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Neopterygii

Article Discussion

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Neopterygii (from Greek νέος neos 'new' and πτέρυξ pteryx 'fin') is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant fishes, and over half of all living vertebrate species.<ref name="Nelson 2016">Template:Cite book</ref> While living holosteans include only freshwater taxa, teleosts are diverse in both freshwater and marine environments. Many new species of teleosts are scientifically described each year.<ref name="Nelson 2016"/>

The potentially oldest known neopterygian is the putative "semionotiform" Acentrophorus varians from the Middle Permian of Russia;<ref name="Broughton2013">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="PBDB">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> however, one study incorporating morphological data from fossils and molecular data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, places this divergence date at least 284 mya (million years ago), during the Artinskian stage of the Early Permian.<ref name="date">Template:Cite journal</ref> Another study suggests an even earlier split (360 myr ago, near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary).<ref name="PNAS2">Template:Cite journal</ref>

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Evolution and diversityEdit

Template:Further Living neopterygians are subdivided into two main groups (infraclasses): teleosts and holosteans.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Holosteans comprise two clades, the Ginglymodi and the Halecomorphi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Nelson 2016"/><ref>{{#if:161061 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon 

 | url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161061
 | title = Actinopterygii
 | publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 }}

| Template:Citation error }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All of these groups have a long and extensive fossil record.<ref name="Friedman & Sallan 2012">Template:Cite journal</ref> The evolutionary relationships between the different groups of Neopterygii is summarized in the cladogram below (divergence time for each clade in mya are based on<ref name=PNAS>Template:Cite journal</ref>).

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Neopterygians are a very speciose group. They make up over 50% of the total vertebrate diversity today, and their diversity grew since the Mesozoic era.<ref name="Friedman & Sallan 2012"/><ref name="Romano et al 2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, the diversity of the various groups of neopterygians (or of fishes in general) is unevenly distributed, with teleosts making up the vast majority (96%) of living species.<ref name="Nelson 2016"/>

File:Watsonulus eugnathoides.png
Early Triassic parasemionotiform Watsonulus is an early neopterygian.

Early in their evolution, neopterygians were a very successful group of fish, because they could move more rapidly than their ancestors. Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient.<ref name="Nelson 2016"/> While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini are present in all other extant groups of fish (except for hagfish), neopterygians have lost this sense, even if it has later re-evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes, which possess non-homologous teleost ampullae.<ref>Electroreception By Theodore Holmes Bullock</ref>

Only a few changes occurred during the evolution of neopterygians from the earlier actinopterygians. However, a very important step in the evolution of neopterygians is the acquisition of a better control of the movements of both dorsal and anal fins, resulting in an improvement in their swimming capabilities. They additionally acquired several modifications in the skull, which allowed the evolution of different feeding mechanisms and consequently the colonization of new ecological niches. All of these characters represented major improvements, resulting in Neopterygii becoming the dominant group of fishes (and, thus, taxonomically of vertebrates in general) today.<ref name="Friedman & Sallan 2012"/>

The great diversity of extant teleosts has been linked to a whole genome duplication event during their evolution.<ref name="Pasquier et al 2017">Template:Cite journal</ref>

ClassificationEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Template:Sister project Template:Portal Template:Diversity of fish Template:Evolution of fish Template:Actinopterygii Template:Neopterygii Template:Taxonbar

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