Tocharian B
Template:Short description Template:Expand French {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other {{#invoke:sidebar|collapsible |pretitle = Part of a series on |titlestyle = padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220); |title = Indo-European topics |image = File:Indo-European migrations.gif |listtitlestyle = background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; |listclass = hlist |expanded =
|list1name = Languages |list1title = Languages
|list1 =
Extant
Extinct
Reconstructed
Hypothetical
- Balkanic
- Daco-Thracian
- Graeco-Albanian
- Graeco-Armenian
- Graeco-Aryan
- Graeco-Phrygian
- Indo-Hittite
- Italo-Celtic
- Thraco-Illyrian
Grammar
Other
- Proto-Albanian
- Proto-Anatolian
- Proto-Armenian
- Proto-Germanic (Proto-Norse)
- Proto-Italo-Celtic (Proto-Celtic · Proto-Italic)
- Proto-Greek
- Proto-Balto-Slavic (Proto-Slavic · Proto-Baltic)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Indo-Aryan, Proto-Iranian, Proto-Nuristani)
|list2name = Philology |list2title = Philology |list2=
- Hittite inscriptions
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Linear B
- Rigveda
- Avesta
- Homer
- Behistun
- Greek epigraphy
- Phrygian epigraphy
- Messapic epigraphy
- Latin epigraphy
- Gaulish epigraphy
- Runic epigraphy
- Ogham
- Gothic Bible
- Bible translations into Armenian
- Tocharian script
- Old Irish glosses
- Albanian Kanun
|list3name = Origins |list3title = Origins |list3=
Mainstream
Alternative and fringe
- Anatolian hypothesis
- Armenian hypothesis
- Beech argument
- Indigenous Aryanism
- Baltic homeland
- Paleolithic continuity theory
|list4name = Archaeology
|list4title = Archaeology
|list4 =
Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
Pontic Steppe
Caucasus
East Asia
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Bronze Age
Pontic Steppe
Northern/Eastern Steppe
Europe
- Globular Amphora
- Corded ware
- Bell Beaker
- Únětice
- Trzciniec
- Nordic Bronze Age
- Terramare
- Tumulus
- Urnfield
- Proto-Villanovan
- Lusatian
- Este
South Asia
Iron Age
Steppe
Europe
Caucasus
Central Asia
India
|list7name = Peoples and societies |list7title = Peoples and societies |list7= Bronze Age
Iron Age
Indo-Aryans
Iranians
Nuristanis
East Asia
Europe
Middle Ages
East Asia
Europe
Indo-Aryan
Iranian
|list8name = Religion and mythology |list8title = Religion and mythology |list8 = Reconstructed
- Proto-Indo-European mythology
- Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
- Historical Vedic religion
- Ancient Iranian religion
Historical
Others
Practices
|list9name = Academic research |list9title = Indo-European studies |list9 = Scholars
Institutes
Publications
- Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
- The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
- Journal of Indo-European Studies
- Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
- Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
| below = Template:Icon Category
}} Tocharian B (also known as Kuchean or West Tocharian) was a Western member of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages, extinct from the ninth century. Once spoken in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia, Tocharian B shows an internal chronological development; three linguistic stages have been detected.Template:Sfn The oldest stage is attested only in Kucha. There is also the middle ('classicalʼ), and the late stage.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
NomenclatureEdit
According to Peyrot, the self-designation for the language was kuśi 'Kuča'.<ref>Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 83. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.006.</ref> In scholarly works, it is known as Tocharian B, sometimes referred to as West Tocharian or Kuchean.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
OverviewEdit
According to scholar Michael Peyrot, Tocharian B is dated between the 5th and 10th centuries AD, and was spread from Kuča to Yānqi and Turfan.<ref>Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 83. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.006.</ref> Paul Widmer, following Tamai's and Adams's studies, situates Tocharian B roughly between 400 and 1200, its oldest layer dating from ca. 400 to 600, around "Kucha and environs".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
DocumentationEdit
According to J. H. W. Penney, Tocharian B is reported to be documented as Buddhist religious literature, and as secular material "pertaining to everyday life".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Studies
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 83–101. {{#invoke:doi|main}}.
- Template:Cite book
- Tocharian literature
- Lundysheva, Olga and Maue, Dieter. "An Old Uyghur text fragment related to the Tocharian B “History of Kuchean kings”". In: Religion and State in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), Friedensau, Germany, August 18–23, 2019. Edited by Oliver Corff, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2022, pp. 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110730562-010
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Citation
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Pinault, Georges-Jean. "Surveying the Tocharian B Lexicon". In: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, vol. 114, no. 2, 2019, pp. 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1515/olzg-2019-0030
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal