgyong-namdoTemplate:Citation needed North Korea operates an embassy in Minsk, opened in 2016,<ref name=":25" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> although Belarus recognises this only as a trade mission, with other representation through the embassy in Moscow (Russia).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> North Korean President Kim Il Sung visited the Belarusian SSR in 1984. During the visit, he visited the Minsk Tractor Works and the Brest Fortress.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		See Pakistan–Belarus relations Diplomatic relations were established on 3 February 1994.<ref name=":26">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Islamabad.<ref name=":26" /> Pakistan maintains an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pakistan and Belarus maintain very close relations with each other, Pakistan was one of the first countries to accept Belarus after its independence. President of Belarus and PM of Pak have visited each other's countries on state visits. Pakistan and Belarus have a huge trade partnership. Pakistan also provides Belarus with Military expertise.Template:Citation needed
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	See Belarus–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Belarus started on 10 February 1992. Belarusian embassy in Seoul.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> South Korean embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Belarusian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus has visited Seoul on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Foreign relations of South Korea#Europe.<ref name="mofa.go.kr"/>
Template:Flag	2000-11-20	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an honorary consulate in Colombo and is mainly represented through its embassy in India.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":10" /> Sri Lanka opened an honorary consulate in Belarus in 2004.<ref name=":10" />
Template:Flag	1992	Belarus has an embassy in Damascus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Syria has an embassy in Minsk. See Belarus-Syria relations
Template:Flag	1992	Belarus has an embassy in Dushanbe. Tajikistan has an embassy in Minsk.
Template:Flag	1992-05-25	See Belarus–Turkey relations Turkey was the first country to recognize Belarus on 16 December 1991 after the declaration of its independence on 25 August 1991. Belarus has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Minsk. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Template:Flag	1992	Belarus has an embassy in Ashgabat.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Turkmenistan has an embassy in Minsk.
Template:Flag	1992	Belarus has an embassy in Tashkent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Uzbekistan is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia. Both countries are full members of the Eurasian Economic Community, of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation and of the Commonwealth of Independent States
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Since 1997, Belarus has an embassy in Hanoi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since November 2003, Vietnam has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	1992	Austria recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1992. Austria is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia. Since March 1993, Belarus has an embassy in Vienna.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1993-11-22	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has been represented in Bosnia and Herzegovina by the ambassador to Hungary since March 2014.<ref name=":0" /> Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented in Belarus by the embassy in Russia.<ref name=":0" />
Template:Flag	1992-03-26	Bulgaria recognised Belarus on 23 December 1991. Belarus has an embassy in Sofia and an honorary consulate in Burgas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bulgaria has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Template:Flag	1992-09-25	See Belarus–Croatia relations Croatia is primarily represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia, although an honorary consulate opened in Minsk in 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna, Austria, and an honorary consulate in Rijeka, Croatia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Croatian Foreign Minister Tonino Picula on 24 June 2000 attended a summit of the Central European Initiative in Szeged, Hungary, and held bilateral talks with his counterpart from Belarus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At least three bilateral agreements have been signed between the two counties.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 2001 Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments 2004 Avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital 2005 International Road Transport
Template:Flag	1991	Belarus has an honorary consulate in Nicosia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cyprus is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia, and through an honorary consulate in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1993	Belarus has an embassy in Prague.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Czech Republic has an embassy in Minsk<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and an honorary consulate in Brest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Template:Flag		See Belarus–Denmark relations Belarus is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Denmark is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Template:Flag	1992-04-06	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Tallinn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Estonia opened its embassy in Minsk on 20 October 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-02-26	Finland recognised the independence of Belarus on 30 December 1991. Finland is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Vilnius, Lithuania, which also operates a liaison office in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus opened an embassy in Helsinki on 5 December 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-01	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Paris<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and honorary consulates in Bordeaux, Lyon and Marseille<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> France has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The late French director Roger Vadim was of partial Belarusian descent.
Template:Flag	1923	Belarus has an embassy in Berlin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> It also has a consulate general in Munich<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and honorary consulates in Hamburg and Cottbus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The embassy branch office in Bonn closed on 22 December 2013.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Germany has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> German Federal Foreign Office about relations with Belarus In 2018, for the first time a German head of state visited Belarus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag		See Belarus–Greece relations Belarus is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Paris, France. Greece is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Template:Flag	1992-02-12	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Budapest which opened in January 2000.<ref name=":3" /> Hungary has an embassy in Minsk which opened in December 2007.<ref name=":3" /> Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Belarus and Hungary have in place a bilateral agreement to prevent double taxation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-03-27	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom, and also has an honorary consulate in Rathdrum, County Wicklow.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ireland is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Lithuania.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-04-13	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Rome and five honorary consulates (in Cagliari, Florence, Naples, Reggio Emilia and Turin).<ref name=":12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The embassy was opened as a consulate general in November 1993 and was upgraded to an embassy on 20 March 1996.<ref name=":12" /> Italy has an embassy in Minsk, opened in May 1992.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-04-07	See Belarus–Latvia relations The two countries signed a "Declaration on the Principles of Good-Neighborly Relations" on 16 December 1991 and established full bilateral relations on 7 April 1992.<ref name=":16">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Embassies were opened in both countries in 1993 and consulates general the following year.<ref name=":16" /> Belarus has an embassy in Riga and a general consulate in Daugavpils.<ref name=":16" /> Latvia has an embassy in Minsk and a consulate in Vitebsk.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The countries share 161 km of common border.<ref>Template:Cite CIA World Factbook</ref> Belarusian and Latvian regions have signed about 60 twin city and partner agreements.<ref name=":16" />
Template:Flag	1992-12-30	See Belarus–Lithuania relations Both countries recognised each other's independence in December 1991, and signed an agreement on diplomatic relations on 30 December 1992.<ref name=":21">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Vilnius and an honorary consulate in Klaipėda.<ref name=":21" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lithuania has an embassy in Minsk and a consulate general in Hrodna.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries share Template:Convert of common border.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1993-02-16	Diplomatic relations were established on 16 February 1993.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Belarus is represented in Malta through its embassy in Rome, Italy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Malta is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1992-11-19	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Chisinau, opened in May 1995.<ref name=":23" /> Moldova has an embassy in Minsk, opened July 1995.<ref name=":23" /> President Alexander Lukashenko has made three state visits to Chisinau (August 1995,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> September 2014,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> April 2018<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>) List of Ambassadors of Belarus in Moldova: Vasily Sakovich (1999–2009),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vyacheslav Osipenko (2009–2015),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sergei Chichuk (2015–2020),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Anatoly Kalinin( 2020–present)
Template:Flag	1994-03-24	See Belarus–Netherlands relations Bilateral relations began on 24 March 1992.<ref name=":24">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in The Hague and honorary consulates in Amsterdam, Eindhoven and Hoogeveen.<ref name=":24" /> The Netherlands is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Warsaw, Poland, and through an honorary consulate in Minsk.<ref name=":24" /> Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Template:Flag	1992-03-02	See Belarus–Poland relations Belarus and Poland established bilateral relations on 2 March 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Poland was one of the first countries to recognise Belarusian independence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Warsaw, consulates general in Gdańsk and Białystok, and a consulate in Biała Podlaska.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Poland has an embassy in Minsk and consulates general in Brest and Grodno.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Belarus is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France. Portugal is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Template:Flag	1992-02-14	See Belarus–Romania relations Romania recognised the independence of Belarus on 20 December 1991 and bilateral relations were established on 14 February 1992.<ref name=":27">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Bucharest.<ref name=":27" /> Romania has an embassy in Minsk.<ref name=":27" />
Template:Flag	1992-06-25	See Belarus–Russia relations Belarus and Russia established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Moscow<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> with departments in Ekaterinburg, Kazan, Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosbirsk, Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Ufa and Khabarovsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> It also has honorary consuls based in Karsnodar, Moscow, Murmansk and the Republic of Tatarstan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russia has an embassy in Minsk and a consulate general in Brest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russia remains the largest and most important partner for Belarus both in the political and economic fields.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1994-11-15	See Belarus–Serbia relations Serbia (then Yugoslavia) recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1994 and at the ambassadorial level in 1996. Belarus has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
Template:Flag	1993	Belarus has an embassy in Bratislava.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since 1995, Slovakia has an embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Template:Flag	1992-07-23	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is represented in Slovenia through its embassy in Hungary.<ref name=":4" /> Slovenia is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Russia.<ref name=":4" />
Template:Flag	1992-02-13	See Belarus–Spain relations Belarus has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is represented in Belarus through it embassy in Moscow, Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }} </ref> Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Template:Flag	1992	In August 2012 Belarus announced that their embassy in Stockholm would be shut down.<ref>Belarus embassy in Stockholm gets the boot sverigesradio.se 2012-08-08</ref> Sweden has an embassy in Minsk, however, no accredited diplomats are stationed there and the embassy has been closed to the public since 30 August 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Template:Flag		Switzerland recognised Belarus on 23 December 1991. Since 1992, the Swiss ambassador in Poland has also been accredited in Minsk. Switzerland has a consulate in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus has an embassy in Bern.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus
Template:Flag		See Belarus–Ukraine relations The two countries share 891 km of border. Belarus has an embassy in Kyiv and an honorary consulate in Lviv.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ukraine has an embassy in Minsk and a general consulate in Brest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries are members of the Baku Initiative and Central European Initiative.
Template:Flag	1991	See Belarus–United Kingdom relations Belarus established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 27 January 1992.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus maintains an embassy in London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The United Kingdom is accredited to Belarus through its embassy in Minsk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both countries share common membership of the OSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and an Investment Agreement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Australia is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Belarus is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	9 April 1992	Belarus is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan. New Zealand is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.

See also

• Belarus–European Union relations
• Belarus–NATO relations
• List of diplomatic missions in Belarus
• List of diplomatic missions of Belarus
• Visa requirements for Belarusian citizens