World economy

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File:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.svg

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003

Template:World economy The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"World Economy." – Definition. American English Definition of with Pronunciation by Macmillan Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 January 2015.</ref> In some contexts, the two terms are distinct: the "international" or "global economy" is measured separately and distinguished from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange, the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of planet Earth.

It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively to human economic activity, and the world economy is typically judged in monetary terms, even in cases in which there is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research, genuine data or government cooperation makes calculating figures difficult. Typical examples are illegal drugs and other black market goods, which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is, by definition, no legal market of any kind.

However, even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establish monetary value, economists do not typically use the current or official exchange rate to translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy since exchange rates typically do not closely reflect worldwide value – for example, in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government.

Rather, market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea of purchasing power. This is the method used below, which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms of real United States dollars or euros. However, the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways. It is unclear, for example, how many of the world's 7.8 billion people (Template:As of)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations.

Until the middle of the 19th century, global output was dominated by China and India. Waves of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and Northern America shifted the shares to the Western Hemisphere. As of 2025, the following 21 countries or collectives have reached an economy of at least US$2 trillion by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in nominal or Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms: Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, South Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and the African Union.<ref name="IMF Data">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Between 1820 and 2000, global income inequality increased with almost 50%. However, this change occurred mostly before 1950. Afterwards, the level of inequality remained mostly stable. It is important to differentiate between between-country inequality, which was the driving force for this pattern, and within country inequality, which remained largely constant.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Global income inequality peaked approximately in the 1970s, when world income was distributed bimodally into "rich" and "poor" countries with little overlap. Since then, inequality has been rapidly decreasing, and this trend seems to be accelerating. Income distribution is now unimodal, with most people living in middle-income countries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:As of, a study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University found that the richest 1% of adults owned 40% of global assets, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total. The bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth. Oxfam International reported that the richest 1 percent of people owned 48 percent of global wealth Template:As of,<ref>Oxfam: Richest 1 percent sees share of global wealth jump</ref> and would own more than half of global wealth by 2016.<ref name="NYT-20150119-PC">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2014, Oxfam reported that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world had a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom half of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people.<ref>Rigged rules mean economic growth increasingly "winner takes all" for rich elites all over world. Oxfam. 20 January 2014.</ref><ref>Neuman, Scott (20 January 2014). Oxfam: World's Richest 1 Percent Control Half Of Global Wealth. NPR. Retrieved 25 January 2014.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140722">Template:Cite news</ref>

Despite high levels of government investment, the global economy decreased by 3.4% in 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic,<ref name="OECD2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> an improvement from the World Bank's initial prediction of a 5.2 percent decrease.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cities account for 80% of global GDP, thus they faced the brunt of this decline.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The world economy increased again in 2021 with an estimated 5.5 percent rebound.<ref name="WorldBank2022">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Overview

World economy by country groups

Country group	List of country groups by GDP (nominal) in 2025 (or at peaked level)		List of country groups by GDP (PPP) in 2025 (or at peaked level)		Number of countries	Major economies
	Value (in millions of US$)	Share of Global GDP	Value (in millions of US$)	Share of Global GDP
Emerging and developing Asia (Continents: Asia and Oceania)	27,671,608	24.3%	73,068,383	35.3%	30	Template:CHN {{#invoke:flag	India}} Template:IDN Template:THA Template:VNM Template:BAN Template:PHL Template:MYS
Template:Nowrap	51,137,118	44.9%	58,810,255	28.4%	7	Template:USA Template:JPN {{#invoke:flag	Germany}} {{#invoke:flag	France}} Template:GBR {{#invoke:flag	Italy}} Template:CAN
Other advanced economies (advanced economies excluding the G7) (Continents: Europe, Asia, Oceania and North America)	15,731,137	13.8%	22,625,308	10.9%	34	Template:KOR {{#invoke:flag	Spain}} Template:AUS Template:TWN Template:NED Template:SGP {{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}} {{#invoke:flag	Belgium}} {{#invoke:flag	Sweden}} {{#invoke:flag	Ireland}}
Emerging and developing Europe (Continents: Europe and Asia)	5,735,449	5.1%	16,029,959	7.8%	15	{{#invoke:flag	}} {{#invoke:flag	Turkey}} {{#invoke:flag	Poland}} Template:ROM {{#invoke:flag	Ukraine}}
Middle East and Central Asia (Continents: Asia and Africa)	4,935,906	4.3%	14,846,285	7.2%	32	Template:EGY Template:SAU Template:IRN Template:PAK Template:Nowrap Template:KAZ Template:ALG
Latin America and the Caribbean (Continents: South America and North America)	6,683,858 (peaked at 6,760,531 in 2024)	5.9%	14,818,811	7.2%	33	Template:BRA Template:MEX Template:ARG Template:COL
Sub-Saharan Africa (Continent: Africa)	1,900,602 (peaked at 2,037,042 in 2022)	1.7%	6,679,220	3.2%	45	Template:NGR Template:RSA
World	113,795,678	100.0%	206,878,221	100.0%	196

World economy by continent

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GDP sector composition (2019 estimate)<ref name="The World Factbook - GDP (purchasing power parity)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="The World Factbook - GDP - composition, by sector of origin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Continent Agricultural Industrial Service World 7,908.260 38,354.363 81,575.461 Asia 5,105.362 20,858.549 32,939.397 North America 292.467 5,008.594 18,426.200 Europe 838.199 8,175.402 20,598.902 Template:Nowrap 539.510 2,014.140 5,024.223 Africa 1,076.690 1,941.037 3,559.579 Oceania 56.032 356.641 1,027.160

Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth

The 30 largest economies by GDP (nominal), GDP (PPP), the highest peak GDP per capita (nominal) and the highest peak GDP per capita (PPP) as of 2025. Members of the G-20 major economies are in bold.
List of the 30 largest economies by GDP (nominal) at their peak level as of 2025 in million US$<ref name="IMF Data" />	List of the 30 largest economies by GDP (PPP) at their peak level as of 2025 in million Int$<ref name="IMF Data" />	List of the 30 economies by highest GDP (nominal) per capita at their peak level as of 2025 in US$<ref>GDP per capita data for Monaco, Liechtenstein, Bermuda, Qatar, the Cayman Islands, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, the Faroe Islands, Sweden, Brunei, Greenland and Kuwait by World Bank</ref>	List of the 30 economies by highest GDP (PPP) per capita at their peak level as of 2025 in Int$<ref>GDP per capita (PPP) data for Qatar, Macau, Ireland, Norway, Bermuda, the UAE, Kuwait, the Cayman Islands and the Faroe Islands by World Bank</ref>
Rank Country Value Template:Nowrap — World<ref name="IMF World & EU">IMF GDP for the World and the European Union</ref> 113,795,678 2025 1 Template:USA 30,507,217 2025 — Template:Nowrap 19,991,160 2025 2 Template:CHN 19,231,705 2025 3 Template:JPN<ref>World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Japan</ref> 6,272,363 2012 4 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 4,744,804 2025 5 {{#invoke:flag India}} 4,187,017 2025 6 Template:Nowrap 3,839,180 2025 7 {{#invoke:flag France}} 3,211,292 2025 — Template:Flag<ref>IMF GDP (nominal) for Africa (Region)</ref> 3,003,456 2022 8 Template:BRA<ref>World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Brazil</ref> 2,616,156 2011 9 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 2,422,855 2025 10 {{#invoke:flag }} 2,295,527 2022 11 Template:CAN 2,241,253 2024 12 Template:KOR 1,942,314 2021 13 Template:MEX 1,852,723 2024 14 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 1,799,511 2025 15 Template:AUS 1,796,805 2024 16 {{#invoke:flag Turkey}} 1,437,406 2025 17 Template:IDN 1,429,743 2025 18 Template:NED 1,272,011 2025 19 Template:SAU 1,108,571 2022 20 {{#invoke:flag Poland}} 979,960 2025 21 {{#invoke:flag Switzerland}} 947,125 2025 22 Template:TWN 804,889 2025 23 {{#invoke:flag Belgium}} 684,864 2025 24 Template:ARG 683,533 2025 25 Template:IRN<ref>World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Iran</ref> 644,036 2012 26 {{#invoke:flag Sweden}} 637,187 2021 27 {{#invoke:flag Ireland}} 598,840 2025 28 {{#invoke:flag Norway}} 596,298 2022 29 Template:ISR 583,361 2025 30 Template:NGA 576,004 2014	Rank Country Value Template:Nowrap — World<ref name="IMF World & EU" /> 206,878,221 2025 1 Template:CHN 40,716,448 2025 2 Template:USA 30,507,217 2025 — Template:Nowrap 29,176,749 2025 3 {{#invoke:flag India}} 17,647,050 2025 — Template:Flag<ref>IMF GDP (PPP) for Africa (Region)</ref> 10,826,442 2025 4 {{#invoke:flag }} 7,191,718 2025 5 Template:JPN 6,741,192 2025 6 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 6,161,002 2025 7 Template:IDN 5,009,483 2025 8 Template:BRA 4,958,122 2025 9 {{#invoke:flag France}} 4,503,783 2025 10 Template:Nowrap 4,447,841 2025 11 {{#invoke:flag citation CitationClass=web }}</ref>||3,767,230||2023 12 {{#invoke:flag Italy}} 3,719,110 2025 13 Template:MEX 3,395,916 2025 14 Template:KOR 3,365,052 2025 15 {{#invoke:flag Spain}} 2,811,948 2025 16 Template:CAN 2,730,110 2025 17 Template:EGY 2,371,530 2025 18 Template:SAU 2,229,611 2025 19 {{#invoke:flag Poland}} 2,017,513 2025 20 Template:AUS 1,980,022 2025 21 Template:TWN 1,965,839 2025 22 Template:THA 1,851,258 2025 23 Template:VNM 1,786,203 2025 24 Template:BAN 1,783,420 2025 25 Template:IRN 1,746,269 2025 26 Template:PAK 1,671,868 2025 27 Template:NGA 1,584,958 2025 28 {{#invoke:flag Netherlands}} 1,526,239 2025 29 Template:ARG 1,493,423 2025 30 Template:PHL 1,479,381 2025	Rank Country Value Template:Nowrap 1 Template:MON 256,581 2023 2 {{#invoke:flag Liechtenstein}} 196,784 2021 3 {{#invoke:flag Luxembourg}} 140,941 2025 4 Template:BMU 125,842 2023 5 {{#invoke:flag Ireland}} 108,919 2025 6 {{#invoke:flag Norway}} 108,908 2022 7 Template:QAT 108,470 2012 8 {{#invoke:flag Switzerland}} 104,896 2025 9 Template:Nowrap 97,750 2023 10 Template:IMN 94,300 2021 11 Template:SGP 92,932 2025 12 Template:MAC 90,874 2014 13 {{#invoke:flag Iceland}} 90,284 2025 14 Template:USA 89,105 2025 15 {{#invoke:flag San Marino}} 79,110 2008 16 Template:DEN 74,969 2025 17 Template:Nowrap 74,589 2023 18 Template:FRO 71,718 2023 19 Template:NED 70,480 2025 20 Template:AUS 68,481 2012 21 {{#invoke:flag Sweden}} 61,175 2021 22 {{#invoke:flag Austria}} 58,192 2025 23 Template:BRU 58,005 1980 24 {{#invoke:flag Belgium}} 57,772 2025 25 Template:ISR 57,760 2025 26 Template:GRL 57,116 2021 27 Template:CAN 56,358 2022 28 Template:HKG 56,031 2025 29 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 55,911 2025 30 Template:KUW 55,585 2008	Rank Country Value Template:Nowrap 1 Template:QAT 180,939 2012 2 Template:SGP 156,755 2025 3 {{#invoke:flag Luxembourg}} 152,915 2025 4 Template:MAC 149,794 2013 5 {{#invoke:flag Ireland}} 137,346 2022 6 {{#invoke:flag Norway}} 122,619 2022 7 Template:MON<ref>GDP (PPP) per capita for Monaco</ref> 115,700 2015 8 Template:BMU 108,811 2023 9 Template:Nowrap 104,995 2006 10 {{#invoke:flag Switzerland}} 97,581 2025 11 Template:BRU 95,758 2025 12 Template:GUY 94,258 2025 13 Template:KUW 91,435 2007 14 Template:USA 89,105 2025 15 Template:DEN 88,934 2025 16 Template:CAY 86,689 2023 17 Template:IMN<ref>GDP (PPP) per capita for the Isle of Man</ref> 84,600 2014 18 Template:NED 84,566 2025 19 Template:TWN 84,082 2025 20 {{#invoke:flag San Marino}} 83,031 2025 21 {{#invoke:flag Iceland}} 81,215 2025 22 Template:FRO 78,103 2023 23 Template:HKG 77,942 2025 24 {{#invoke:flag Malta}} 76,705 2025 25 {{#invoke:flag Belgium}} 75,846 2025 26 {{#invoke:flag Sweden}} 74,902 2025 27 {{#invoke:flag Austria}} 74,372 2025 28 {{#invoke:flag Germany}} 72,599 2025 29 Template:AUS 72,138 2025 30 {{#invoke:flag Andorra}} 72,059 2025

Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP

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The following is a list of the twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at peak value as of the specific year, according to the International Monetary Fund.<ref name="IMF Data" />
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2030
1	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA
2	Template:JPN	Template:USSR	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	Template:CHN	Template:CHN	Template:CHN	Template:CHN	Template:CHN
3	Template:USSR	Template:JPN	Template:USSR	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	{{#invoke:flag	India}}
4	Template:FRG	Template:FRG	Template:FRG	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:Nowrap	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Template:JPN
5	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:CHN	Template:Nowrap	Template:Nowrap	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
6	Template:Nowrap	Template:Nowrap	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:Nowrap	Template:Nowrap
7	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	Template:BRA	Template:CHN	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	Template:BRA	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}
8	Template:CHN	Template:CAN	Template:CAN	Template:CHN	Template:BRA	Template:CAN	Template:BRA	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	Template:BRA	Template:BRA	Template:CAN
9	Template:CAN	Template:CHN	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:CAN	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}
10	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:CAN	Template:MEX	Template:KOR	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	Template:BRA
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2030
11	Template:ARG	Template:ARG	Template:CHN	Template:KOR	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:MEX	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:CAN	Template:CAN	Template:CAN	{{#invoke:flag	}}
12	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:BRA	Template:IRN	Template:KOR	Template:BRA	Template:CAN	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:KOR	Template:KOR	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}
13	Template:NED	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:AUS	{{#invoke:flag	}}	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:AUS	Template:AUS	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:MEX	Template:AUS
14	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:BRA	Template:NED	Template:MEX	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	Template:KOR	Template:KOR	Template:AUS	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:MEX
15	Template:SAU	Template:AUS	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:NED	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:AUS	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	Template:AUS	Template:KOR
16	Template:AUS	Template:NED	Template:MEX	Template:AUS	Template:NED	Template:NED	Template:NED	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:IDN	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:IDN
17	Template:BRA	Template:SAU	Template:KOR	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:AUS	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:NED	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:IDN	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}
18	{{#invoke:flag	Sweden}}	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:IDN	Template:IDN	Template:NED	Template:NED	Template:NED
19	{{#invoke:flag	Belgium}}	Template:NGR	{{#invoke:flag	Sweden}}	Template:ARG	Template:ARG	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	Template:SAU	Template:SAU	Template:SAU	Template:SAU
20	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	{{#invoke:flag	Sweden}}	Template:ARG	{{#invoke:flag	Belgium}}	Template:TWN	{{#invoke:flag	Sweden}}	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	{{#invoke:flag	Switzerland}}	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}}	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}}

Twenty largest economies in the world by GDP (PPP)

List of twenty largest economies by GDP based on purchasing power parity at peak value as of the specific year according to the International Monetary Fund and the CIA World Factbook.<ref name="IMF Data" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation												CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2030
1	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:CHN	Template:CHN	Template:CHN
2	Template:USSR	Template:USSR	Template:USSR	Template:JPN	Template:CHN	Template:CHN	Template:CHN	Template:CHN	Template:USA	Template:USA	Template:USA
3	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	Template:CHN	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}
4	Template:FRG	Template:FRG	Template:FRG	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	Template:JPN	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}
5	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	Template:JPN	Template:JPN
6	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}	{{#invoke:flag	Germany}}
7	Template:Nowrap	Template:Nowrap	Template:CHN	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:BRA	Template:BRA	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:IDN	Template:IDN
8	Template:BRA	Template:BRA	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:Nowrap	Template:BRA	Template:BRA	Template:BRA
9	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:BRA	{{#invoke:flag	}}	Template:Nowrap	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	France}}	Template:Nowrap
10	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	{{#invoke:flag	India}}	Template:BRA	Template:Nowrap	Template:BRA	Template:BRA	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	Template:IDN	Template:IDN	Template:Nowrap	{{#invoke:flag	France}}
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2030
11	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:CHN	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	Template:IDN	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}
12	Template:SAU	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:IDN	Template:IDN	Template:IDN	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	Template:MEX	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}	{{#invoke:flag	Italy}}
13	Template:CAN	Template:CAN	Template:CAN	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:KOR	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:KOR	Template:MEX	Template:MEX
14	Template:CHN	Template:SAU	Template:IDN	Template:SAU	Template:CAN	Template:KOR	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:KOR	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:KOR	Template:KOR
15	Template:ARG	Template:IDN	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:CAN	Template:KOR	Template:CAN	Template:SAU	Template:SAU	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}
16	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}}	Template:IRN	Template:SAU	Template:KOR	Template:SAU	Template:SAU	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	Spain}}	Template:CAN	Template:CAN	Template:EGY
17	Template:NED	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:IRN	Template:CAN	Template:CAN	Template:SAU	Template:EGY	Template:CAN
18	Template:IRN	Template:ARG	Template:KOR	Template:IRN	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:IRN	Template:EGY	Template:SAU	Template:SAU
19	Template:IDN	Template:NED	Template:NED	{{#invoke:flag	Ukraine}}	Template:NED	Template:AUS	Template:AUS	Template:THA	Template:IRN	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}}	Template:BAN
20	{{#invoke:flag	Turkey}}	Template:AUS	Template:AUS	Template:THA	Template:AUS	Template:THA	Template:THA	Template:AUS	Template:THA	Template:AUS	{{#invoke:flag	Poland}}

Statistical indicators

Finance

File:Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.svg

Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.

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File:Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse.png

Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse

• GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $59.38 trillion (2005 est.), $51.48 trillion (2004), $23 trillion (2002). The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP). According to the World Bank, the 2013 nominal GWP was approximately US$75.59 trillion. In 2017, according to the CIA's World Factbook, the GWP was around US$80.27 trillion in nominal terms and totaled approximately 127.8 trillion international dollars in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita PPP GWP in 2017 was approximately Int$17,500 according to the World Factbook.

• GDP (GWP) (gross world product):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates increased from 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world's advancement in terms of technology.

• GDP<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
  • Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% in 2018 due to the fall in dollar value.
  • Developing Countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". The GDP of the developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
  • Least developed countries. The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
• GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
• World median income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
• Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in several Third World countries (2003):
  • World 2.6% (2017), 2.8% (predicted 2018);<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Developed Economies 1% to 4% typically
  • Developing Countries 5% to 60% typically
  • Least developed countries 11.4% (2017), 8.3% (predicted 2018)<ref name="auto"/>
• Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([1])
• Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([2])
• Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
• Global equity issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

Employment

File:World GDP Per Capita 1500 to 2000, Log Scale.png

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2000 (log scale)

File:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.svg

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003

File:Gdp accumulated change.png

GDP increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries

• Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.

Industries

• Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

Energy

File:Global primary energy consumption, OWID.svg

Global primary energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year

• Yearly electricity – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)

• Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
• Oil – production: Template:Convert (2003 est.), Template:Convert (2001)
• Oil – consumption: Template:Convert (2003 est.), Template:Convert (2001)
• Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (Template:Cvt (2001 est.)
• Natural gas – production: Template:Cvt (2012 est.),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Cvt (2001 est.)

• Natural gas – consumption: Template:Cvt (2001 est.)
• Natural gas – proved reserves: Template:Cvt (1 January 2002)

Cross-border

• Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
• Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
• Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
• Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
• Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
• Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
• Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)

Gift economy

• Annual international aid: Official Development Assistance (ODA) of $204 billion (2022)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Communications

Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)

• Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)<ref name="reuters50">global cellphone penetration reaches 50 percent Template:Webarchive</ref>
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)
• Internet users: 3,079,339,857 (31 December 2014 [3]), 360,985,492 (31 December 2000<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>)

Transport

Template:See also Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:

• Airports
  • Total: 41,821 (2013)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Roadways
  • Total: Template:Cvt
  • Paved: Template:Cvt
  • Unpaved: Template:Cvt (2002)
• Railways
  • Total: Template:Cvt includes about Template:Cvt of electrified routes of which Template:Cvt are in Europe, Template:Cvt in the Far East, Template:Cvt in Africa, Template:Cvt in South America, and Template:Cvt in North America.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=

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Military

File:Military Expenditures by Country 2019.svg

A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI.

• World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Military expenditures – percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).

Science, research and development

File:Scientific and technical journal publications per million residents, OWID.svg

Number of scientific or technical journal article publications per million residents as of 2013.

The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in terms of number of papers the share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada.<ref name="guardian">China poised to overhaul US as biggest publisher of scientific papers Template:Webarchive, Alok Jha, Monday 28 March 2011, The Guardian</ref> In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Metrics and rankings of innovation include the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the Global Innovation Index and the share of Nobel laureates per capita.

Resources and environment

File:8000 BCE+ Loss of forest and grassland to grazing and crops.svg

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• Forests (carbon sinks, wood, ecosystem services, ...)
  • Estimated number of trees that are net lost annually as of 2021: 10 billion<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• • Global annual deforested land in 2015–2020: 10 million hectares
  • Global annual net forest area loss in 2000–2010 : 4.7 million hectares<ref>Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Other land degradation and land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
  • Soils (carbon sink, ecosystem services, food production, ...)
    • Soil erosion by water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
    • Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data)<ref>Template:Cite journal File:CC-BY icon.svg Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Template:Webarchive.</ref>
    • Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
    • Environmental impact of pesticides
      • Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Oceans (ecosystem services, food production, ...): Blue economy
• Waste and pollution (effects of economic mechanisms, effects on ecosystem services)
  • As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Air pollution
    • Number of human deaths caused annually by air pollution worldwide: ca. 7 million<ref name="WHO2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

• • • Estimated global annual cost of air pollution: $5 trillion<ref name="documents.worldbank.org">Study by the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington: Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="commondreams.org">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Fortune2018">Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • Microplastic pollution
    • Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons<ref name="microplastic">Template:Cite journal</ref>
    • Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter<ref name="microplastic"/>

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From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the natural system of Earth. Novel application of cybernetics in decision-making (such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Historical development

File:2010.09.27-LSE-Research-Danny.Quah-Map.png

Shift of the world's economic center of gravity since 1980 and projected until 2050<ref name="Quah 2011 pp. 3–9">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Estimations of world population and GDP from a 2020 research paper<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation				CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Year	Population (million)	GDP per capita ($1990 in PPP)	GDP in billion ($1990 in PPP)
1000000 BCE	0.125	400	0.05
300000 BCE	1	400	0.40
25000 BCE	3.34	400	1.34
10000 BCE	4	400	1.60
5000 BCE	5	404	2.02
4000 BCE	7	409	2.87
3000 BCE	14	421	5.90
2000 BCE	27	433	11.7
1000 BCE	50	444	22.2
500 BCE	100	457	45.7
200 BCE	150	465	69.7
1	168	467	78.4
200	190	463	88.0
400	190	463	88.0
500	190	463	88.0
600	200	462	92.3
700	210	460	96.6
800	220	459	101
900	240	456	109
1000	265	453	120
1100	320	512	164
1200	360	551	198
1300	360	551	198
1400	350	541	190
1500	438	625	274
1600	556	629	350
1700	603	658	397
1820	1,042	712	741
1870	1,276	884	1,128
1900	1,563
1913	1,793	1,543	2,767
1920	1,863
1940	2,299	2,181	5,013
1950	2,528	2,104	5,318
1960	3,042	2,764	12,170
1970	3,691	3,725	13,751
1980	4,440	4,511	20,026
1990	5,269	5,149	27,133
2000	6,077	6,057	36,806
2010	6,873	7,814	53,704
2019	7,620	9,663	73,640

Per the MSCI All Country World Index, the breakdown of market sector is as follows:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sector	2012	2022
Energy	10.7	4.4
Materials	8.2	5.5
Industrials	11.5	10.6
Consumer Discretionary	11.2	11.7
Consumer Staples	9.4	6.6
Healthcare	8.8	11.6
Financials	19.5	14.4
Information Technology	13.1	21.2
Communication Service	4.0	7.5
Utilities	3.6	2.9
Real Estate		3.6

One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are the OECD Better Life Index rankings for different aggregative domains.

The index includes 11 comparable "dimensions" of well-being:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

1. Housing: housing conditions and spendings (e.g. real estate pricing)
2. Income: household income (after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
3. Jobs: earnings, job security and unemployment
4. Community: quality of social support network
5. Education: education and what one gets out of it
6. Environment: quality of environment (e.g. environmental health)
7. Governance: involvement in democracy
8. Health
9. Life Satisfaction: level of happiness
10. Safety: murder and assault rates
11. Work-life balance

Economic studies

To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the USCS (US DoC) and FAS (USDA) in the United States, the EDC and AAFC in Canada, Ubifrance in France, the UKTI in the United Kingdom, the HKTDC and JETRO in Asia, Austrade and the NZTE in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.

See also

• Anarchy (international relations)
• Capitalism
• Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (book)
• Economic bubble
• Economic collapse
• Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Global financial system
• Global workforce
• Globality
• Globalization
• International trade
• Trade route
• Overconsumption
• Petrodollar recycling
• World Trade Report
• World history
  • Economic history of the world
• World-systems theory

Template:Colend Regional economies: Template:Colbegin

• Economy of Africa
• Economy of Asia
• Economy of Europe
• Economy of North America
• Economy of Oceania
• Economy of South America

Template:Colend Events: Template:Colbegin

• Great Recession
• World oil market chronology from 2003
• 2008 financial crisis
• 2007–2008 world food price crisis
• Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Template:Colend Lists: Template:Colbegin

• List of countries by GDP sector composition
• List of world's largest economies (nominal) – based on current currency market exchange rates
• List of world's largest economies (PPP) – based on purchasing power parity
• Historical list of world's largest economies (PPP) – for the years between 1 and 1998

External links

• OECD – Economic Outlook
• US Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Major Economic Indicators
• IMF – World Economic Outlook
• UN DESA – World Economy publications
• CIA – The World Factbook – World
• Career Education for a Global Economy
• BBC News Special Report – Global Economy
• Guardian Special Report – Global Economy
• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics for World