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Yokohama

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}}Template:Main other Template:Infobox Chinese

Template:Nihongo is the second-largest city in Japan by population<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as by area, and the country's most populous municipality.Template:Efn It is the capital and most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a population of 3.7 million in 2023. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu. Yokohama is also the major economic, cultural, and commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area along the Keihin Industrial Zone.

Yokohama was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1859 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city, after Kobe opened in 1853. Yokohama is the home of many Japan's firsts in the Meiji period, including the first foreign trading port and Chinatown (1859), European-style sport venues (1860s), English-language newspaper (1861), confectionery and beer manufacturing (1865), daily newspaper (1870), gas-powered street lamps (1870s), railway station (1872), and power plant (1882). Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan's prominent port city following the end of Japan's relative isolation in the mid-19th century and is today one of its major ports along with Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Tokyo and Chiba.

Yokohama is the largest port city and high tech industrial hub in the Greater Tokyo Area and the Kantō region. The city proper is headquarters to companies such as Isuzu, Nissan, JVCKenwood, Keikyu, Koei Tecmo, Sotetsu and Bank of Yokohama. Famous landmarks in Yokohama include Minato Mirai 21, Nippon Maru Memorial Park, Yokohama Chinatown, Motomachi Shopping Street, Yokohama Marine Tower, Yamashita Park, and Ōsanbashi Pier.

EtymologyEdit

Yokohama (横浜) means "horizontal beach".<ref name="Japan Times">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The current area surrounded by Maita Park, the Ōoka River and the Nakamura River have been a gulf divided by a sandbar from the open sea. This sandbar was the original Yokohama fishing village. Since the sandbar protruded perpendicularly from the land, or horizontally when viewed from the sea, it was called a "horizontal beach".<ref name="City of Yokohama">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

Template:For timeline

Opening of the Treaty Port (1859–1868)Edit

Before the Europeans arrived, Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudal Edo period, when Japan held a policy of national seclusion, having little contact with foreigners.<ref>Der Große Brockhaus. 16. edition. Vol. 6. F. A. Brockhaus, Wiesbaden 1955, p. 82</ref> A major turning point in Japanese history happened in 1853–54, when Commodore Matthew Perry arrived just south of Yokohama with a fleet of American warships, demanding that Japan open several ports for commerce, and the Tokugawa shogunate agreed by signing the Treaty of Peace and Amity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

It was initially agreed that one of the ports to be opened to foreign ships would be the town of Kanagawa-juku (in what is now Kanagawa Ward) on the Tōkaidō, a strategic highway that linked Edo to Kyoto and Osaka. However, the Tokugawa shogunate decided that Kanagawa-juku was too close to the Tōkaidō for comfort, and port facilities were instead built across the inlet in the fishing village of Yokohama. The Port of Yokohama was officially opened on June 2, 1859.<ref>Arita, Erika, "Happy Birthday Yokohama! Template:Webarchive", The Japan Times, May 24, 2009, p. 7.</ref>

Yokohama quickly became the base of foreign trade in Japan. Foreigners initially occupied the low-lying district of the city called Kannai, residential districts later expanding as the settlement grew to incorporate much of the elevated Yamate district overlooking the city, commonly referred to by English-speaking residents as The Bluff. Under pressure from United States and United Kingdom officials, the Tokugawa government built a commercial sex district which opened on November 10, 1859, with 6 brothels and 200 indentured sex workers.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The area of Yokohama with the highest concentration of brothels was known as Bloodtown.<ref name=":6" />Template:Rp

Kannai, the foreign trade and commercial district (literally, inside the barrier), was surrounded by a moat, foreign residents enjoying extraterritorial status both within and outside the compound. Interactions with the local population, particularly young samurai, outside the settlement inevitably caused problems; the Namamugi Incident, one of the events that preceded the downfall of the shogunate, took place in what is now Tsurumi Ward in 1862, and prompted the Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863.

To protect British commercial and diplomatic interests in Yokohama a military garrison was established in 1862. With the growth in trade increasing numbers of Chinese also came to settle in the city.<ref>Fukue, Natsuko, "Chinese immigrants played vital role Template:Webarchive", Japan Times, May 28, 2009, p. 3.</ref> Yokohama was the scene of many notable firsts for Japan including the growing acceptance of western fashion, photography by pioneers such as Felice Beato, Japan's first English language newspaper, the Japan Herald published in 1861 and in 1865 the first ice cream confectionery and beer to be produced in Japan.<ref>Matsutani, Minoru, "Yokohama – city on the cutting edge Template:Webarchive", Japan Times, May 29, 2009, p. 3.</ref> Recreational sports introduced to Japan by foreign residents in Yokohama included European style horse racing in 1862, cricket in 1863<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and rugby union in 1866. A great fire destroyed much of the foreign settlement on November 26, 1866, and smallpox was a recurrent public health hazard, but the city continued to grow rapidly – attracting foreigners and Japanese alike.

Meiji and Taisho periods (1868–1923)Edit

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the port was developed for trading silk, the main trading partner being Great Britain. Western influence and technological transfer contributed to the establishment of Japan's first daily newspaper (1870), first gas-powered street lamps (1872) and Japan's first railway constructed in the same year to connect Yokohama to Shinagawa and Shinbashi in Tokyo. In 1872 Jules Verne portrayed Yokohama, which he had never visited, in an episode of his widely read novel Around the World in Eighty Days, capturing the atmosphere of the fast-developing, internationally oriented Japanese city.

In 1887, a British merchant, Samuel Cocking, built the city's first power plant. At first for his own use, this coal power plant became the basis for the Yokohama Cooperative Electric Light Company. The city was officially incorporated on April 1, 1889.<ref name="interesting1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the time the extraterritoriality of foreigner areas was abolished in 1899, Yokohama was the most international city in Japan, with foreigner areas stretching from Kannai to the Bluff area and the large Yokohama Chinatown.

The early 20th century was marked by rapid growth of industry. Entrepreneurs built factories along reclaimed land to the north of the city toward Kawasaki, which eventually grew to be the Keihin Industrial Area. The growth of Japanese industry brought affluence, and many wealthy trading families constructed sprawling residences there, while the rapid influx of population from Japan and Korea also led to the formation of Kojiki-Yato, then the largest slum in Japan.

File:Kusakabe Kimbei - Yokohama Foreign Settlement Pano.jpg
Yokohama Template:Circa

Great Kantō earthquake and the Second World War (1923–1945)Edit

File:80-G-473746 (TR-15632) (22324277654).jpg
Yokohama in the aftermath of air raids during the Second World War

Much of Yokohama was destroyed on September 1, 1923, by the Great Kantō earthquake. The Yokohama police reported casualties at 30,771 dead and 47,908 injured, out of a pre-earthquake population of 434,170.<ref>Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 143. Template:Webarchive</ref> Fuelled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage, vigilante mobs thereupon murdered many Koreans in the Kojiki-yato slum.<ref>Hammer, pp. 149 Template:Webarchive-170.</ref> Many people believed that Koreans used black magic to cause the earthquake. Martial law was in place until November 19. Rubble from the quake was used to reclaim land for parks, the most famous being the Yamashita Park on the waterfront which opened in 1930.

Yokohama was rebuilt, only to be destroyed again by U.S. air raids during World War II. The first bombing was in the April 18, 1942 Doolittle Raid. An estimated 7,000–8,000 people were killed in a single morning on May 29, 1945, in what is now known as the Great Yokohama Air Raid, when B-29s firebombed the city and in just one hour and nine minutes, reducing 42% of it to rubble.<ref name="interesting1"/>

Postwar growth and developmentEdit

File:The night view of Minato Mirai 21.jpg
Shipyards, wharves, railyards, and warehouses in the dockland area were redeveloped into Minato Mirai 21.

During the American occupation, Yokohama was a major transshipment base for American supplies and personnel, especially during the Korean War. After the occupation, most local U.S. naval activity moved from Yokohama to an American base in nearby Yokosuka.

Four years after the Treaty of San Francisco signed, the city was designated by government ordinance on September 1, 1956.Template:Citation needed The city's tram and trolleybus system was abolished in 1972, the same year as the opening of the first line of Yokohama Municipal Subway. Construction of Minato Mirai 21 ("Port Future 21"), a major urban development project on reclaimed land started in 1983, nicknamed the "Philadelphia and Boston of the Orient" was compared to Center City, Philadelphia and Downtown Boston located in the East Coast of the United States. Minato Mirai 21 hosted the Yokohama Exotic Showcase in 1989, which saw the first public operation of maglev trains in Japan and the opening of Cosmo Clock 21, then the tallest Ferris wheel in the world. The Template:Convert Yokohama Bay Bridge opened in the same year. In 1993, Minato Mirai 21 saw the opening of the Yokohama Landmark Tower, the second-tallest building in Japan.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup final was held in June at the International Stadium Yokohama. In 2009, the city marked the 150th anniversary of the opening of the port and the 120th anniversary of the commencement of the City Administration. An early part in the commemoration project incorporated the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV), which was held in Yokohama in May 2008. In November 2010, Yokohama hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting.

GeographyEdit

File:Yokohama by Sentinel-2, 2020-10-27.jpg
Sentinel-2 image of Yokohama (2020)

TopographyEdit

Yokohama has a total area of Template:Convert at an elevation of Template:Convert above sea level. It is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, bordered to the east by Tokyo Bay and located in the middle of the Kantō plain. The city is surrounded by hills and the characteristic mountain system of the island of Honshū, so its growth has been limited and it has had to gain ground from the sea. This also affects the population density, one of the highest in Japan with 8,500 inhabitants per km2.

The highest points within the urban boundary are Omaruyama (Template:Convert) and Mount Enkaizan (Template:Convert). The main river is the Tsurumi River, which begins in the Tama Hills and empties into the Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

These municipalities surround Yokohama: Kawasaki, Yokosuka, Zushi, Kamakura, Fujisawa, Yamato, Machida.

GeologyEdit

The city is very prone to natural phenomena such as earthquakes and tropical cyclones because the island of Honshū has a high level of seismic activity, being in the middle of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Most seismic movements are of low intensity and are generally not perceived by people. However, Yokohama has experienced two major tremors that reflect the evolution of Earthquake engineering: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake devastated the city and caused more than 100,000 fatalities throughout the region,<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, with its epicenter on the east coast, was felt in the locality but only material damage was lamented because most buildings were already prepared to withstand them.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ClimateEdit

Yokohama features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with hot, humid summers and chilly winters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Weatherwise, Yokohama has a pattern of rain, clouds and sun, although in winter, it is surprisingly sunny, more so than Southern Spain. Winter temperatures rarely drop below freezing, while summer can seem quite warm, because of the effects of humidity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The coldest temperature was on 24 January 1927 when Template:Convert was reached, whilst the hottest day was 11 August 2013 at Template:Convert. The highest monthly rainfall was in October 2004 with Template:Convert, closely followed by July 1941 with Template:Convert, whilst December and January have recorded no measurable precipitation three times each.

Template:Weather box

DemographicsEdit

Template:Historical populations

The city's population is 3,772,726 as of 1 June 2024, making it the second-most populated city in the country after Tokyo's 23 special wards. Among Yokohama's 18 wards, the most inhabited was Kohoku with a population of 364,760, followed by Aoba (308,379), Tsurumi (297,230), and Totsuka (282,601). In terms of population density, Nishi and Minami are the most densely populated, with a per square kilometre population exceeding 15,000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Of Yokohama's population, 1,548,077 work outside the city, while 1,226,618 workers commute from outside the city. As these numbers suggest, some of Yokohama's residential areas are commuter suburbs (or "bed towns" as known in Japanese) for those who work in other major cities, primarily Tokyo.<ref name=":0" />

ImmigrationEdit

As of June 2024, Yokohama's population includes 121,042 foreign nationals, making up 3.2% of the total population, with the number having grown significantly in recent years. While all three countries with the number of nationals living in Yokohama as citizens exceeding 10,000 are all in Asia (China, South Korea, Vietnam), other major countries of origin for Yokohama's non-Japanese residents include Brazil (2,823), the United States (2,793), Peru (1,312), the United Kingdom (840), and Germany (770).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is no official survey of the citizens' countries of birth, hence these numbers do not include naturalized citizens, but they include foreign nationals born outside their country of citizenship.

AdministrationEdit

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Municipal administrationEdit

Yokohama is one of the 20 designated cities in the country, which means the city has many powers that usually belong to prefectural governments, while having wards as subdivisions with administrative functions. Yokohama city consists of 18 wards, with its government seat in Naka Ward. The Yokohama City Council consists of 86 members elected from a total of 18 Wards. The LDP has minority control with 36 seats. The incumbent mayor is Takeharu Yamanaka, who defeated his predecessor Fumiko Hayashi in the 2021 Yokohama mayoral election.

WardsEdit

Yokohama has 18 wards (ku):

Wards of Yokohama
Place Name Map of Yokohama
Rōmaji Kanji Population Land area in km2 Pop. density

per km2

1 Aoba-ku 青葉区 302,643 35.14 8,610
A map of Yokohama's Wards
2 Asahi-ku Template:Nihongo2 249,045 32.77 7,600
3 Hodogaya-ku 保土ヶ谷区 205,887 21.81 9,400
4 Isogo-ku Template:Nihongo2 163,406 19.17 8,520
5 Izumi-ku 泉区 155,674 23.51 6,620
6 Kanagawa-ku 神奈川区 230,401 23.88 9,650
7 Kanazawa-ku Template:Nihongo2 209,565 31.01 6,760
8 Kōhoku-ku 港北区 332,488 31.40 10,588
9 Kōnan-ku 港南区 221,536 19.87 11,500
10 Midori-ku 緑区 176,038 25.42 6,900
11 Minami-ku Template:Nihongo2 197,019 12.67 15,500
12 Naka-ku (administrative center) 中区 146,563 20.86 7,030
13 Nishi-ku 西区 93,210 7.04 13,210
14 Sakae-ku Template:Nihongo2 124,845 18.55 6,750
15 Seya-ku 瀬谷区 126,839 17.11 7,390
16 Totsuka-ku 戸塚区 274,783 35.70 7,697
17 Tsurumi-ku 鶴見区 270,433 33.23 8,140
18 Tsuzuki-ku 都筑区 211,455 27.93 7,535

EconomyEdit

In 2020, Yokohama's total gross regional product was 14.06 trillion yen or US$133 billion, a 1.9 per cent decrease compared to the previous year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This converts to US$35,107 per citizen, below the national average. A large number of Yokohama's citizens work outside the city (693,064 in 2020), primarily in Tokyo, and the economic value they generate outside the city does not contribute to Yokohama's economic output. The largest contributors to this figure were wholesale and retail (17.8%), healthcare (11.7%), and academic, professional, or technological services (11.0%).<ref name=":0">"Yokohama's Economy in Data" (PDF). www.city.yokohama.lg.jp. Retrieved July 27, 2024.</ref>

Major companies headquarteredEdit

Culture and sightsEdit

File:Minato mirai 21 sakura-0332.jpg
Cherry blossoms on the Kisha-michi Promenade

Yokohama's cultural and tourist sights include: Template:Div col

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MuseumsEdit

File:Yokohama Triennale 2005 Yamashita Pier Venue.jpg
Yokohama Triennale at Yamashita Pier venue

There are 42 museums in the city area, including.<ref name="Pocket2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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GalleryEdit

Excursion destinationsEdit

In 2016, 46,017,157 tourists visited the city, 13.1% of whom were overnight guests.<ref name="Pocket2018" />

  • Kamonyama Park
  • Kodomo no kuni: Means "Children's country". A nice destination to spend an eventful day with the family. Lots of space for walking and playing. There is also a petting zoo.
  • Nogeyama Zoo: One of the few zoos that do not charge admission. It has a large number of animals and a petting zoo where children can play with small animals.
  • Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise: A large park with an aquarium. Otherwise rides, shops, restaurants, etc.
  • Zoorasia: Nice zoo with lots of play options for children. However, in this zoo admission costs.
  • Since 2020, after six years of development, a giant robot named Gundam, which is 18 meters high and weighs 25 tons, has been watching over the port area as a tourist attraction. The giant robot, in which there is a cockpit and whose hands are each two meters long, is based as a figure on a science fiction television series, can move and sink to its knees.<ref>Tagesthemen. Beitrag in der Nachrichtensendung der ARD, Moderation: Ingo Zamperoni, 30. November 2020, 35 Min. Eine Produktion von Das Erste</ref>

SportsEdit

TransportEdit

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File:YokosukaLineStations.png
A route map in Yokohama and Tokyo (JR East)

Yokohama is serviced by the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, a high-speed rail line with a stop at Shin-Yokohama Station. Yokohama Station is also a major station, with two million passengers daily. The Yokohama Municipal Subway, Minatomirai Line and Kanazawa Seaside Line provide metro services.

Air transportEdit

Yokohama does not have an airport, but is served by Tokyo's two main airports Haneda Airport which is 17.4 km away and Narita International Airport which is 77 km away.

Maritime transportEdit

Yokohama is the world's 31st largest seaport in terms of total cargo volume, at 121,326 freight tons Template:As of, and is ranked 37th in terms of TEUs (Twenty-foot equivalent units).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2013, APM Terminals Yokohama facility was recognized as the most productive container terminal in the world averaging 163 crane moves per hour, per ship between the vessel's arrival and departure at the berth.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Rail transportEdit

Railway stationsEdit

Template:Ifsubst style="color
green">■ East Japan Railway Company (JR East)
Template:Ifsubst style="color:DarkOrange">■ Tōkaidō Main Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:navy">■ Yokosuka Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:deepskyblue">■ Keihin-Tōhoku Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:deepskyblue">■ Negishi Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:yellowgreen">■ Yokohama Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:Yellow">■ Nambu Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:Yellow">■ Tsurumi Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color
orange">■ Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central)
Template:Ifsubst style="color:mediumblue">■ Tōkaidō Shinkansen
  • – Shin-Yokohama –
Template:Ifsubst style="color
deepskyblue">■ Keikyu
Template:Ifsubst style="color:deepskyblue">■ Keikyu Main Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:deepskyblue">■ Keikyu Zushi Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color
red">■ Tokyu Railways
Template:Ifsubst style="color:Crimson">■ Tōyoko Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:DodgerBlue">■ Meguro Line
  • – Hiyoshi
Template:Ifsubst style="color:SeaGreen ">■ Den-en-toshi Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:blue">■ Kodomonokuni Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color
orange">■ Sagami Railway
Template:Ifsubst style="color:orange">■ Sagami Railway Main Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:orange">■ Izumino Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color
blue">■ Yokohama Minatomirai Railway
Template:Ifsubst style="color:mediumblue">■ Minatomirai Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color
blue">■ Yokohama City Transportation Bureau (Yokohama Municipal Subway)
Template:Ifsubst style="color:blue">■ Blue Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color:green">■ Green Line
Template:Ifsubst style="color
orange">■ Yokohama New Transit
Template:Ifsubst style="color:orange">■ Kanazawa Seaside Line

EducationEdit

Public elementary and middle schools are operated by the city of Yokohama. There are nine public high schools which are operated by the Yokohama City Board of Education,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a number of public high schools which are operated by the Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education. Yokohama National University is a leading university.

  • 46,388 children attend the 260 kindergartens.
  • Almost 386,000 students are taught in 351 primary schools.
  • There are 16 universities including Yokohama National University. The number of students is around 83,000.
  • 19 public libraries had 9.5 million loans in 2016.<ref name = "Pocket2018" />

In popular cultureEdit

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International relationsEdit

File:Tyuukagaimon.jpg
Yokohama Chinatown

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Twin towns – sister citiesEdit

Yokohama is twinned with:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

Template:Div col end Yokohama also cooperates with:

Partner citiesEdit

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Sister portsEdit

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Notable peopleEdit

ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

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SourcesEdit

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NotesEdit

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External linksEdit

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