Headquarters of the United Nations
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox building The headquarters of the United Nations (UN) is on Template:Convert of grounds in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It borders First Avenue to the west, 42nd Street to the south, 48th Street to the north, and the East River to the east.<ref name="tours">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Completed in 1952, the complex consists of several structures, including the Secretariat, Conference, and General Assembly buildings, and the Dag Hammarskjöld Library. The complex was designed by a board of architects led by Wallace Harrison and built by the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz, with final projects developed by Oscar Niemeyer and Le Corbusier. The term Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as a whole.<ref name="fp">Template:Cite news</ref>
The headquarters holds the seats of the principal organs of the UN, including the General Assembly and the Security Council, but excluding the International Court of Justice, which is seated in The Hague. The United Nations has three additional subsidiary regional headquarters or headquarters districts. These were opened in Geneva (Switzerland) in 1946, Vienna (Austria) in 1980, and Nairobi (Kenya) in 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="vienna">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} referring to the office at Vienna as "the third United Nations Headquarters"</ref> These adjunct offices help represent UN interests, facilitate diplomatic activities, and enjoy certain extraterritorial privileges, but do not contain the seats of major organs.
Although the structure is physically situated in the United States, the land occupied by the United Nations headquarters and the spaces of buildings that it rents are under the sole administration of the United Nations. They are technically extraterritorial through a treaty agreement with the U.S. government. However, in exchange for local police, fire protection, and other services, the United Nations agrees to acknowledge most local, state, and federal laws.<ref name="kelsen">Template:Cite book</ref>
None of the United Nations' 15 specialized agencies, such as UNESCO, are located at the headquarters. However, some autonomous subsidiary organs, such as UNICEF, are based at the UN's headquarters in New York City.
HistoryEdit
PlanningEdit
SiteEdit
The headquarters of the United Nations occupies a site beside the East River between 42nd and 48th Streets, on between Template:ConvertTemplate:Efn of land purchased from the real estate developer William Zeckendorf Sr.<ref name="NYTimes-UN-Ideas-2010">Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, the site was part of Turtle Bay, which contained slaughterhouses and tenement buildings, as well as the original Eberhard Faber Pencil Factory<ref name=enc-nyc2/> and, by the 1910s, a gas company building on the site of the current UN headquarters. The development of Sutton Place and Beekman Place, north of the current UN site, came in the 1920s. A yacht club on the site was proposed in 1925, but it proved to be too expensive.<ref name="NYTimes-UN-Ideas-2010"/>
In 1946, Zeckendorf purchased the land with the intention to create a futuristic, self-contained city called "X City" on the site.<ref name=NYTimes-FYI-2003/> This complex was to contain an office building and a hotel, each 57 stories tall, and an entertainment complex between them. X City would have also had smaller apartment and office towers.<ref name="NYTimes-UN-Ideas-2010"/> However, the US$8.5 million ($Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) for X City never materialized, and Nelson Rockefeller purchased an option for Zeckendorf's waterfront land in Turtle Bay. The purchase was funded by Nelson's father, John D. Rockefeller Jr.<ref name="wp-2002-11-272">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 13">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Rockefeller family owned the Tudor City Apartments across First Avenue from the Zeckendorf site.<ref name="NYTimes-FYI-2003">Template:Cite news</ref> The city, in turn, spent $5 million ($Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) on clearing the land.<ref name=enc-nyc2>Template:Cite enc-nyc2</ref> Rockefeller donated the site to the UN in December 1946.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 13" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 607">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The UN accepted this donation, despite the objections of several prominent architects such as Le Corbusier.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 13" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 607" />
DesignEdit
While the United Nations had dreamed of constructing an independent city for its new world capital, multiple obstacles soon forced the organization to downsize its plans. They ultimately decided to build on Rockefeller's East River plot, since the land was free and the land's owners were well known.<ref name="NYTimes-UN-Ideas-2010"/> The diminutive site on the East River necessitated a Rockefeller Center–type vertical complex, thus, it was a given that the Secretariat would be housed in a tall office tower. During daily meetings from February to June 1947, the collaborative team produced at least 45 designs and variations. Rather than hold a competition for the design of the facilities for the headquarters, the UN decided to commission a multinational team of leading architects to collaborate on the design. Wallace K. Harrison was named as Director of Planning, and a Board of Design Consultants was composed of architects, planners and engineers nominated by member governments. The board consisted of N. D. Bassov (Soviet Union), Gaston Brunfaut (Belgium), Ernest Cormier (Canada), Le Corbusier (France), Liang Seu-cheng (China), Sven Markelius (Sweden), Oscar Niemeyer (Brazil), Howard Robertson (United Kingdom), Garnet Argyle Soilleux (Australia), and Julio Vilamajó (Uruguay).<ref name="factsheet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-UN-Ideas-2010"/> The design process for the United Nations headquarters formally began in February 1947.<ref name="AR 1947-03">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="p1291212043">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1947-02-26">Template:Cite news</ref>
Niemeyer met with Corbusier at the latter's request shortly after the former arrived in New York City. Corbusier had already been lobbying hard to promote his own scheme 23, and thus, requested that Niemeyer not submit a design, lest he further confuse the contentious meetings of the Board of Design. Instead, Corbusier asked the younger architect Niemeyer to assist him with his project. Niemeyer began to absent himself from the meetings. Only after Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz repeatedly pressed him to participate did Niemeyer agree to submit his own project. Niemeyer's project 32 was finally chosen, but as opposed to Corbusier's project 23, which consisted of one building containing both the Assembly Hall and the councils in the center of the site (as it was hierarchically the most important building), Niemeyer's plan split the councils from the Assembly Hall, locating the first alongside the river, and the second on the right side of the secretariat. This would not split the site, but on the contrary, would create a large civic square.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
After much discussion, Harrison, who coordinated the meetings, determined that a design based on Niemeyer's Project 32 and Le Corbusier's Project 23 would be developed for the final project. Le Corbusier's Project 23 consisted of a large block containing both the Assembly Hall and the Council Chambers near the center of the site with the Secretariat tower emerging as a slab from the south. Niemeyer's plan was closer to that constructed, with a distinctive General Assembly Building, a long low horizontal block housing the other meeting rooms, and a tall tower for the Secretariat.<ref name="NYTimes-UN-Ideas-2010" /> The Board of Design presented their final plans for the United Nations headquarters in May 1947. The plans called for a 45-story Secretariat tower at the south end of the site, a 30-story office building at the north end, and several low-rise structures (including the General Assembly Building) in between.<ref name="p1318024597">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1947-05-22">Template:Cite news</ref> The complex, as built, repositioned Niemeyer's General Assembly building to the north of this tripartite composition. This plan included a public plaza as well. The UN headquarters was originally proposed alongside a grand boulevard leading eastward from Third Avenue or Lexington Avenue, between 46th Street to the south and 49th Street to the north. These plans were eventually downsized into Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, a small plaza on the south side of 47th Street east of Second Avenue.<ref name="NYTimes-UN-Ideas-2010" />
Wallace Harrison's assistant, architect George Dudley, later stated: "It literally took our breath away to see the simple plane of the site kept open from First Avenue to the River, only three structures on it, standing free, a fourth lying low behind them along the river's edge...[Niemeyer] also said, 'beauty will come from the buildings being in the right space!'. The comparison between Le Corbusier's heavy block and Niemeyer's startling, elegantly articulated composition seemed to me to be in everyone's mind..."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Later on, Corbusier came once again to Niemeyer and asked him to reposition the Assembly Hall back to the center of the site. Such modification would destroy Niemeyer's plans for a large civic square. However, he finally decided to accept the modification; together, they submitted the scheme 23–32, which was built and is what can be seen today.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Along with suggestions from the other members of the Board of Design Consultants, this was developed into project 42G. This late project was built with some reductions and other modifications.<ref>Dudley, George A., A Workshop for Peace: Designing the United Nations Headquarters, (Cambridge, MA and London, England: MIT Press and the Architectural History Foundation, 1994) p. 314</ref>
Proposed alternativesEdit
Many cities vied for the honor of hosting the UN Headquarters site, before the selection of New York City. The selection of the East River site came after over a year of protracted study and consideration of many sites in the United States. A powerful faction among the delegates advocated returning to the former League of Nations complex in Geneva, Switzerland.<ref>Phipps, Linda S., "'Constructing' the United Nations Headquarters: Modern Architecture as Public Diplomacy", Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1998; Chapters 1 and 2.</ref> A wide variety of suggestions were made, including such fanciful suggestions as a ship on the high seas to housing the entire complex in a single tall building. Amateur architects submitted designs, and local governments offered park areas, but the determined group of New York City boosters that included Grover Whalen, Thomas J. Watson, and Nelson Rockefeller, coordinated efforts with the Coordinator of Construction, Robert Moses, and Mayor William O'Dwyer, to assemble acceptable interim facilities. Sites in San Francisco (including the Presidio) and Marin County in California; St. Louis, Missouri; Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Fairfield County, Connecticut; Westchester County and Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in New York; Tuskahoma, Oklahoma; the Black Hills of South Dakota; Belle Isle in Detroit, Michigan; and a site on Navy Island straddling the US–Canada border were considered as potential sites for the UN Headquarters.<ref name="Pennsylvania"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> San Francisco, where the UN was founded in 1945, was favored by Australia, New Zealand, China, and the Philippines due to the city's proximity to their countries.<ref name="Pennsylvania">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The UN and many of its delegates seriously considered Philadelphia for the headquarters; the government of Philadelphia offered to donate land in several areas, including Fairmount Park, Andorra, and a Center City location which would have placed the headquarters along a mall extending from Independence Hall to Penn's Landing.<ref name="Pennsylvania"/> The Manhattan site was ultimately chosen over Philadelphia after John D. Rockefeller Jr., offered to donate $8.5 million to purchase the land along the East River.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Robert Moses and Rockefeller Sr. convinced Nelson Rockefeller to buy the land after the Rockefellers' Kykuit estate in Mount Pleasant, New York, was deemed too isolated from Manhattan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Previous temporary sitesEdit
In 1945–46, London hosted the first meeting of the General Assembly in Methodist Central Hall, and the Security Council in Church House. The third and sixth General Assembly sessions, in 1948 and 1951, met in the Palais de Chaillot in Paris. Prior to the completion of the current headquarters, the UN used part of a Sperry Gyroscope Company factory in Lake Success, New York, for most of its operations, including the Security Council, between 1946 and 1952.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="schifman">Template:Cite news</ref> The Security Council also held sessions on what was then the Bronx campus of Hunter College (now the site of Lehman College) from March to August 1946.<ref name="lehman">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="story">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Between 1946 and 1950, the General Assembly met at the New York City Building in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, which had been built for the 1939 New York World's Fair and is now the site of the Queens Museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Long Island Rail Road reopened the former World's Fair station as United Nations station.<ref name="aarts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ConstructionEdit
Per an agreement with the city, the buildings met some but not all local fire safety and building codes.<ref name="factsheet" /> In April 1948, US President Harry S. Truman requested that Congress approve an interest-free loan of $65 million in order to fund construction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p1327415157">Template:Cite news</ref> The US Congress authorized the loan on August 6, 1948, on the condition that the UN repay the loan in twelve monthly instalments between July 1951 and July 1952. Of the $65 million, $25 million was to be made available immediately from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p1327421149">Template:Cite news</ref> However, the full loan was initially withheld due to a case regarding UN employee Valentin Gubitchev and KGB spy Judith Coplon, who had been charged with espionage and were set to go on trial in March 1949. The House was loath to distribute the full $65 million because the government was concerned that the UN's proposed headquarters would grant diplomatic immunity to the two individuals. The UN used the Reconstruction Finance Corp.'s $25 million as a stopgap measure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The resulting case circumscribed the immunity of UN employees.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> To save money, the UN considered retaining an existing building on the Manhattan site, which had been slated for demolition once the headquarters was completed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Until 1950, the UN refused to accept private donations for the headquarters' construction, citing a policy that prohibited them from accepting donations.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref>
The groundbreaking ceremony for the initial buildings occurred on September 14, 1948. A bucket of earth was removed to mark the start of construction for the basement of the 39-story Secretariat Building.<ref name="NYTimes-Breaks-Ground-1948">Template:Cite news</ref> In October, Harrison requested that its 58 members and the 48 US states participate in designing the interiors of the building's conference rooms. It was believed that if enough countries designed their own rooms, the UN would be able to reduce its own expenditures.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The headquarters were originally supposed to be completed in 1951, with the first occupants moving into the Secretariat Building in 1950. However, in November, New York City's construction coordinator Robert Moses reported that construction was two months behind schedule. By that time, 60% of the headquarters' site had been excavated.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p1327445423">Template:Cite news</ref> The same month, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously voted to formally thank the national, state, and city governments for their role in building the headquarters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A joint venture of the George A. Fuller Company, Turner Construction, the Walsh Construction Company, and the Slattery Contracting Company was selected in December 1948 to construct the Secretariat Building, as well as the foundations for the remaining buildings.<ref name="NYTimes-Companies-Join-19482">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p1324181379">Template:Cite news</ref>
The formal $23.8 million contract for the Secretariat Building was awarded in January 1949.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A prayer space for people of all religions was announced on April 18, 1949. Until then, the UN had avoided the subject of a prayer room, because it had been difficult, if not impossible, to create a prayer room that could accommodate the various religions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Two days after this announcement, workers erected the first steel beam for the Secretariat Building, to little official fanfare. The consortium working on the Secretariat Building announced that 13,000 tons of steel would eventually be used in the building and that the steelwork would consist of a strong wind bracing system because the Template:Convert structure was so narrow. The flag of the United Nations was raised above the first beam as a demonstration for the many spectators who witnessed the first beam's erection.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Secretariat Building was to be completed no later than January 1, 1951, and if the consortium of Fuller, Turner, Slattery, and Walsh exceeded that deadline, they had to pay a minimum penalty of $2,500 per day to the UN.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> To reduce construction costs, the complex's planners downsized the Secretariat Building from 42 stories to 39 stories.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The cornerstone of the headquarters was originally supposed to be laid on April 10, 1949. However, in March of that year, Secretary-General Trygve Lie delayed the ceremony after learning that Truman would not be present to officiate the cornerstone laying.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Seven months later, on October 11, Truman accepted an invitation to attend a cornerstone-laying ceremony, which was planned to occur on October 24.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the ceremony, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey laid the headquarters' cornerstone.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
In June 1949, UN officials wrote a letter to the American Bridge Company in which they expressed intent to buy 10,000 to 11,000 tons of steel. This steel would be used to build the rest of the complex, as well as a deck over FDR Drive on the headquarters' eastern side. To fit in with the accelerated schedule of construction, the steel would have to be delivered by September.<ref name=":0" /> The project also included a four-lane, $2.28 million vehicular tunnel under First Avenue so that traffic could bypass the headquarters when the UN was in session. The tunnel started construction on August 1, 1949. The tunnel involved two years of planning due to its complexity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Property inside Tudor City, just west of the headquarters, was also acquired so that two streets near the UN headquarters could be widened. The expanded streets were expected to speed up construction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In October 1949, contracts were awarded for the construction of two vehicular ramps over the FDR Drive: one to the north of the UN headquarters, and one to the south.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another contract to redevelop 42nd Street, a major corridor leading to the UN headquarters, was awarded in December of that year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Secretariat Building was ceremonially topped out in October 1949 after its steel framework had been completed. The UN flag was hoisted atop the roof of the newly completed steel frame in celebration of this event. The installation of the Secretariat Building's interior furnishings proceeded quickly so that the building could be open in January 1951.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 1950, the UN invited companies from 37 countries to bid on $2 million worth of furniture for the Secretariat Building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A month later, the UN announced that it would also be accepting all donations from private citizens, entities, or organizations. This marked a reversal from their previous policy of rejecting all donations.<ref name=":1" /> A $1.7 million steel contract on the United Nations General Assembly Building, the last structure to be built, was awarded in April 1950.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, the building was not expected to be complete until 1952 due to a steelworkers' strike, which had delayed the production of steel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first pieces of the platform over the FDR Drive was lifted into place the same month.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 1950, Norway proposed that it decorate and outfit the complex's Security Council chamber, and the UN unofficially accepted the Norwegian offer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In December 1949, Robert Moses proposed placing a playground inside the UN headquarters,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but this plan was initially rejected.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The UN subsequently reversed its position in April 1951, and Lie agreed to build a Template:Convert playground at the northeast corner of the headquarters site.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the UN did reject an unusual "model playground" proposal for that site, instead choosing to construct a play area similar to others found around New York City.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The playground opened in April 1953.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
OpeningEdit
The first 450 UN employees started working at the Secretariat Building on August 22, 1950.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The United Nations officially moved into the Secretariat Building on January 8, 1951, by which time 3,300 employees occupied the building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, much of the Secretariat Building was still unfinished, and the bulk of the UN's operations still remained at Lake Success.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A centralized phone-communications system was built to facilitate communications within the complex.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The UN had completely moved out of its Lake Success headquarters by May.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The construction of the General Assembly Building was delayed due to a shortage of limestone for the building, which in turn resulted from a heavy snow at the British limestone quarries that were supplying the building's Portland limestone.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The erection of the building's framework began in February 1952.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Manhattan headquarters was declared complete on October 10, 1952.<ref name="NYTimes-Work-Completed-1952">Template:Cite news</ref> The cost of construction was reported to be on budget at $65 million.<ref name="childers">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1953, twenty-one nations donated furnishings or offered to decorate the UN headquarters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A new library building for the UN headquarters was proposed in 1952.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The existing UN library, a 6-story structure formerly owned by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), was too small. The NYCHA building could only hold 170,000 books, whereas the UN wanted to host at least 350,000 to 400,000 books in its library. The new facility was slated to cost $3 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 1955, the collection was housed in the Secretariat Building and held 250,000 volumes in "every language of the world", according to The New York Times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Dag Hammarskjöld Library Building, designed by Harrison and Abramovitz, was officially dedicated in November 1961.<ref name="NYTimes-Library-Dedicated-1961" />
Early yearsEdit
The gardens at the United Nations headquarters were originally closed to the public, but were made publicly accessible in 1958.<ref name="NYTimes-GardensOpen-1958" /> By 1962, the United Nations' operations had grown so much that the headquarters could not house all of the organization's operations. As a result, the UN announced its intention to rent office space nearby.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) moved to leased office space three years later.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The East River-Turtle Bay Fund, a civic group, proposed that the United Nations purchase a Template:Convert tract located to the south of the headquarters, on the site of the Robert Moses Playground and the Queens–Midtown Tunnel ventilation building between 41st and 42nd Streets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The northern portion of the United Nations site remained largely undeveloped through the mid-1960s; a proposed skyscraper by Wallace K. Harrison was scrapped after the UN ran out of money and had to borrow $65 million from the United States government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A radical proposal for redeveloping the area around the UN headquarters was proposed in 1968. It entailed closing First Avenue between 43rd and 45th Streets; constructing a new visitor center with two 44-story towers between 43rd and 45th Streets; and connecting the new visitor center with the existing headquarters via a public park.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This plan was presented to the New York City government in 1969, but was ultimately not acted upon.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The main headquarters was expanded slightly from 1978 to 1981, including the construction of a new cafeteria and a slight expansion of the Conference Building.<ref name="nyt-1981-06-07">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 414">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The UN staff continued to grow, and by 1969, the organization had 3,500 staff working in the New York headquarters. The UN rented additional space at 485 Lexington Avenue and in the Chrysler East complex, located three blocks west of the headquarters. It also announced its intention to build a new storage building between 41st and 42nd Streets. None of these properties would receive the extraterritorial status conferred on the original headquarters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One United Nations Plaza, an office building on 44th Street just outside the UN complex, was completed in 1975 with the United Nations Plaza Hotel on its upper stories.<ref name="nyt-1975-11-21">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 403">Template:Harvnb</ref> Another office tower outside the headquarters proper, Two United Nations Plaza, was completed in 1983.<ref name="nyt-1983-11-13">Template:Cite news</ref> The new buildings were barely sufficient to accommodate the UN's demand for office space; the organization itself had expanded to 140 members by the 1970s.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 414" />
RefurbishmentEdit
Due to funding shortfalls in the 1980s, the UN diverted funding from its headquarters' maintenance fund to peacekeeping missions and other activities.<ref name="nyt-1999-10-24">Template:Cite news</ref> Because the headquarters was extraterritorial territory, they were exempt from various building regulations.<ref name="p422028690">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n106499066">Template:Cite news</ref> By 1998, the buildings had become technologically dated, and UN officials considered renovating the headquarters.<ref name="Adlerstein p. 6">Template:Cite report</ref> The mechanical systems were so outdated that the UN had to manufacture its own replacement parts.<ref name="nyt-2007-11-28">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p398857148">Template:Cite news</ref> The New York Times wrote that "if the United Nations had to abide by city building regulations [...] it might well be shuttered".<ref name="nyt-1999-10-24" /><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 414-415">Template:Harvnb</ref> The UN commissioned a report from engineering firm Ove Arup & Partners, which published its findings in 2000. Ove Arup recommended renovating the UN headquarters over a six-year period, as well as expanding the Secretariat Building, but the UN could not secure funding for the project at the time.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 415">Template:Harvnb</ref>
In 2002, Secretary General Kofi Annan proposed replacing the nearby Robert Moses Playground with a new tower, relocating the Secretariat's offices there temporarily, and renovating the Secretariat Building itself.<ref name="wp-2002-11-272"/> The UN selected Fumihiko Maki to design a building on the Moses site,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but the New York State Legislature refused to pass legislation in 2005 that would have allowed these plans to proceed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Alternative sites were considered as temporary holding locations during renovations. In 2005, officials explored the possibility of establishing a new temporary site at the old Lake Success location. Brooklyn was also suggested as a temporary site.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another alternative for a temporary headquarters or a new permanent facility was the World Trade Center site.<ref name="matthews">New York Daily News, Fred A. Bernstein: "United Nations Should Move to World Trade Center Site". November 6, 2001, column archived at Bernstein's website. Template:Webarchive.</ref> Once again, these plans met resistance both within the UN and from the United States and New York governments and were abandoned.<ref name="plan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The UN then decided to renovate its existing structures over a seven-year period for US$1.6 billion.<ref name="nyt-2006-04-18">Template:Cite news</ref> Louis Frederick Reuter IV originally designed the renovation, but he resigned in 2006 following various disputes between UN and US officials. Michael Adlerstein was hired as the new project architect.<ref name="nyt-2007-11-28" /> Engineering firm Skanska was hired to renovate the Secretariat, Conference, and General Assembly buildings in July 2007.<ref name="n106499501">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p426444158">Template:Cite news</ref> The renovations, which were the first since the complex opened in 1950, were expected to take about 7 years to complete. When completed the complex is also expected to be more energy efficient and have improved security.<ref name="reno">Template:Cite news</ref> A temporary $140 million "North Lawn Building" was built to house the United Nations' "critical operations" while renovations proceeded.<ref name="NYTimes-Retiring-UN-Building-2016" /> Work began on May 5, 2008, but the project was delayed for a while.<ref name="farey">Template:Cite news</ref> By 2009 the cost of the work had risen from $1.2 billion to $1.6 billion with some estimates saying it would take up to $3 billion.<ref name="costs"> Template:Cite news </ref>
Officials hoped the renovated buildings would achieve a LEED Silver rating. Despite some delays and rises in construction costs, renovation on the entire UN headquarters progressed rapidly. By 2012, the installation of the new glass facade of the Secretariat Building was completed, and the UN staff moved into the newly renovated building in July 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By September 2015, the renovations were nearly complete but the cost had risen to $2.15 billion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Demolition of the North Lawn Building began in January 2016. The building was replaced with an open plaza, and most of its materials were to be recycled.<ref name="NYTimes-Retiring-UN-Building-2016">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2019, due to a budget shortfall, the UN cut back some services at its headquarters, such as heating and air-conditioning.<ref name="nyt-2019-10-11">Template:Cite news</ref> On March 10, 2020, the UN closed to the general public due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the pandemic, the UN furloughed some of its headquarters' staff.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
International characterEdit
The UN identifies Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish as its six official languages.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 93">Template:Harvnb</ref> Delegates speaking in any of these languages will have their words simultaneously interpreted into all of the others, and attendees are provided with headphones through which they can hear the interpretations. A delegate is allowed to make a statement in a non-official language, but must provide either an interpreter or a written copy of their remarks translated into an official language.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Interpreters typically take turns, working for 30 minutes at a time.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 93" />
Extraterritoriality and securityEdit
The site of the UN headquarters has extraterritoriality status.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This affects some law enforcement where UN rules override the laws of New York City, but it does not give immunity to those who commit crimes there. In addition, the United Nations headquarters remains under the jurisdiction and laws of the United States, although a few members of the UN staff have diplomatic immunity and so cannot be prosecuted by local courts unless the immunity is waived by the Secretary-General. In 2005, Secretary-General Kofi Annan waived the immunity of Benon Sevan, Aleksandr Yakovlev, and Vladimir Kuznetsov in relation to the Oil-for-Food Programme,<ref name="volker">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and all were charged in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Benon Sevan later fled the United States to Cyprus, while Aleksandr Yakovlev and Vladimir Kuznetsov decided to stand trial.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
United Nations Security officers are generally responsible for security within the UN Headquarters. They are equipped with weapons and handcuffs and are sometimes mistaken for New York City Police Department (NYPD) officers due to the agencies' similar uniforms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The NYPD's 17th Precinct patrols the area around and near the complex, but may only formally enter the actual UN headquarters at the request of the Secretary-General.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Currency and postageEdit
The currency in use at the United Nations headquarters' businesses is the US dollar. The UN's stamps are issued in denominations of the US dollar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The complex has a street address of United Nations headquarters, New York, NY, 10017, United States. For security reasons, all mail sent to this address is sterilized, so items that may be degraded can be sent by courier.<ref name="security">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The United Nations Postal Administration issues stamps, which must be used on stamped mail sent from the building.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
RadioEdit
For award purposes, amateur radio operators consider the UN headquarters a separate "entity" under some award programs such as DXCC. For communications, UN organizations have their own internationally recognized ITU prefix, 4U. However, only contacts made with the UN Headquarters in New York, and the ITU count as separate entities. Other UN organizations such as the World Bank count for the state or country they are located in. The UN Staff Recreation Council operates amateur radio station 4U1UN.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
StructuresEdit
The complex includes a number of major buildings. While the Secretariat Building is most predominantly featured in depictions of the headquarters, it also includes the domed General Assembly Building, the Dag Hammarskjöld Library, as well as the Conference and Visitors Center, which is situated between the General Assembly and Secretariat buildings, and can be seen only from the FDR Drive or the East River. Just inside the perimeter fence of the complex stands a line of flagpoles where the flags of all 193 UN member states, 2 observer states, plus the UN flag, are flown in English alphabetical order.<ref name="chronicle">Template:Cite news (at the time the article was printed, there were only 179 member states)</ref>
General Assembly BuildingEdit
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The General Assembly Building, housing the United Nations General Assembly, holds the General Assembly Hall, which has a seating capacity of 1,800. At Template:Convert long by Template:Convert wide, it is the largest room in the complex.<ref name="factsheet"/> The Hall has two murals by the French artist Fernand Léger.<ref name="nyt-1952-08-29">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Binlot 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the front of the chamber is the rostrum containing the green marble desk for the President of the General Assembly, Secretary-General and Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly Affairs and Conference Services, as well as a matching lectern for speakers.<ref name="factsheet"/><ref name="p152446859">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 44">Template:Harvnb</ref> Behind the rostrum is the UN emblem on a gold background.<ref name="p152446859" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The rostrum is flanked by a paneled semi-circular wall, which contains seating booths for guests. The ceiling of the hall is Template:Convert high and surmounted by a shallow dome ringed by recessed light fixtures.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 625">Template:Harvnb</ref> Each of the 192 delegations has six seats in the hall with three at a desk and three alternate seats behind them.<ref name="factsheet"/>
The building contains two lobbies: a delegates' lobby to the south and a public lobby to the north.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> On the second floor, directly behind the General Assembly Hall, is the GA 200 room,<ref name="UNGA-Map">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 52">Template:Harvnb</ref> which contains offices for the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the President of the United Nations General Assembly.<ref name="p234947619">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Yang 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is a delegates' lounge on the south side of the second floor, which also connects with the Conference Building along the East River.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 70">Template:Harvnb</ref> There is also a meditation room next to the north lobby,<ref name="p152446859" /> as well as a large conference room and several smaller conference rooms in the basement beneath the General Assembly Hall.<ref name="UNGA-Map" /> The basement also has television and radio studios, a sound-recording studio, and a master control room for the United Nations headquarters' communication system.<ref name="UN Chronicle p. 37" />
Conference BuildingEdit
The Conference Building faces the East River between the General Assembly Building and the Secretariat, being directly east of both structures.<ref name="Conference Building Map">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621"/> It is five stories high and measures Template:Convert long. The exteriors were designed by the United Nations Board of Design, while the interiors were designed by Abel Sorenson.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621">Template:Harvnb</ref> The second and third stories<ref name="UN Chronicle p. 37"/> contain the chambers of the Economic and Social (ECOSOC), Trusteeship, and Security councils, all of which were designed by Scandinavian architects.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621"/><ref name="nyt-1951-06-17">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="UN Chronicle pp. 37-38">Template:Harvnb</ref> All three chambers have technical equipment on the north and south walls, public seating to the west, delegates' seats in the center, and glass walls to the east.<ref name="nyt-1951-06-24"/> They each measure Template:Convert deep, Template:Convert wide, and Template:Convert long. Below are three large and six small conference rooms.<ref name="UN Chronicle p. 38">Template:Harvnb</ref> Above the three conference chambers, near the rooftop of the building, were dining areas.<ref name="UN Chronicle p. 37">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621"/> There was also a lounge for delegates near the building's north end.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621"/>
Swedish architect Sven Markelius designed the Economic and Social Council chamber, which contained wooden screens on the curved north and south walls, as well as an exposed ceiling.<ref name="nyt-1951-06-24"/><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 19">Template:Harvnb</ref> Markelius painted the ceiling in various hues of black, gray, and off-white.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621"/> The space was redesigned in 1974 when ECOSOC was expanded from 27 to 54 members.<ref name="UN Chronicle p. 38" /><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 79">Template:Harvnb</ref> The space could seat 336 members of the public and 40 journalists.<ref name="UN Chronicle p. 38"/> The ECOSOC chamber was renovated again in 1995<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 79" /> and 2013,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a set of curtains named "Dialogos" by Ann Edholm was installed during the 2013 renovation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Brown 2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Danish architect Finn Juhl designed the Trusteeship Council chamber, which includes wood screens spanning the north and south walls, as well as baffles and rods on the ceiling.<ref name="nyt-1951-06-24"/><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 84">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621"/> A model of a white plane was originally suspended from the ceiling above the deliberation table.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 19" /> The space could seat 198 members of the public and 66 journalists. Danish artist Henrik Starcke designed a Template:Convert teak sculpture of a woman on one wall.<ref name="UN Chronicle p. 38"/> The chamber contains two paintings: Codice del Fuego (Fire Codex) on the left wall, a gift from Ecuador, and Gandzelo (Sacred Tree) on the right wall, a gift from Mozambique.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 88">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Norwegian architect Arnstein Arneberg was responsible for the Security Council chamber.<ref name="UN Chronicle p. 38"/><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621"/><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 104">Template:Harvnb</ref> The lowest parts of the walls contained dadoes in three shades of gray marble.<ref name="nyt-1951-06-24">Template:Cite news</ref> The walls were upholstered in royal blue, with golden tapestries;<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 621"/><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 107">Template:Harvnb</ref> these tapestries represent hope, faith, and charity.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 107" /> The space could seat 232 members of the public and 100 journalists,<ref name="UN Chronicle pp. 37-38"/> and there are also seats for delegates whose countries are not yet members of the Security Council.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 107" /> The artwork in the Security Council chamber includes a mural by Norwegian artist Per Krohg<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 104" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> on the east wall.<ref name="UN Chronicle pp. 37-38"/> The oil canvas mural depicts a phoenix rising from its ashes.<ref name="securityCouncil">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On one wall is a door leading to the office of the president of the Security Council.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 106">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Security Council chamber also leads to the Consultation Room, a private conference room for members of the council, and the Caucus Room, where members could host small meetings.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 110">Template:Harvnb</ref> A quiet room for delegates, designed by Günter Fruhtrunk and Paolo Nestler and donated by the Federal Republic of Germany, contains diagonal paneling.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 83">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Secretariat BuildingEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The 39-story Secretariat Building was completed in 1950.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It houses offices for the Secretary-General, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel,<ref name="leagal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs and Office of Disarmament Affairs,<ref name="disarmament">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (DGACM).<ref name="dgacm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The wider western and eastern elevations of the facade consist of glass curtain walls set within a metal grid.<ref name="nyt-1947-09-17">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="PA p. 64">Template:Harvnb</ref> The narrower northern and southern elevations are made of masonry<ref name="PA p. 64" /> clad with Vermont marble.<ref name="p152137673">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p1327368232">Template:Cite news</ref> The Secretariat Building was constructed with Template:Convert of space and, at the time of its completion, could accommodate 4,000 workers.<ref name="p1528809947">Template:Cite news</ref> Floors 6, 16, and 28 are used as mechanical floors,<ref name="p152261806">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Vogue p. 129">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and floor 39 serves as a mechanical penthouse, accessible only by stairs.<ref name="Vogue p. 129" /> Under the building is a three-story garage for UN employees, with 1,500 parking spaces.<ref name="p152137673"/><ref name="p1327671994">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1950-06-25">Template:Cite news</ref> When the building was constructed, the lowest stories were to contain broadcasting studios, press offices, staff rooms, and other functions. The offices were placed on the upper floors.<ref name="nyt-1948-09-122">Template:Cite news</ref>
Dag Hammarskjöld LibraryEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The library was founded with the United Nations in 1946. It was originally called the United Nations Library, later the United Nations International Library. In the late 1950s the Ford Foundation gave a grant to the United Nations for the construction of a new library building; Dag Hammarskjöld was also instrumental in securing the funding for the new building. The Dag Hammarskjöld Library was dedicated and renamed on November 16, 1961.<ref name="NYTimes-Library-Dedicated-1961">Template:Cite news</ref> The building was a gift from the Ford Foundation and is located next to the Secretariat at the southwest corner of the headquarters campus. The library holds 400,000 books, 9,800 newspapers and periodical titles, 80,000 maps, and the Woodrow Wilson Collection containing 8,600 volumes of League of Nations documents and 6,500 related books and pamphlets. The library's Economic and Social Affairs Collection is housed in the DC-2 building.<ref name="collections">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other buildingsEdit
While outside of the complex, the headquarters also includes two large office buildings that serve as offices for the agencies and programmes of the organization. These buildings, known as DC-1 and DC-2, are located at One and Two United Nations Plaza respectively. DC1 was built in 1976. There is also an identification office at the corner of 46th Street, inside a former bank branch, where pre-accredited diplomats, reporters, and others receive their grounds passes. UNICEF House (3 UN Plaza) and the UNITAR Building (807 UN Plaza) are also part of headquarters. In addition, the Church Center for the United Nations (777 UN Plaza) is a private building owned by the United Methodist Church as an interfaith space housing the offices of several non-governmental organizations. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) is located at 380 Madison Avenue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Proposed towerEdit
In October 2011, city and state officials announced an agreement in which the UN would be allowed to build a long-sought new office tower just south of the existing campus on the current Robert Moses Playground, which would be relocated.<ref name="nyc.gov">Template:Cite news</ref> In exchange, the United Nations would allow the construction of an esplanade along the East River that would complete the East River Greenway, a waterfront pedestrian and bicycle pathway.<ref name="Foderaro">Template:Cite news</ref> While host nation authorities have agreed to the provisions of the plan, it needs the approval of the United Nations in order to be implemented. The plan is similar in concept to an earlier proposal that had been announced in 2000 but did not move forward.<ref name="haberman">Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:AnchorArt collectionEdit
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The complex contains gardens, which were originally private gardens before being opened to the public in 1958.<ref name="NYTimes-GardensOpen-1958">Template:Cite news</ref> The complex is notable for its gardens and outdoor sculptures. Iconic sculptures include the "Knotted Gun", called Non-Violence, a statue of a Colt Python revolver with its barrel tied in a knot, which was a gift from the Luxembourg government<ref name="gun">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares, a gift from the Soviet Union.<ref name="swords">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The latter sculpture is the only appearance of the "swords into plowshares" quotation, from Isaiah 2:4, within the complex. Contrary to popular belief, the quotation is not carved on any UN building.<ref name="jewett">Template:Cite book</ref> Rather, it is carved on the "Isaiah Wall" of Ralph Bunche Park across First Avenue. A piece of the Berlin Wall also stands in the UN garden.<ref name="wall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other prominent artworks on the grounds include Peace, a Marc Chagall stained glass window memorializing the death of Dag Hammarskjöld;<ref name="chagall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Japanese Peace Bell which is rung on the vernal equinox and the opening of each General Assembly session;<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 114">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="bell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a Chinese ivory carving made in 1974, before the ivory trade was largely banned in 1989;<ref name="ivory">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a Venetian mosaic depicting Norman Rockwell's painting The Golden Rule.<ref name="rockwell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A full-size tapestry copy of Pablo Picasso's Guernica, by Jacqueline de la Baume Dürrbach, is on the wall of the United Nations building at the entrance to the Security Council room.<ref name="IPoG">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="picasso">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1952, two Fernand Léger murals were installed in the General Assembly Hall.<ref name="nyt-1952-08-29" /><ref name="Binlot 2014" /> One is said to resemble cartoon character Bugs Bunny, while US President Harry S. Truman dubbed the other work "Scrambled Eggs".<ref name="marks">Template:Cite news</ref>
Two large murals by Brazilian artist Cândido Portinari, entitled Guerra e Paz (War and Peace) are located at the delegates hall. The works are a gift from the Brazilian government<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Portinari intended to execute them in the United States. However, he was denied a visa due to his communist convictions and decided to paint them in Rio de Janeiro. They were later assembled in the headquarters. After their completion in 1957, Portinari, who was already ill when he started the masterpiece, succumbed to lead poisoning from the pigments his doctors advised him to abandon.<ref name="calm">Template:Cite news</ref>
Relocation proposalsEdit
Due to the significance of the organization, proposals to relocate its headquarters have occasionally been made. Complainants about its current location include diplomats who find it difficult to obtain visas from the United States<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and local residents complaining of inconveniences whenever the surrounding roads are closed due to visiting dignitaries, as well as the high costs to the city.<ref name="divorce">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A US telephone survey in 2001 found that 67% of respondents favored moving the United Nations headquarters out of the country.<ref name="laetus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Countries critical of the US, such as Iran and Russia, are especially vocal in questioning the current location of the United Nations, arguing that the United States government could manipulate the work of the General Assembly through selective access to politicians from other countries, with the aim of having an advantage over rival countries.<ref name="wilaya">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the wake of the Snowden global surveillance disclosures, the subject of the relocation of the UN headquarters was again discussed, this time for security reasons.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Among the cities that have been proposed to house the headquarters of the United Nations are Saint Petersburg,<ref name="russia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Montreal,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dubai,<ref name="bloomberg">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jerusalem,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Nairobi.<ref name=divorce />
Critics of relocation say that the idea would be expensive and would also involve the withdrawal of the United States from the organization, and with it much of the agency's funding. They also state that the proposals have never gone from being mere declarations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Public gatheringsEdit
Large scale protests, demonstrations, and other gatherings directly on First Avenue are rare. Some gatherings have taken place in Ralph Bunche Park, but it is too small to accommodate large demonstrations. The closest location where the New York City Police Department usually allows demonstrators is Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza at 47th Street and First Avenue.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Besides gatherings solely for diplomats and academics, there are a few organizations that regularly hold events at the UN. The United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA), a non-governmental organization, holds an annual "member's day" event in one of the conference rooms. Model United Nations conferences sponsored by UNA-USA, the National Collegiate Conference Association (NCCA/NMUN), and the International Model UN Association (IMUNA/NHSMUN) hold part of their sessions in the General Assembly chamber. Seton Hall University's Whitehead School of Diplomacy hosts its UN summer study program at the headquarters as well.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
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The United Nations headquarters is often featured in movies and other pop culture.<ref name="Betsky Murphy pp. 25-26">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Idato 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several films have been set at the headquarters, including The Glass Wall (1953) and North by Northwest (1959).<ref name="Idato 2014" /><ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 25">Template:Harvnb</ref> The UN did not give producers permission to film at its headquarters until 2005, when The Interpreter was filmed there.<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 26">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to architect Aaron Betsky, the United Nations headquarters has often been used to stand for "freedom, justice, and solutions to specific local problems through a grid-like, mirror-like deliberative process".<ref name="Betsky Murphy p. 25" /> Due to the headquarters' symbolism, several works of fiction have depicted the building under threat, including the films The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), and The Peacemaker (1997).<ref name="Betsky Murphy pp. 25-26" />
See alsoEdit
- U Thant Island
- UN Campus, Bonn, Germany
- UN City, Copenhagen
- United Nations Office at Nairobi
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
CitationsEdit
SourcesEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite magazine
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite New York 2000
- Template:Cite New York 1960
- Template:Cite magazine
- Template:Cite magazine
External linksEdit
- UN Visitors Centre
- UN: Building an International Headquarters in New York – historical overview, on the UN 60th Anniversary webpage
- Agreement Establishing the UN headquarters – with information on legal status
{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox}} Template:Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Nations Template:Midtown East, Manhattan Template:Authority control