P

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Technical reasons Template:Pp-semi Template:Pp-move Template:Infobox grapheme Template:Latin letter info

P, or p, is the sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is pee (pronounced Template:IPAc-en), plural pees.<ref>"P", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "pee," op. cit.</ref>

HistoryEdit

The Semitic Pê (mouth), as well as the Greek Π or π (Pi), and the Etruscan and Latin letters that developed from the former alphabet all symbolized {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a voiceless bilabial plosive.

Egyptian	Proto-Sinaitic	Proto-Canaanite pʿit	Phoenician Pe	Western Greek Pi	Etruscan P	Latin P
Template:Align	File:Proto-semiticP-01.svg	File:Protope.svg	File:PhoenicianP-01.svg	File:Greek Pi archaic.svg	File:EtruscanP-01.svg	Latin P

Use in writing systemsEdit

Pronunciation of Template:Angbr by language
Orthography	Phonemes
Template:Nwr (Pinyin)	Template:IPAslink
English	Template:IPAslink, silent
French	Template:IPAslink, silent
German	Template:IPAslink
Portuguese	Template:IPAslink
Spanish	Template:IPAslink
Turkish	Template:IPAslink

File:Newes ABC Buchlein MET DP855604.jpg

Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of a P, from 1627

EnglishEdit

In English orthography, Template:Angbr represents the sound Template:IPAslink.

A common digraph in English is Template:Angbr, which represents the sound Template:IPAc-en, and can be used to transliterate Template:Angbr phi in loanwords from Greek. In German, the digraph Template:Angbr is common, representing a labial affricate {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

Most English words beginning with Template:Angbr are of foreign origin, primarily French, Latin and Greek; these languages preserve the Proto-Indo-European initial *p. Native English cognates of such words often start with Template:Angbr, since English is a Germanic language and thus has undergone Grimm's law; a native English word with an initial {{#invoke:IPA|main}} would reflect Proto-Indo-European initial *b, which is so rare that its existence as a phoneme is disputed. However, native English words with non-initial Template:Angbr are quite common; such words can come from either Kluge's law or the consonant cluster {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (PIE: *p has been preserved after s).

P is the eighth least frequently used letter in the English language.

Other languagesEdit

In most European languages, Template:Angbr represents the sound Template:IPAslink.

Other systemsEdit

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Template:Angbr is used to represent the voiceless bilabial plosive.

Other usesEdit

Template:Main article

A bold italic letter Template:Serif is used in musical notation as a dynamic indicator for "quiet". It stands for the Italian word piano.<ref name="harvard">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="vtp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Related charactersEdit

Ancestors, descendants and siblingsEdit

The Latin letter P represents the same sound as the Greek letter Pi, but it looks like the Greek letter Rho.

𐤐 : Semitic letter Pe, from which the following symbols originally derive:
- Π π : Greek letter Pi
  - 𐌐 : Old Italic and Old Latin P, which derives from Greek Pi, and is the ancestor of modern Latin P. The Roman P had this form (𐌐) on coins and inscriptions until the reign of Claudius, Template:Circa.
  - Template:Script : Gothic letter pertra/pairþa, which derives from Greek Pi
  - П п : Cyrillic letter Pe, which derives from Greek Pi
- Template:Script : Coptic letter Pi
- Պ պ: Armenian letter Pe
P with diacritics: Ṕ ṕ Ṗ ṗ Ᵽ ᵽ Ƥ ƥ ᵱ<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Turned P
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to P:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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_p : Subscript small p was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbolsEdit

₱ : Philippine peso sign
𝒫, 𝓅 : script letter P (uppercase and lowercase, respectively), used in mathematics. (In other contexts, a script typeface (or computer font) should be used.)
℘ Weierstrass p
℗ : sound recording copyright symbol
♇ : Pluto symbol, a monogram of the letters "PL", and also the initials of Percival Lowell, heralding his role in its discovery
ꟼ : Reversed P was used in ancient Roman texts to stand for puella (girl)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation