RMS Empress of Russia

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RMS Empress of Russia was a steam turbine ocean liner built in 1912–13 by Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company at Govan on the Clyde in Scotland for Canadian Pacific steamships (CP). She regularly worked the trans-Pacific route between Canada and the Far East.

HistoryEdit

Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company built the ship at Govan near Glasgow in Scotland.<ref>Johnston, Ian. "Govan Shipyard" in Ships Monthly. Template:Webarchive June 1985.</ref> Empress of Russia was launched on 28 August 1912 and completed in March 1913.<ref>Template:Cite ship register</ref>

She left Liverpool on 1 April 1913 on her maiden voyage via Suez to Hong Kong and Vancouver. Thereafter, she regularly sailed back and forth along the Hong Kong – Shanghai – Nagasaki – Kobe – Yokohama – Vancouver route.<ref name="sl1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1913 she broke the record for the fastest trans-Pacific crossing which was formerly held by Template:RMS;<ref>Musk, George. (1981). Canadian Pacific: The Story of the Famous Shipping Line, p. 129.</ref> but her sister ship, Template:RMS broke that record in May 1914, crossing the Pacific in nine days, two hours, and fifteen minutes.<ref>Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 60.</ref> The popularity of the short route from Vancouver to the Orient was so great that these two additional CP Empress'ocean liners were necessary.<ref>Macmillan, Allister. (1925). Seaports of the Far East: Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, & Resources, p. 247.</ref>

The Template:GRT vessel had a length of Template:Convert, and her beam was Template:Convert. She had three funnels and two masts. Her four steam turbines drove four screws, giving her a cruising speed of Template:Convert. The ocean liner provided accommodation for 284 first-class passengers and for 100 second class passengers. There was also room for up to 800 steerage-class passengers.<ref name="sl1" /> This was the first liner to have a straight stern like a warship; and the advantages of this type of stern were revealed in terms of speed, vibration, steering and seagoing qualities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Empress of RussiaTemplate:'s UK official number was 135197 and until 1933 her code letters were JBSQ.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1934 her code letters were superseded by the call sign VGKW.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

World War IEdit

File:Keelingislands.png

After the Battle of Cocos, Empress of Russia met HMAS Sydney in waters of the Keelings and Cocos islands, which are located in the Indian Ocean east of Sumatra; and Empress of Russia took aboard prisoners who survived the destruction of the German raider, SMS Emden

File:Forward 4.7 inch guns on HMS Empress of India WWI.jpg

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File:SS Empress of Russia 1914-1916.jpg

As an armed merchant cruiser in the Red Sea, photographed by a crewman aboard the troop transport HMAT Armadale

Empress of Russia was requisitioned by the British Admiralty twice during the First World War. Initially, the ship was refitted as an armed merchant cruiser at Hong Kong; she was attached to a squadron blockading German merchant shipping in Philippine waters and retained her Chinese crew,<ref>British Admiralty War Medal Rolls. The National Archives</ref> but took on French sailors to man her guns.<ref>images in the Vancouver City Archives</ref> Later, she was transferred to the Indian Ocean.

In November 1914, the highlight of this Indian Ocean tour of duty followed from a rendezvous at sea with the Australian cruiser Template:HMAS. In what was called the Battle of Cocos, Sydney had engaged the German cruiser Template:SMS, forcing the raider to beach herself on North Keeling Island to avoid sinking. Some 230 Emden survivors were transferred from Sydney to Empress of Russia for transport to Colombo.<ref name="sl1" /> At this point, Empress of Russia was sailing in a convoy of troop ships carrying 30,000 ANZACs from Albany, Australia to Suez and Europe.<ref>"When Australians Sailed to the War; Like a Vast Regatta at Sea, the Troopship Armada Moved North with 30,000 Soldiers." The New York Times. 31 January 1915.</ref>

On April 30, 1915, Empress of Russia sailed from Hong Kong to the Red Sea, where she served until October 1915.<ref name="nyt1920">Correspondents of the London Times. (1920). The Times History of the War, p. 125.</ref>

In one incident, the guns of Empress of Russia were brought to bear on Hodeidah in what is modern Yemen. Bluntly, the Turks were told that if British and French consuls, who had been kidnapped, were not brought back, the port city would be demolished.<ref name="nyt1920" />

Shortly afterwards, Empress of Russia was released by the Admiralty for a return to civilian service. The ship was refitted at Hong Kong, arriving there on 19 October, going into dock on 25 October and finally paying off on 12 February 1916. Empress of Russia then returned to her familiar trans-Pacific route.<ref name="sl1" /> Amongst those sailing with Empress of Russia in this period was Sumner Welles, who was to become one of President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy advisers.<ref>Welles, Benjamin. (1997) Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist : a Biography, p. 51.</ref>

In April 1917 Empress of Russia brought 2,056 members of the Chinese Labor Corps (CLC) from Weihaiwei in China across the Pacific to Williams Head on Vancouver Island. After quarantine the CLC were then transshipped to Port Moody on the Canadian mainland and transported by the Canadian Pacific Railway in guarded cattle trucks across Canada to the Atlantic Coast, where other Empress ships took them to Dunkirk.<ref>Template:Cite book Template:Page needed</ref>

The British Admiralty called Empress of Russia to wartime service for a second time in early 1918. She was to be used in transporting American troops to Europe.

Empress of RussiaTemplate:'s last wartime voyage began from Liverpool on 12 January 1919. She sailed to Le Havre where Chinese labor battalions boarded Empress of Russia for the return voyage via Suez to Hong Kong. From the Far East, she sailed across the Pacific to Vancouver for re-fitting.<ref name="sl1" />

This ship remained a coal-burner after the Great War, even though many liners at that time were being converted to oil.<ref>CPR Ships: Partial List, Empress of Russia.</ref>

Between the warsEdit

Between the wars, Empress of Russia resumed regular trans-Pacific crossings. Her first post-war voyage began on 10 April 1919; and the pre-war route was somewhat modified on this trip. On this occasion, she sailed from Vancouver to Manila outward bound; and she stopped at Vladivostok on the return voyage to North America from the Far East to pick up Canadian soldiers who had served at part of the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force during the Russian Revolution. In this period, Empress of Russia transported Philippine Senator Manuel L. Quezon on his return to Manila from the first Independence Mission to the US Congress in 1919.<ref>Quirino, Carlos. (1971). Quezon: Paladin of Philippine Freedom, p. 135.</ref> These trans-Pacific sailings continued up through December 1940.

The routine nature of her schedule did nothing to diminish public interest in the comings and goings of Empress of Russia. For example, The New York Times regularly published news of mail ships sailings. In an era when airplanes carrying mail was still relatively novel, for example, the newspaper published a regular "Shipping and Mails" column. In a 1938 edition, the Times reported:

Letter mail and printed matter for China, Brunei, Dutch East Indies (including Sumatra), French Indo-China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Labuan, Malay States, North Borneo, Philippine islands, Sarawak and Straits Settlements and printed matter for Siam via Yokohama. 27 April. Shanghai 2 May. Hong Kong 5 May and Manila 7 May. Parcel Post for China, French Indo-China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Siam. Air mail closes G.P.O 10 P.M. 14 April.{{#if:The New York Times<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>|{{#if:|}}
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During this peacetime period, she completed 310 crossings.<ref name="sl1" /> Amongst the famous passengers who traveled on Empress of Russia were Chinese Nationalist leaders Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, who sailed from Hong Kong to Shanghai in 1922;<ref>Jieru Chen, Ch'en Chieh-Ju. (1993). Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en,</ref> and American humorist Will Rogers who sailed to Japan in late-November 1932.<ref>Rogers, W. et al. (2005). The Papers of Will Rogers. p. 26.</ref>

World War IIEdit

Empress of Russia was again commissioned by the British Admiralty as a troop transport. Initially, she carried Australian and New Zealand Air Force recruits to Canada for flight school training. In March 1941, she was refitted at dockyards on the River Clyde in Scotland.<ref name="sl1" />

The captain of Empress of Russia in 1941–42 would only realize many years later that he had had a VIP aboard — a young Midshipman Philip Mountbatten (later to become Duke of Edinburgh) is remembered for having helped stoke the boilers in 1941.<ref>Royal Navy Reserve Officers, 1939–1945: Maurice Jeffrey Dabbs Mayall, Cdre. 2nd cl. (ret), 1882–1966.</ref>

Empress of Russia was involved in the North Africa landings in 1943. In October 1943, she made a special trip to Gothenburg to exchange prisoners of war. This was followed by seven trips to Reykjavík for the RAF.<ref name="sl1" />

In early 1944, she was used as an accommodation ship at Rosyth for Russian crews who were to take over a number of British warships. In June, she was moved to Spithead where she was used as a depot ship for tugs after the D-Day landings.

In October 1944, she sailed to Gareloch where she was laid up until June 1945. Work was begun on the refitting Empress of Russia for service transporting Canadian troops from Europe to North America; however, she was gutted by fire on 8 September 1945 at Barrow. The extensive damage caused the ship to be scrapped; and she was broken up by Thos. W. Ward.<ref name="sl1" />

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

Chen, Jieru (Ch'en Chieh-Ju). (1993). Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Template:ISBN (cloth) -- Template:ISBN (paper)
Correspondents of the London Times. (1920).The Times History of the War. London: The Times (London).
Macmillan, Allister. (1925). Seaports of the Far East: Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, & Resources. London: W. H. & L. Collingridge. ASIN: B0008C4XZI
Musk, George. (1981). Canadian Pacific: The Story of the Famous Shipping Line. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada. Template:ISBN; OCLC 7540915
Template:Cite book
Quirino, Carlos. (1971). Quezon: Paladin of Philippine Freedom. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. ASIN: B0006BZVVQ
Rogers, William, Arthur Frank Wertheim, Barbara Bair, Steven K. Gragert, M. Jane Johansson. (2005). Papers of Will Rogers: The Final Years, August 1928-August 1935. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Template:ISBN (cloth)
Welles, Benjamin. (1997). Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist: A Biography. New York: St. Martin's Press. Template:ISBN (cloth)