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Wade–Giles

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use American English Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox romanization

File:Taiwan Strait.png
Map of the Taiwan Strait, featuring names using Wade–Giles in Taiwan versus those using pinyin in mainland China

Wade–Giles (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. It developed from the system produced by Thomas Francis Wade during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert Giles's A Chinese–English Dictionary (1892).

The romanization systems in common use until the late 19th century were based on the Nanjing dialect, but Wade–Giles was based on the Beijing dialect and was the system of transcription familiar in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century. Both of these kinds of transcription were used in postal romanizations (romanized place-names standardized for postal uses). In mainland China, Wade–Giles has been mostly replaced by Hanyu Pinyin, which was officially adopted in 1958, with exceptions for the romanized forms of some of the most commonly used names of locations and persons, and other proper nouns. The romanized name for most locations, persons and other proper nouns in Taiwan is based on the Wade–Giles derived romanized form, for example Kaohsiung, the Matsu Islands and Chiang Ching-kuo.

HistoryEdit

Wade–Giles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade, a scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at the University of Cambridge. Wade published {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Zhi)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in 1867, the first textbook on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin in English,<ref name="Kaske2008">Template:Cite book</ref> which became the basis for the system later known as Wade–Giles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists, was further refined in 1892 by Herbert Giles (in A Chinese–English Dictionary), a British diplomat in China, and his son Lionel Giles,Template:Citation needed a curator at the British Museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (Web archive)</ref>

Taiwan used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (1986), and Tongyong Pinyin (2000). The Kuomintang (KMT) has previously promoted pinyin with Ma Ying-jeou's successful presidential bid in 2008 and in a number of cities with Kuomintang mayors.Template:Citation needed However, the Tsai Ing-wen administration and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) along with the majority of the people in Taiwan, both native and overseas, use spelling and transcribe their legal names based on the Wade–Giles system, as well as the other aforementioned systems.Template:Citation needed

Initials and finalsEdit

The tables below show the Wade–Giles representation of each Chinese sound (in bold type),<ref>A Chinese–English Dictionary.</ref> together with the corresponding IPA phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in Bopomofo and Hanyu Pinyin.

InitialsEdit

Labial Dental/Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Velar
Nasal m [m]
ㄇ m		 n [n]
ㄋ n
Plosive Unaspirated p [p]
ㄅ b 		t [t]
ㄉ d		 k [k]
ㄍ g
Aspirated pʻ [pʰ]
ㄆ p 		tʻ [tʰ]
ㄊ t		 kʻ [kʰ]
ㄎ k
Affricate Unaspirated ts [ts]
ㄗ z 		ch [ʈʂ]
ㄓ zh 		ch [tɕ]
ㄐ j
Aspirated tsʻ [tsʰ]
ㄘ c 		chʻ [ʈʂʰ]
ㄔ ch 		chʻ [tɕʰ]
ㄑ q
Fricative f [f]
ㄈ f 		s [s]
ㄙ s 		sh [ʂ]
ㄕ sh 		hs [ɕ]
ㄒ x 		h [x]
ㄏ h
Liquid l [l]
ㄌ l		 j [ɻ~ʐ]
ㄖ r

Instead of ts, tsTemplate:Wg-apos and s, Wade–Giles writes tz, tzTemplate:Wg-apos and ss before ŭ (see below).

FinalsEdit

Coda
∅ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} main}}
Medial ∅ ih/ŭ
[ɨ]
ㄭFile:MoeKai Bopomofo U+312D.svg -i		 ê/o
[ɤ]
ㄜ e		 a
[a]
ㄚ a 		ei
[ei]
ㄟ ei		 ai
[ai]
ㄞ ai 		ou
[ou]
ㄡ ou		 ao
[au]
ㄠ ao 		ên
[ən]
ㄣ en		 an
[an]
ㄢ an 		ung
[ʊŋ]
ㄨㄥ ong		 êng
[əŋ]
ㄥ eng		 ang
[aŋ]
ㄤ ang 		êrh
[aɚ̯]
ㄦ er
main}} i
[i]
ㄧ i		 ieh
[je]
ㄧㄝ ie		 ia
[ja]
ㄧㄚ ia 		iu
[jou]
ㄧㄡ iu		 iao
[jau]
ㄧㄠ iao 		in
[in]
ㄧㄣ in		 ien
[jɛn]
ㄧㄢ ian 		iung
[jʊŋ]
ㄩㄥ iong		 ing
[iŋ]
ㄧㄥ ing		 iang
[jaŋ]
ㄧㄤ iang
main}} u
[u]
ㄨ u		 o/uo
[wo]
ㄛ/ㄨㄛ o/uo		 ua
[wa]
ㄨㄚ ua		 ui/uei
[wei]
ㄨㄟ ui		 uai
[wai]
ㄨㄞ uai 		un
[wən]
ㄨㄣ un		 uan
[wan]
ㄨㄢ uan 		uang
[waŋ]
ㄨㄤ uang
main}} ü
[y]
ㄩ ü		 üeh
[ɥe]
ㄩㄝ üe		 ün
[yn]
ㄩㄣ ün		 üan
[ɥɛn]
ㄩㄢ üan

Wade–Giles writes -uei after kTemplate:Wg-apos and k, otherwise -ui: kTemplate:Wg-aposuei, kuei, hui, shui, chTemplate:Wg-aposui.

It writes {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as -o after kTemplate:Wg-apos, k and h, otherwise as -ê: kTemplate:Wg-aposo, ko, ho, shê, chTemplate:Wg-aposê. When {{#invoke:IPA|main}} forms a syllable on its own, it is written ê or o depending on the character.

Wade–Giles writes {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as -uo after kTemplate:Wg-apos, k, h and sh, otherwise as -o: kTemplate:Wg-aposuo, kuo, huo, shuo, bo, tso. After chTemplate:Wg-apos, it is written chTemplate:Wg-aposo or chTemplate:Wg-aposuo depending on the character.

For -ih and -ŭ, see below.

Giles's A Chinese–English Dictionary also includes the finals -io (in yo, chio, chTemplate:Wg-aposio, hsio, lio and nio) and -üo (in chüo, chTemplate:Wg-aposüo, hsüo, lüo and nüo), both of which are pronounced -üeh in modern Standard Chinese: yüeh, chüeh, chTemplate:Wg-aposüeh, hsüeh, lüeh and nüeh.

Syllables that begin with a medialEdit

Coda
∅ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Medial main}} i/yi
[i]
ㄧ yi		 yeh
[je]
ㄧㄝ ye		 ya
[ja]
ㄧㄚ ya 		yai
[jai]
ㄧㄞ yai 		yu
[jou]
ㄧㄡ you		 yao
[jau]
ㄧㄠ yao 		yin
[in]
ㄧㄣ yin		 yen
[jɛn]
ㄧㄢ yan 		yung
[jʊŋ]
ㄩㄥ yong		 ying
[iŋ]
ㄧㄥ ying		 yang
[jaŋ]
ㄧㄤ yang
main}} wu
[u]
ㄨ wu		 wo
[wo]
ㄨㄛ wo		 wa
[wa]
ㄨㄚ wa 		wei
[wei]
ㄨㄟ wei		 wai
[wai]
ㄨㄞ wai 		wên
[wən]
ㄨㄣ wen		 wan
[wan]
ㄨㄢ wan 		wêng
[wəŋ]
ㄨㄥ weng		 wang
[waŋ]
ㄨㄤ wang
main}} yü
[y]
ㄩ yu		 yüeh
[ɥe]
ㄩㄝ yue		 yün
[yn]
ㄩㄣ yun		 yüan
[ɥɛn]
ㄩㄢ yuan

Wade–Giles writes the syllable {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as i or yi depending on the character.

System featuresEdit

Consonants and initial symbolsEdit

A feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of the unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using a character resembling an apostrophe. Thomas Wade and others used the spiritus asper (Template:Asper or Template:Wg-apos), borrowed from the polytonic orthography of the Ancient Greek language. Herbert Giles and others used a left (opening) curved single quotation mark (‘) for the same purpose. A third group used a plain apostrophe ('). The backtick, and visually similar characters, are sometimes seen in various electronic documents using the system.

Examples using the spiritus asper: p, pTemplate:Wg-apos, t, tTemplate:Wg-apos, k, kTemplate:Wg-apos, ch, chTemplate:Wg-apos. The use of this character preserves b, d, g, and j for the romanization of Chinese varieties containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and Min Nan (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization) is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ, Legge romanization, Simplified Wade, and EFEO Chinese transcription use the letter Template:Angbr instead of an apostrophe-like character to indicate aspiration. (This is similar to the obsolete IPA convention before the revisions of the 1970s). The convention of an apostrophe-like character or Template:Angbr to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such as McCune–Reischauer for Korean and ISO 11940 for Thai.

People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore the spiritus asper, sometimes omitting them when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.

Partly because of the popular omission of apostrophe-like characters, the four sounds represented in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn by j, q, zh, and ch often all become ch, including in many proper names. However, if the apostrophe-like characters are kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap:

Vowels and final symbolsEdit

Syllabic consonantsEdit

Like Yale and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II, Wade–Giles renders the two types of syllabic consonant (Template:Lang-zh; Wade–Giles: kTemplate:Wg-aposung1-yün4; Hànyǔ Pīnyīn: kōngyùn) differently:

These finals are both written as -ih in Tongyòng Pinyin, as -i in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (hence distinguishable only by the initial from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as in li), and as -y in Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Simplified Wade. They are typically omitted in Zhùyīn (Bōpōmōfō).

IPA ʈ͡ʂɻ̩ ʈ͡ʂʰɻ̩ ʂɻ̩ ɻɻ̩ t͡sɹ̩ t͡sʰɹ̩ sɹ̩
Yale jr chr shr r dz tsz sz
MPS II jr chr shr r tz tsz sz
Wade–Giles chih chʻih shih jih tzŭ tzʻŭ ssŭ
Tongyòng Pinyin jhih chih shih rih zih cih sih
Hànyǔ Pīnyīn zhi chi shi ri zi ci si
Gwoyeu Romatzyh jy chy shy ry tzy tsy sy
Simplified Wade chy chhy shy ry tsy tshy sy
Zhùyīn ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ

Vowel oEdit

Final o in Wade–Giles has two pronunciations in modern Peking dialect: {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

What is pronounced in vernacular Peking dialect as a close-mid back unrounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is written usually as ê, but sometimes as o, depending on historical pronunciation (at the time Wade–Giles was developed). Specifically, after velar initials k, kTemplate:Wg-apos and h (and a historical ng, which had been dropped by the time Wade–Giles was developed), o is used; for example, "哥" is ko1 (Pīnyīn gē) and "刻" is kTemplate:Wg-aposo4<ref>A Chinese–English Dictionary, p. 761.</ref> (Pīnyīn kè). In Peking dialect, o after velars (and what used to be ng) have shifted to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, thus they are written as ge, ke, he and e in Pīnyīn. When {{#invoke:IPA|main}} forms a syllable on its own, Wade–Giles writes ê or o depending on the character. In all other circumstances, it writes ê.

What is pronounced in Peking dialect as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is usually written as o in Wade–Giles, except for wo, shuo (e.g. "說" shuo1) and the three syllables of kuo, kTemplate:Wg-aposuo, and huo (as in 過, 霍, etc.), which contrast with ko, kTemplate:Wg-aposo, and ho that correspond to Pīnyīn ge, ke, and he. This is because characters like 羅, 多, etc. (Wade–Giles: lo2, to1; Pīnyīn: luó, duō) did not originally carry the medial {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Peking dialect does not have phonemic contrast between o and -uo/wo (except in interjections when used alone) and a medial {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is usually inserted in front of -o to form {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

IPA main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}} main}}
Wade–Giles po pʻo mo fo to tʻo no lo ko kʻo ho cho chʻo jo tso tsʻo so o/ê wo
Zhùyīn ㄅㄛ ㄆㄛ ㄇㄛ ㄈㄛ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄊㄨㄛ ㄋㄨㄛ ㄌㄨㄛ ㄍㄜ ㄎㄜ ㄏㄜ ㄓㄨㄛ ㄔㄨㄛ ㄖㄨㄛ ㄗㄨㄛ ㄘㄨㄛ ㄙㄨㄛ ㄜ ㄨㄛ
Pīnyīn bo po mo fo duo tuo nuo luo ge ke he zhuo chuo ruo zuo cuo suo e wo

Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as ㄛ -o after ㄅ b, ㄆ p, ㄇ m and ㄈ f, and as ㄨㄛ -uo after all other initials.

TonesEdit

Tones are indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after the syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīn qiàn (fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalent chTemplate:Wg-aposien4.

Tone Sample text

(s; t; lit)

Hanyu Pinyin Wade–Giles
1. high Template:Lang-zh mā Template:Lang-zh
2. rising Template:Lang-zh; Template:Lang-zh má Template:Lang-zh
3. low (dipping) Template:Lang-zh mǎ Template:Lang-zh
4. falling Template:Lang-zh mà Template:Lang-zh
5. neutralTemplate:Efn Template:Lang-zh; (interrogative) ma Template:Lang-zh

Template:Notelist

PunctuationEdit

Wade–Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or closing (right) single quotation marks as appropriate).

If a syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized, even if it is part of a proper noun. The use of apostrophe-like characters, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Taiwanese people write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See also Chinese names.)

Comparison with other systemsEdit

Template:AnchorPinyinEdit

ChartEdit

Template:Pinyintable Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, the so-called neutral tone is written leaving the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tongyòng Pinyin, a ring is written over the vowel.

AdaptationsEdit

There are several adaptations of Wade–Giles.

MathewsEdit

The Romanization system used in the 1943 edition of Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary differs from Wade–Giles in the following ways:<ref>Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary.</ref>

TableEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

GalleryEdit

Examples of Wade–Giles derived English language terminology:

  • Sign of Buddhist Tzu Chi University at the main entrance.JPG

    Tzu Chi University, Hualien

  • Lienchiang County Health Bureau and Lienchiang County Hospital 20140405.jpg

    Lienchiang County Hospital and Health Bureau

  • Emblem of Pingtung County.svg

    Emblem of Pingtung County

See alsoEdit

Template:Portal

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

BibliographyEdit

  • Wade, Thomas Francis. A progressive course designed to assist the student of Colloquial Chinese (Yü Yen Tzǔ Êrh Chi) in two volumes. Third edition Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1903.
  • Giles, Herbert A. A Chinese–English Dictionary. 2-vol. & 3-vol. versions both. London: Shanghai: Bernard Quaritch; Kelly and Walsh, 1892. Rev. & enlarged 2nd ed. in 3 vols. (Vol. I: front-matter & a-hsü, Vol. II: hsü-shao, and Vol. III: shao-yün), Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited; Bernard Quaritch, 1912. Rpt. of the 2nd ed. but in 2 vols. and bound as 1, New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1964.

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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