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Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress, film producer, model, and philanthropist. Commonly referred to as "the Voice",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> she is one of the most awarded performers of all time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a cultural icon,<ref name=":20" /> her chart achievements and music videos influenced the breaking down of gender and racial barriers.<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Known for her vocal delivery and live performances, Houston was ranked second on Rolling StoneTemplate:'s list of the greatest singers of all time in 2023.
Houston signed to Arista Records at the age of 19. Her first two studio albums, Whitney Houston (1985) and Whitney (1987), topped the Billboard 200 for 14 and 11 weeks, respectively. The former remains the best selling debut album by a solo artist in history, while the latter made her the first woman to debut atop the US and UK charts. Houston took a more urban turn with her third album, I'm Your Baby Tonight (1990), and performed an acclaimed rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV in 1991. The soundtrack of her film debut The Bodyguard (1992) won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, topped the Billboard 200 for 20 weeks, and remains the best-selling soundtrack album of all time. Its lead single, "I Will Always Love You", won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in history. Houston continued her work in the film industry, including starring roles in Waiting to Exhale (1995), The Preacher's Wife (1996) and Cinderella (1997) and producing series such as The Princess Diaries and The Cheetah Girls. Soundtrack of The Preacher's Wife became the best-selling gospel album of all time.
Houston's first studio album in eight years, My Love Is Your Love (1998), found critical and commercial success, and she renewed her contract with Arista Records for $100 million in 2001, one of the largest recording deals of all time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, her drug use and a tumultuous marriage to singer Bobby Brown tarnished her "America's Sweetheart" image, overshadowing her next album, Just Whitney (2002). After divorcing Brown, Houston returned to the top of the Billboard 200 with her final album, I Look to You (2009). On February 11, 2012, Houston accidentally drowned in a bathtub at the Beverly Hilton hotel in Beverly Hills, California, with heart disease and cocaine use as contributing factors. News of her death coincided with the 2012 Grammy Awards and was covered internationally along with her memorial service.
Houston is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with sales of more than 220 million records worldwide.<ref name="Vogue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="MClaire">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her first two albums, along with The Bodyguard soundtrack, rank among the best-selling albums of all time and made her the only black artist to score three RIAA diamond-certified albums. "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" and "I Will Always Love You" are among the best-selling singles ever, with the latter being certified diamond by RIAA. Houston scored 11 Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and remains the only artist to have seven consecutive singles top the chart. She has been inducted into multiple halls and walks of fame. Guinness World Records named Houston the highest-earning posthumous female celebrity.<ref name="whitneyguinness">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her assets amounted to $250 million, earned over a 25-year career.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early life and familyEdit
Whitney Elizabeth Houston was born on August 9, 1963, at Presbyterian Hospital in Newark, New Jersey, to Emily "Cissy" (née Drinkard) and John Russell Houston Jr.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Cissy was a Grammy-winning gospel and soul singer who was a member of The Drinkard Singers and the founder of The Sweet Inspirations before becoming a solo artist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Smith1996a">Template:Cite book</ref> John was a former Army serviceman who later became an administrator under Newark mayor Kenneth A. Gibson. According to her mother, Houston was named after actress Whitney Blake.<ref name="WHToronto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston was given the nickname "Nippy" by her father.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Houston's parents were both African-American. Cissy Houston stated that she had partial Dutch and Native American ancestry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Houston was a cousin of singers Dionne and Dee Dee Warwick as well as a cousin of opera singer Leontyne Price. Aretha Franklin became an "honorary aunt" while Darlene Love was Houston's godmother.<ref name="godmother">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="honoraryaunt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref name="Company1985s">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston's paternal great-great-grandfather Jeremiah Burke Sanderson was an American abolitionist and advocate for the civil and educational rights of black Americans during the mid-19th century.<ref name="Jeremiah1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Jeremiah2">Template:Cite journal</ref> Houston had three older brothers: paternal half-brother John III;<ref name="johnhoustonobit">Template:Cite news</ref> maternal half-brother Gary, a basketball player and singer;<ref>"Top 10 Things You May Not Know About Whitney Houston" Template:Webarchive. ABC. February 16, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.</ref> and full brother Michael.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At three, Houston witnessed the Newark race riots of 1967.<ref name="CissyBook"/><ref name="Addicted"/> Following Cissy signing a solo recording contract in 1970, the Houston family relocated to a suburban area of East Orange, New Jersey called Doddtown.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Prior to moving to East Orange, the Houstons had raised their children at Newark's Wainwright Street. Houston's parents married in the spring of 1964, just months before Houston's first birthday.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Initially a happy union, the marriage dissolved by Houston's teen years after Houston's father suffered a near-fatal heart attack. By 17, Houston's parents separated; divorcing over a decade later.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Houston was raised in the Baptist faith. She joined the church choir at New Hope Baptist Church in Newark at the age of five, and she also learned to play piano at New Hope.<ref name="CissyBook">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Addicted">Template:Cite magazine</ref> She later recalled being exposed to the Pentecostal church nearby as well. Houston made her solo performance debut at New Hope singing the hymn "Guide Me O Thou Great Jehovah" at the age of 12.<ref name="Bowman">Template:Cite book</ref> Around this same period, she told her mother that she wanted to pursue a career in music.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Houston would be trained on how to sing by Cissy throughout her teen years.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston’s biggest musical influence was her mother. She was also heavily influenced by her successful cousins Dionne and Dee Dee. Other musical influences included Aretha Franklin, Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, and Roberta Flack.<ref name=RS93>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Houston attended Franklin Elementary School (now the Whitney E. Houston Academy of Creative and Performing Arts) from first grade to sixth grade before transferring to Mount Saint Dominic Academy, a Catholic girls' high school in Caldwell, New Jersey, at 13.<ref name="Bowman" /> She graduated from Mount Saint Dominic in 1981.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CareerEdit
1977–1984: Career beginningsEdit
Houston's professional career began when she joined her mother's band as a background singer at fourteen while Cissy performed at Manhattan cabaret clubs. Houston gave her first solo during Cissy's performance at Manhattan's Town Hall in February 1978, performing "Tomorrow" from the Broadway musical, Annie, where she received her first standing ovation.<ref name="TownHall1978">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="TownHall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston began a career as a session vocalist backing up artists like her mother, Michael Zager, Chaka Khan and Lou Rawls.<ref name="Bronson2003ad" /><ref name="Comp">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston was the featured vocalist in Zager's disco song "Life's a Party" (1978).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Houston became a fashion model in 1980 after being spotted at Carnegie Hall and signed first with Click Models before moving onto the Wilhelmina Models agency, where she landed the cover of Seventeen.<ref name=huffpost>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston's girl next door charm helped her to land in fashion spreads for Glamour, Cosmopolitan and Young Miss.<ref name="Comp" /> Houston continued her music career during this period, recording demos of gospel recordings.<ref name="WhitneyGospel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston's vocal talent made her sought after for recording deals, but were turned down by her mother, who insisted that Houston finish high school.<ref name="Bronson2003ad">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="1990Company">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Signing with Tara Productions in September 1981, Houston hired Gene Harvey as her manager, with Daniel Gittleman and Seymour Flics also playing part in managing her.<ref name="WhitneysManager1">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Whitney1986">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="WhitneysManager2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During 1982, Houston auditioned for both Elektra Records and CBS Records.<ref name="whbm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston's feature on the song "Memories" from Material's album One Down, led to critical raves, with then-Village Voice critic Robert Christgau calling it "one of the most gorgeous ballads you've ever heard".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Producer Paul Jabara later featured her on the ballad, "Eternal Love", issued off his album, Paul Jabara & Friends.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
After seeing Houston perform at the Seventh Avenue South nightclub in Manhattan, Gerry Griffith--then the A&R representative for Arista Records--convinced label head Clive Davis to see her perform at the Sweetwaters nightclub the following evening. Upon viewing the performance, an impressed Davis offered Houston a recording contract. Houston signed the contract on April 10, 1983.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="WhitneyClive">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Houston was introduced to a national audience in June 1983, performing the song "Home" from the Broadway musical The Wiz on The Merv Griffin Show.<ref name="Company1985">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="WhitneyClive"/><ref name="Merv Griffin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During this period, Houston almost landed a role on The Cosby Show before pulling out on the show due to her emerging career.<ref name="Cosby">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston landed a cameo role on Gimme a Break!, was featured in a Canada Dry commercial and also sang commercial jingles, including one for the restaurant brand, Steak & Ale.<ref name="WhitneyJingles">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Houston did not begin work on an album immediately.<ref name="Finkelman2009">Template:Cite book</ref> The label wanted to make sure no other company signed her away and Davis wanted to ensure he had the right material and producers for her debut album. Some producers passed on the project because of prior commitments.<ref name="WhitneysManager2"/> After seeing her perform in New York, Michael Masser paired Houston with Teddy Pendergrass, on the duet, "Hold Me", which appeared on his album, Love Language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Released in May 1984, the song gave Houston her first taste of success, becoming a top-ten hit on the US R&B and adult contemporary charts.<ref name="Inc.2002kui">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston also received notice in 1984 after being paired up with Jermaine Jackson, with whom the duet, "Take Good Care of My Heart", was featured on Jackson's Dynamite album, while also appearing with Jackson performing the song and another duet, "Nobody Loves Me Like You Do", on an episode of As the World Turns. All three songs eventually appeared on her debut album.
1985–1986: Whitney Houston and rise to international prominenceEdit
Whitney Houston was released on Valentine's Day, February 14, 1985.<ref name="theguardian.com">Template:Cite news</ref> The album received mixed to positive reviews in its initial run, with most of the positive remarks aimed at Houston's vocal ability. Rolling Stone called Houston "one of the most exciting new voices in years" while The New York Times called the album "an impressive, musically conservative showcase for an exceptional vocal talent".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Debuting at number 166 on the Billboard 200 on March 30, 1985, the album reached the top ten 23 weeks later.<ref name="BB081985">Template:Cite magazine</ref> It reached number one in March 1986, starting a 14-week run, which is the longest run for a female debut album in history.<ref name="Inc.1986">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Whitney Houston launched four top ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100, with the first, "You Give Good Love" reaching number three on July 27, 1985.<ref name="houstonhits">Template:Cite news</ref> The song attracted some notoriety after advice columnist Ann Landers included it in her list of rock songs deemed "trashy music" on her Ask Ann Landers column; Houston quickly addressed Landers's comments in an interview with The Chicago Tribune.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="850929chicagotribune">Template:Cite news</ref> The song was followed by Houston's rendition of "Saving All My Love for You", which became her first number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 26, two days before Houston opened at Carnegie Hall.<ref name="whitneyosborne">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CarnegieHall">Template:Cite news</ref> The album's follow-up singles, "How Will I Know" and "Greatest Love of All", also topped the charts, with the former peaking on February 15, 1986 for two weeks and the latter peaking on May 17, 1986 for three weeks. In accomplishing this, Houston became the first female artist to land three number one singles off the same album on the Billboard Hot 100, also becoming the first female solo artist to produce three consecutive number one singles. In addition, the ballad "All at Once" became an international hit in Europe and Japan.<ref name="Inc.1985">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Whitney Houston did not just perform well on the domestic charts; it became a global success as well. The album reached the top ten in 19 other countries, including the UK, and topping in six other countries, including Canada and Australia. The album has since been certified Diamond in the United States for sales of 14 million copies,<ref name="whitneycert">Template:Cite certification</ref> with over 25 million units sold worldwide, becoming the best-selling solo debut album in music history and the best-selling debut album by a female artist.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The album is also listed in the Guinness World Records as the best-selling R&B studio album by a female artist in history.<ref name="ww">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ww2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="guinness5">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="popqueen"/>
In a May 25, 1986 article on The New York Times, journalist Stephen Holden declared Houston "the new queen of pop".<ref name="popqueen">Template:Cite news</ref> The album's success was attributed to performances on late-night talk shows, a format not often accessible to emerging black talent at the time and exposure on music video stations, including MTV, which at the time was receiving harsh criticism for not playing enough videos from artists of color while favoring predominantly white acts.<ref name="Inc.1986"/><ref name="Whitney Houston">Template:Cite episode</ref> Houston stated the channel rejected the clip to "You Give Good Love" for "being a very R&B kind of song", only for them to play the clip for "Saving All My Love for You" due to the song "hit(ting) so hard and explod(ing) so heavy" that they "had no choice but to play it".<ref name="whitneyMTV">Template:Cite videoTemplate:Cbignore</ref> In December, the video to "How Will I Know" was submitted and accepted by MTV brass and sent the video to heavy rotation almost immediately after it debuted that month and later led to Houston's music regularly being played on the channel, the first occurrence for a black female artist.<ref name="MTVBarriers">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=salon>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The success of the "How Will I Know" video resulted in Houston winning the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video in September. In July 1986, her first major world tour, The Greatest Love World Tour, was launched and Houston performed at four continents for 53 shows until that December.
Houston was ranked the top new pop artist of 1985 by Billboard; the following year, her debut was the best-selling album of the year.<ref name="Inc.1986"/> Houston was denied a nomination for the Best New Artist Grammy due to her recordings in the previous year, prompting an angry letter from Clive Davis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The album was nominated for five Grammys, including Album of the Year.<ref name="Company1986b">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Company1986c">Template:Cite magazine</ref> She won her first Grammy for "Saving All My Love for You" in the Best Female Pop Vocal Performance category. Later, a performance of the song at the ceremony won Houston an Emmy for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.<ref name="Company1986d">Template:Cite magazine</ref> She won her first seven American Music Awards from the album, out of 13 nominations.<ref name="Company1986e">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Company1987a">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston's debut album is listed as one of Rolling StoneTemplate:'s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.<ref name="Rolling Stone Magazine">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="The Definitive 200">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston's grand entrance into the music industry was considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today in 2007.<ref name="Gundersen">Template:Cite news</ref>
1987–1989: WhitneyEdit
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In June 1987, Houston's second album, Whitney, was released. Mostly produced by Narada Michael Walden, critics complained that the material was too similar to her previous album. Rolling Stone said, "the narrow channel through which this talent has been directed is frustrating".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Regardless of mixed reviews, the album enjoyed commercial success. On June 27, Houston became the first woman in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 with the album.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston was also the first artist ever to enter number one in the US and UK simultaneously, while also reaching number one in every country it charted.<ref name="Company1988a"/><ref name="Inc.2000"/> The album stayed at number one on the Billboard 200 for its first eleven weeks and is one of five albums to spend their first ten weeks or more at number one on the chart.<ref name="TaylorWhitney">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The album's first single, "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", was a massive hit worldwide, peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and topping the charts in 17 countries, including Australia, West Germany and the UK.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three more singles from the album — "Didn't We Almost Have It All", "So Emotional" and "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" — reached number one on the Hot 100 within a six-month stretch. Following the latter's peak on April 23, 1988, Houston became the first artist to produce seven consecutive number one hits on the Hot 100, breaking a record of six, held by The Beatles and the Bee Gees.<ref name="Company1988a">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston remains the only artist to ever accomplish this feat as of 2025.<ref name="Inc.2000">Template:Cite book</ref> Houston also broke an all-time record for most number ones recorded by a solo female artist at the time and broke her own record by producing four number one singles off the same album. When the fifth single, "Love Will Save the Day", peaked at number nine on the chart, Houston joined a small list of artists to have more than five top ten singles off an album.<ref name="MostTopTens">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Whitney has sold more than 25 million copies worldwide,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with ten million sold in the United States alone, where it has been certified Diamond.<ref name="whitneycert"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Whitney earned Houston a second Grammy nomination for Album of the Year, while "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" won her a second Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.<ref name="Company1988c">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Company1988d">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston went on to win four American Music Awards, six Billboard awards and her first Soul Train Music Award for the album.<ref name="Company1988e">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Company1989a">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="soultrain1">Template:Cite news</ref>
Houston launched her second world tour, the Moment of Truth World Tour, in July 1987. The North American leg of the tour grossed more than $20 million, becoming of the top ten tours in the continent, as well as the top female tour.<ref>MacDonald, Patrick. "U2, Bon Jovi were top concert acts of 1987". The Seattle Times. January 15, 1988. Page 5. Retrieved May 16, 2008.</ref><ref name="1987Tours">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An expansive tour, the singer toured 155 dates in four continents, including nine sold-out dates at London's Wembley Arena. During that period, Houston recorded one of the main theme songs for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, "One Moment in Time", which later became a top five US hit and hit number one in the UK, Germany and Europe and won Houston a Sports Emmy Award.<ref name="Company1988h">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="omit1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Houston participated in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute at London's Wembley Stadium in support of the then-imprisoned civil rights activist and the anti-apartheid movement. Houston had refused work in South Africa due to the country's then strict apartheid laws.<ref name="Company1988t">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The concert aired on June 11 of the year, was watched by half a billion viewers and raised $1 million in charities, raising awareness to apartheid.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> That August, Houston held a benefit concert at Madison Square Garden to raise money to fund HBCUs, raising a quarter of a million dollars.<ref name="Company1988g">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston's philanthropy continued in 1989 when she founded the Whitney Houston Foundation for Children, a nonprofit organization that has raised funds for the needs of children around the world. The organization cares for homelessness, children with cancer or AIDS and other issues of self-empowerment.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Houston's unprecedented success during this era caused Forbes magazine to take notice. In 1987, she ranked 8th place among the highest-paid entertainers in show business, earning $43 million, only trailing Bill Cosby and Eddie Murphy.<ref name="Company1987g">Template:Cite magazine</ref> She ranked 17th place in 1988.<ref>"Forbes Names Jackson as the Best-Paid Star 5 Women, 3 Boxers on List of 40 Celebrities". Los Angeles Times. September 19, 1988. Page 2.</ref><ref name="Company1988i">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
1990–1991: I'm Your Baby Tonight and "The Star-Spangled Banner"Edit
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With the success of her first two albums, Houston became an international crossover superstar, appealing to all demographics. However, some black critics believed she was "selling out".<ref name=Soul>Template:Cite episode</ref> They felt her singing on record lacked the soul that was present during her live concerts.<ref name="Cain-1990">Template:Cite magazine</ref> At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, when Houston's name was called out for a nomination, a few in the audience jeered.<ref name="Company1991a">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Norment-1991"/> Houston defended herself against the criticism, stating, "If you're gonna have a long career, there's a certain way to do it and I did it that way. I'm not ashamed of it."<ref name="Cain-1990" />
Houston took a more urban direction with her third studio album, I'm Your Baby Tonight, released in November 1990. The first album in which she served as executive producer and exerted creative control for the first time in her career, Houston recruited the production team of Antonio "L.A." Reid and Babyface, as well as Luther Vandross and Stevie Wonder for the album, while retaining previous producer Walden. Reviews were mixed to positive. Rolling Stone felt it was her "best and most integrated album",<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> while Entertainment Weekly, at the time thought Houston's shift towards an urban direction was "superficial".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Commercially, the album was a success, peaking at number three on the Billboard 200, staying inside the top ten for 22 weeks, becoming the tenth best-selling album of 1991, while topping the Top R&B Albums chart, staying there for eight weeks. As a result, Houston earned four Billboard Music Awards, including the top-selling R&B album of 1991.<ref name="whitneybillboard">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston returned to the top of the Hot 100 with the title track and "All the Man That I Need", helping Houston to set another chart record by being the first female soloist to have multiple number one pop songs on three albums at least.<ref name="multipleones">Template:Cite magazine</ref>Template:Efn The title track, in particular, gave Babyface and Reid their first number one pop single, while "All the Man That I Need" became Houston's third single to top the pop, R&B and AC charts. The ballad "Miracle" and the more hip-hop driven "My Name Is Not Susan" followed those singles inside the top 20, with "Miracle" reaching the top ten. The remix of "My Name Is Not Susan" included rapper Monie Love.<ref name="monielove">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
I'm Your Baby Tonight would go on to sell ten million units worldwide, including going platinum four times in the US.<ref name="whitneycert"/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In addition to winning the four Billboard Music Awards, Houston was nominated for several Grammys and American Music Awards for the album. A bonus track from the album's Japanese edition, "Higher Love", was remixed by Norwegian DJ and record producer Kygo and released posthumously in 2019 to commercial success. It topped the US Dance Club Songs chart and reached number two in the UK, becoming Houston's highest-charting single in the country since 1999.<ref name="copsey">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During the Persian Gulf War, on January 27, 1991, Houston performed "The Star-Spangled Banner", the US national anthem, at Super Bowl XXV at Tampa Stadium.<ref name="nytimes">Template:Cite news</ref> Houston's vocals were pre-recorded, prompting criticism.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ABC Hudson">Template:Cite news</ref> Dan Klores, a spokesman for Houston, said: "This is not a Milli Vanilli thing. She sang live, but the microphone was turned off. It was a technical decision, partially based on the noise factor. This is standard procedure at these events."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nevertheless, a commercial single and video of the performance reached the Top 20 on the US Hot 100, giving Houston the biggest chart hit for a performance of the national anthem.Template:Efn<ref name="Company1991r">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Otfinoski2010">Template:Cite book</ref>
Houston donated her share of the proceeds to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund and was named to the Red Cross Board of Governors.<ref name="nytimes" /><ref name="Company199u1">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Blair, Tom. "The village verbiage collector". The San Diego Union. May 23, 1991. Page B1.</ref> Her rendition was critically acclaimed and is considered the benchmark for singers;<ref name="ABC Hudson" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> VH1 listed the performance as one of the greatest moments that rocked TV.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the single was rereleased, with all profits going towards the firefighters and victims of the attacks. It reached number 6 in the Hot 100 and was certified platinum.<ref name="thestarspangledbannnerriaa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The song's re-charting made Houston the first woman to chart the same song inside the top 20 of the Hot 100.<ref name="top20repeat">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Later in 1991, Houston put together her Welcome Home Heroes concert with HBO for the soldiers fighting in the Persian Gulf War and their families. The free concert took place at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free for everyone to watch.<ref>Smith, Patricia. "Mom, apple pie and Whitney Houston in concert for troops" Template:Webarchive. The Boston Globe April 1, 1991.</ref> The show gave HBO its highest ratings ever at the time.<ref>Hodges, Anne. "Hope opens his home to U.S. troops". Houston Chronicle April 6, 1991.</ref>
Houston then embarked on her third world tour, the I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour, in which Houston performed 100 shows, including a ten-date sold-out residency at Wembley Arena in London. The concert tour produced mixed to positive reviews. While The Sun Sentinel argued that Houston should've opted for smaller venues and theaters that were "far more suitable to her sophistication and talent",<ref>Wilker, Deborah. "Whitney Houston: Bigger – but better?" Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel. June 13, 1991. Page 3E.</ref> USA Today praised Houston for "shak[ing] the confinements of her recordings' calculated productions and gets downright gutsy and soulful".<ref>Jones, James T. "Whitney is so emotional, soulful in concert". USA Today. April 19, 1991. Page 01D.</ref>
1992–1994: The BodyguardEdit
With the success of her music, Houston received offers of film work, including work with Robert De Niro, Quincy Jones and Spike Lee, but she did not feel the time was right.<ref name="Norment-1991">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Her first film role was in The Bodyguard, released in 1992. Houston played a star who is being stalked by a crazed fan and hires a bodyguard (played by Kevin Costner) to protect her. Houston's mainstream appeal allowed audiences to look past the interracial nature of her character's relationship with Costner's character.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> However, controversy arose as some felt Houston's face had been intentionally left out of the advertising to hide the film's interracial relationship. In a 1993 interview with Rolling Stone, Houston said that "people know who Whitney Houston is – I'm black. You can't hide that fact."<ref name="RS93" />
The film received mixed reviews. While Houston was accused of merely “playing herself” but came out “largely unscathed”,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and “lacked chemistry” with her co-star,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> another review wrote that she “photographs wonderfully, and has a warm smile, and yet is able to suggest selfish and egotistical dimensions in the character.”<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston was nominated for Outstanding Actress at the NAACP Image Awards, the MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance and the People's Choice Award nod for Favorite Actress in a Dramatic Motion Picture.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Upon its release, The Bodyguard grossed more than $121 million in the U.S. and $410 million worldwide, making it one of the top 100 highest-grossing films in history at its time of release.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It remains in the top 50 of most successful R-rated films in box-office history.<ref name="BodyguardRatedR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The film's soundtrack also enjoyed success. As executive producer of the soundtrack, Houston recorded six tracks, two of which she produced.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rolling Stone described it as "nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane".<ref name="CD">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The soundtrack opened at number two on the Billboard 200 and took the number-one spot the following week, accumulating 20 weeks atop the chart, the first album by a woman to do so. One of the fastest-selling albums ever,<ref name="Inc.2000b">Template:Cite book</ref> it became the first album in music history to sell more than a million copies in a single week under the Nielsen Soundscan tracking system.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"Whitney Houston gets a boost from Bodyguard". The Globe and Mail. January 1, 1993. Page C6.</ref> The Bodyguard became the first album in history by a female artist to be certified diamond by the RIAA after it passed the ten-million mark in early November 1993.<ref name="whitneycert"/> It has since gone on to sell more than 18 million copies alone in the US, with total sales reaching 45 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female artist and the best-selling soundtrack album in history,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> earning Houston several Guinness World Records.<ref>The Bodyguard Soundtrack worldwide sales:
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At the 1994 Grammy Awards, Houston won the Grammy for Album of the Year for the soundtrack and was the first black woman to win as producer as well as artist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition to the Grammy, Houston also won a record-setting eight American Music Awards, eleven Billboard Music Awards, five NAACP Image Awards and earned the Soul Train Music Award for the Sammy Davis Jr. Entertainer of the Year honor.<ref name="Company1994yu">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="1994naacplatimes">Template:Cite news</ref> Houston also earned international honors for the soundtrack, including a Juno Award, five World Music Awards, six Japan Gold Disc Awards and a Brit Award.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The soundtrack's lead single was "I Will Always Love You", written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton. Houston's version was highly acclaimed by critics, regarding it as her "signature song" or "iconic performance". Rolling Stone and USA Today called her rendition a tour-de-force.<ref name="rollingstonetop100singers">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The song went on to become the longest-running number one single in Billboard Hot 100 history at the time for a record setting 14 weeks. The song also became Houston's fourth record-setting "triple-crown" number one Billboard hit after it topped the R&B and AC charts.<ref name="whitneytriple">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn It has gone on to sell more than ten million units in the United States and was certified diamond in January 2021, making Houston just one of four female artists to earn a diamond-certified single and album.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It remains the best-selling US single by a female artist.<ref name="Inc.1998l">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="iwalysoundscan">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="guinnesssingle">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The song topped the charts in 34 countries and went on to sell 24 million units worldwide, becoming the best-selling single ever by a female solo artist.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston earned the Grammys for Record of the Year and Best Pop Female Vocal Performance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The soundtrack's follow-up singles, "I'm Every Woman" and "I Have Nothing", both reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100. Houston set a new Billboard Hot 100 chart record on March 13, 1993 when the two singles joined "I Will Always Love You" in simultaneously charting inside the top 20 in the same week, the first for an artist in the Nielsen SoundScan era.<ref name="charts93">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Inc.2001v">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Inc.1993o">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The fourth single, "Run to You", achieved modest success in the US and UK, while "Queen of the Night" reached the top 40 in several global charts and a remixed version topped the US dance chart. The success of The Bodyguard led to Houston becoming a cover story for Rolling Stone in its June 10, 1993 issue.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Houston then embarked on her most expansive global tour to date: The Bodyguard World Tour. She toured for nearly two years to mostly sold-out audiences across five continents. Houston eventually ranked as the third highest-earning female entertainer of 1993-94, according to Forbes, named as one of the 100 most powerful people in Hollywood by Premiere and placed in the top five of Entertainment WeeklyTemplate:'s annual "Entertainer of the Year" ranking.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In October 1994, Houston attended and performed at a state dinner in the White House honoring newly elected South African president Nelson Mandela.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the end of her world tour, Houston performed three concerts in South Africa to honor President Mandela, playing to more than 200,000 people; this made her the first major musician to visit the newly unified and apartheid free nation following Mandela's winning election.<ref name=southafrica>Template:Cite news</ref> Portions of Whitney: The Concert for a New South Africa were broadcast live on HBO with funds of the concerts being donated to various charities in South Africa. The event was considered the nation's "biggest media event since the inauguration of Nelson Mandela".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In May 1995, Houston hosted the 8th Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.<ref name="KCA 2007 Fun Facts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A month later, in June 1995, Houston's Whitney Houston Foundation for Children was awarded a VH1 Honor for all of their charitable work.<ref name="In1995">Template:Cite book</ref>
1995–1997: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher's Wife and CinderellaEdit
In 1995, Houston starred in Waiting to Exhale as Savannah Jackson, a TV producer. Houston called the film "a breakthrough for the image of black women because it presents them both as professionals and as caring mothers".<ref name=prissy /> It reached number one in the US box office and entered the highest-grossing film lists of both 1995 and 1996, eventually grossing over $67 million in the US, while grossing $81 million altogether worldwide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the time of release, the film received mixed reviews from critics. According to Susan King from the Los Angeles Times, the film "showed the power of black actresses and led to other successful movies with ethnic casts."<ref name="exhale20">Template:Cite news</ref> The film's success led to similar films such as How Stella Got Her Groove Back, The Best Man and Diary of a Mad Black Woman.<ref name="exhale20"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The film was also notable for its portrayal of black women as strong middle class citizens rather than as stereotypes.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston received positive reviews for her role, with The New York Times reporting: "Ms. Houston has shed the defensive hauteur that made her portrayal of a pop star in 'The Bodyguard' seem so distant."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Houston was nominated a second time for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Houston contributed three songs to the film's soundtrack and advised producer Babyface to make it an "album of women with vocal distinction".<ref name=prissy>Template:Cite magazine</ref> As a result, several other contemporary female R&B singers such as Brandy, Mary J. Blige and Toni Braxton contributed to the soundtrack. Houston's single, "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)", debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, only the third single to do so.<ref name="Cane">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn Two other Houston singles from the soundtrack, "Count On Me", a duet with CeCe Winans, and "Why Does It Hurt So Bad", also reached the US top 40, with "Count On Me" reaching number eight on the Billboard Hot 100. The soundtrack reached number one on the Billboard 200 in January 1996 and was certified seven-times platinum in the US.<ref name="Cane" /> The album received eleven Grammy nominations and the American Music Award for Favorite Soundtrack.<ref name="Cane"/> The soundtrack received strong reviews; as Entertainment Weekly stated: "the album goes down easy, just as you'd expect from a package framed by Whitney Houston tracks ... the soundtrack waits to exhale, hovering in sensuous suspense"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and has since ranked it as one of the 100 Best Movie Soundtracks.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Houston's next film, the Christmas comedy The Preacher's Wife (1996), was largely an update of The Bishop's Wife (1948) and starred Houston alongside Denzel Washington and Courtney B. Vance. Houston earned $10 million for the role, making her the highest-earning African-American actress in Hollywood at the time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The movie, with its all African-American cast, was a moderate success, earning about $50 million in the US.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The film gave Houston the strongest reviews of her acting career. The San Francisco Chronicle said Houston "is rather angelic herself, displaying a divine talent for being virtuous and flirtatious at the same time" and she "exudes gentle yet spirited warmth, especially when praising the Lord in her gorgeous singing voice".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Houston won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for the film.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
The accompanying soundtrack was Houston's first full-length foray into gospel music, which she produced with Mervyn Warren. Six of the more traditional gospel tracks were recorded with the Georgia Mass Choir at the Great Star Rising Baptist Church in Atlanta. Upon its release, the soundtrack entered number three on the Billboard 200 and topped the Top Gospel Albums chart, the first by a female artist.<ref name="WhitneyGospelChart">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Three singles were released, including "I Believe in You and Me", which reached the US top-ten, and "Step by Step", which became a hit in Europe. The soundtrack sold six million units worldwide, becoming the best-selling gospel album of all time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite its success, Houston complained of not receiving a gospel nomination at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards in 1998 and responded by boycotting the ceremony.<ref name="grammysnub">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn Houston's work was acknowledged by the Dove Awards and the NAACP Image Awards, where Houston received the award for Outstanding Gospel Artist.
In 1996, Houston formed her film production company, BrownHouse Productions. Debra Martin Chase became her partner. Their goal was "to show aspects of the lives of African-Americans that have not been brought to the screen before" while improving how African-Americans are portrayed in film and television.<ref name=brownhouse>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Their first project was a made-for-television remake of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella. In addition to co-producing, Houston starred in the film as the Fairy Godmother along with Brandy, Jason Alexander, Whoopi Goldberg and Bernadette Peters. Houston was initially offered the role of Cinderella in 1993, but other projects intervened.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film is notable for its multi-racial cast and non-stereotypical message.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> An estimated 60 million viewers tuned into the special giving ABC its highest TV ratings in 16 years.<ref name="Carter">Template:Cite news</ref> The movie received seven Emmy nominations including Outstanding Variety, Musical or Comedy, while winning Outstanding Art Direction in a Variety, Musical or Comedy Special.
Houston and Brown also worked on a biopic on actress Dorothy Dandridge.<ref name=brownhouse /> Halle Berry, who also had rights to Dandridge's story, beat Houston and Chase to release her version several years later.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In October, a third HBO concert special, Classic Whitney: Live from Washington, D.C. aired with proceeds of the special going to Marian Wright Edelman's Children's Defense Fund, eventually reaching $300,000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In early 1998, Houston received the Quincy Jones Award for outstanding career achievements at the 12th Soul Train Music Awards.<ref name="1998soultrainbillboard">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="1998soultrain">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest HitsEdit
In 1998, Houston released My Love Is Your Love, her first studio album in eight years. Released during the so-called "Super Tuesday" week on November 17 of the year where multiple albums by other recording artists were also issued, the album debuted and peaked at number 13 on the Billboard 200.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The album featured production from Rodney Jerkins, Wyclef Jean and Missy Elliott and resulted in Houston receiving some of her strongest reviews ever, with Rolling Stone writing that Houston was singing "with a bite in her voice"<ref name="Group1999">Template:Cite magazine</ref> while The Village Voice called it "Whitney's sharpest and most satisfying so far".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Billboard magazine noted the album had a "funkier and edgier sound than past releases" and saw Houston "handling urban dance, hip hop, mid-tempo R&B, reggae, torch songs and ballads all with great dexterity".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The album produced five top 40 singles on the Billboard Hot 100, the most for a Houston album since 1987's Whitney.
The leading single was the Mariah Carey-featured duet, "When You Believe", off The Prince of Egypt, which peaked at number 15 in the US and reached number two on the Eurochart Hot 100, and later won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The second single, "Heartbreak Hotel", peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, while the following two singles, "It's Not Right but It's Okay" and the title track, produced by Jean, each peaked at number four. The final single, "I Learned From the Best", also reached the US top 40. The album remained on the Billboard 200 for almost two years and sold four million units alone in the US, where it was certified four-times platinum by the RIAA.<ref name="whitneycert"/> Besides "Believe", the latter four singles reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart.
Houston's North American leg of her world tour to promote the album was successful but plagued by cancellations with Houston's publicist citing "throat problems and a 'bronchitis situation'".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, its European leg was ranked as the highest-grossing arena tour of the year in the continent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The success of the tour led to My Love Is Your Love reaching number one on the European Top 100 Albums chart in August 1999, staying there for six weeks.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> All of Houston's singles from the album were successful internationally, with the title track reaching number one on the Eurochart Hot 100 and selling more than three million units worldwide while the last release, "I Learned From the Best" topped the charts in Poland and Romania.<ref name="mylove">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Eventually, global sales of the album reached 10 million units worldwide.<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The album's European success helped Houston win the MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B, while the music video for "Heartbreak Hotel" led to Houston receiving her first MTV Video Music Award nomination in over a decade.<ref name="1999emabbc">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="1999ema">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="1999emamtv">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nominated for four Grammys at the 2000 ceremony, Houston nabbed her sixth and final competitive Grammy in the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance category for "It's Not Right but It's Okay".<ref name="whitneygrammy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Near the end of the year, the Recording Industry Association of America hosted its Century Awards and named Houston the top-selling R&B female artist of the century with certified US sales of 51 million records at the time while the soundtrack to The Bodyguard received the award for top-selling soundtrack album of the century.<ref name="riaacentury">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 2000, Houston earned a special honor at the 14th Soul Train Music Awards as the female artist of the decade for her extraordinary artistic contributions during the 1990s.<ref name="2000soultrain">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="2000soultrainbillboard">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
The next year, in May 2000, Houston's first compilation album, Whitney: The Greatest Hits, was released. The album reached number five in the US and number one in the UK and also reached the top ten in multiple countries.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> A double-disc collection, the album's first disc, "Cool Down", featured all of Houston's hit ballads, while the second disc, "Throw Down", featured house and club remixes of the singer's uptempo hits, in response to the well-received dance remixes from the previous album.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It also included four new tracks, three of them duets from the likes of Deborah Cox, Enrique Iglesias and George Michael. The singles with the latter two artists, "Could I Have This Kiss Forever" and "If I Told You That", both became hits in Europe. The set was later certified five times platinum in the US for sales of five million copies, while worldwide sales reached 10 million.<ref name="whitneycert"/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
2000–2008: Just Whitney, Princess Diaries, and Cheetah GirlsEdit
Houston's reputation as "America's Sweetheart", which she was nicknamed for the duration of her career, came under scrutiny at the beginning of the 2000s. Reports of erratic behavior, showing up hours late to interviews, photo shoots, rehearsals and canceling several concerts, had been following her since the late 1990s.<ref name="RollingStoneBio">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="McShane-20000406">Template:Cite news</ref>
Houston failed to show up to induct Clive Davis into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2000.<ref name="Dansby-20000607">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Weeks later, Houston was scheduled to perform at the Academy Awards but was fired from the event by musical director and longtime friend Burt Bacharach. At the time, her publicist cited throat problems as the reason for the cancellation. In his book, The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, author Steve Pond revealed that "Houston's voice was shaky, she seemed distracted and jittery, and her attitude was casual, almost defiant"; though she was supposed to perform "Over the Rainbow", she sung a different song during rehearsals.<ref>Movie & TV News @ IMDb, "Houston's Oscar Confusion" Template:Webarchive, December 23, 2004. Houston was replaced at that Oscar telecast by singer Faith Hill.</ref> Houston later admitted she had been fired.<ref name="Sawyer-Houston-Interview-2002">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston, however, did show up for a scheduled performance to celebrate Arista's 25th anniversary with Clive Davis, her performance received good reviews.<ref>"Whitney Shines at Arista Anniversary", USA Today, April 12, 2000.</ref>
In May 2000, Houston's longtime executive assistant and friend, Robyn Crawford, resigned from Houston's management company.<ref name="Dansby-20000607" />
Despite increasing negative press, Houston continued to find success. She produced the film The Princess Diaries (2001) alongside fellow BrownHouse partner Debra Martin Chase. Starring Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews, the film became an unexpected success in the box office, grossing more than $165 million worldwide. Houston and Chase became the first black people in box office history to produce a film that surpassed $100 million in the box office.<ref name="PD1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In August 2001, Houston signed one of the biggest record deals in music history, with Arista/BMG. She renewed her contract for $100 million to release six new albums, for which she would also earn royalties.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
A performance at Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special in September 2001 led to increasing rumors of drug use and possible health issues due to Houston's extremely thin frame.<ref name="abcnews">Template:Cite news</ref> She canceled a second performance scheduled for the following night.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Within weeks, Houston's rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was re-released after the September 11 attacks, with the proceeds donated to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police. The single reached No. 6 on the US Hot 100, topping its previous position.<ref name="mtv010917">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="whitneyhoustonbillboardhistory">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Houston released her fifth studio album, Just Whitney, in December 2002. The album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum, though it received mixed reviews.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Group2003">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Sawyer-Houston-Interview-2002"/> In August 2003, Houston's second television film as a producer, The Cheetah Girls, premiered on the Disney Channel. A soundtrack of the film, executive produced by Houston, became successful, reaching double platinum status in the US. Later that November, Houston released her first Christmas album, One Wish: The Holiday Album, which featured traditional holiday songs and was certified gold in the US.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In April 2004, Houston's second film as producer, The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, was equally successful in the box office like its predecessor, earning $134 million in the box office. For most of the year, Houston toured internationally.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Houston's success behind the scenes continued in 2006 with the airing of The Cheetah Girls 2, which Houston served as executive producer. The film remains one of the highest-rated Disney Channel Original Movies (DCOM) in history with more than 8.1 million viewers tuning in for the premiere.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2009–2012: I Look to YouEdit
Houston released I Look to You in August 2009. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 with 305,000 copies sold, marking a strong return.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The album's success was followed by her performance on various European television shows and her appearance as a guest mentor on The X Factor in the UK. Despite a wardrobe malfunction during her performance of "Million Dollar Bill", the single still achieved commercial success, later going platinum in the United Kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The title track was also a hit and was later certified platinum in the United States. Following the album's release, Houston embarked on the Nothing but Love World Tour, her first world tour in more than 10 years. Despite some negative reviews and rescheduled concerts, Houston continued to perform.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In January 2010, Houston was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards and won Best Music Video for "I Look to You".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On January 16, she received the Entertainers Award at the BET Honors, acknowledging her lifetime achievements spanning more than 25 years. In January 2011, Houston made a surprise appearance at the BET Celebration of Gospel where she joined friend, gospel singer Kim Burrell onstage, to perform a duet version of "I Look to You"; their performance was received well. It would be Houston's final television performance prior to her death.<ref name="whlasttvperf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Later in 2010, Houston was cast in the remake of the 1976 film Sparkle, where she served as both a star and executive producer. The film marked her final acting role before her untimely death.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The movie was released on August 17, 2012. The soundtrack featured "Celebrate", the last song Houston recorded, which was released in May 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Personal lifeEdit
ReligionEdit
Houston was a Christian, and she made it a point to sing gospel songs when on tour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During her childhood, she regularly attended New Hope Baptist Church where she joined the children's choir and later performed solos on a regular basis there. Houston was also influenced by Pentecostalism after she began attending a Pentecostal church not too far from New Hope. Houston's mother Cissy wrote that while at New Hope, Houston "got saved" and she later told her that she "accepted the Savior into her life" at around 12 years old.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Houston's recording of "Do You Hear What I Hear", from the Christmas compilation album, A Very Special Christmas (1987), has constantly appeared on the Billboard gospel charts since 2011. In 1997, Houston was given a special honor from the Dove Awards for helping to bring gospel music to the attention of the mainstream. Two of Houston's final recordings — "His Eye Is on the Sparrow" and "Celebrate", from the 2012 film, Sparkle — posthumously made the Billboard gospel charts. Her last public performance prior to her death was an impromptu duet of "Jesus Loves Me" with friend and former collaborator Kelly Price at the Tru nightclub in Hollywood.<ref name="lastperformance">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Relationships, marriage, and familyEdit
Houston first met Robyn Crawford when Crawford was 19 and Houston was 16; the two were summer camp counselors. According to Crawford, the two were romantically involved for a few years until Houston began seeking a recording contract.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Crawford and Houston continued their professional relationship and platonic friendship until Crawford left Houston's employ in 2000.<ref name="Dansby-20000607" />
In the 1980s, Houston was romantically linked to musician Jermaine Jackson,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> American football star Randall Cunningham, and actor Eddie Murphy.<ref name="Norment-1991" />
Houston met R&B singer Bobby Brown at the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards. After a three-year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992.<ref name="Company1999">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The two singers occasionally collaborated on songs, including the hit record, "Something in Common".<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> The following year, Houston gave birth to their daughter Bobbi Kristina Brown (March 4, 1993 – July 26, 2015),<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> the couple's only child.
During their marriage, Brown had several run-ins with the law for drunken driving, drug possession and battery, including some jail time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2003, Brown was charged with battery following an altercation during which he threatened to beat Houston and then assaulted her. Police reported that Houston had visible injuries to her face.<ref name=":0" />
Starting in April of the following year, the reality show Being Bobby Brown was taped and later premiered on Bravo, in June 2005. The show drew criticism for what critics perceived to be unflattering moments from the couple,<ref>Barry Garron, "'Being Bobby Brown' Is Disgusting", MSNBC, June 29, 2005.</ref> but still achieved high ratings. However, the show was not renewed for a second season after Houston declined further participation.<ref>Steve Rogers, "Report: Bravo's 'Being Bobby Brown' coming back for second season", RealityTV World, October 31, 2005.</ref><ref>"Brown Reality Show Cancelled" Template:Webarchive, SFGate, The Daily Dish, January 10, 2007.</ref> In September 2006, a year after Being Bobby Brown aired, Houston filed for legal separation from Brown, later filing for divorce the following month, citing irreconcilable differences.<ref name="Legal Separation">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Divorce">Template:Cite news</ref> The divorce was granted on April 24, 2007.<ref name="Divorce2">Template:Cite news</ref>
Legal issuesEdit
On April 19, 1991, at the start of her I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour, Houston and her brother Michael got involved in an altercation against three men at a hotel in Lexington, Kentucky after the men reportedly sought her for an autograph while they were trying to watch a heavyweight boxing championship match.<ref name="kentucky1">Template:Cite news</ref> After seeing the men attack her brother, Houston reportedly jumped on one of the men, Ransom Brotherton, and punched him off her brother before Houston and her entourage fled from the hotel. Brotherton reported the incident, which led to him having to go to the hospital to receive "12 stitches over his left eye".<ref name="kentucky1"/> Houston was charged with fourth degree assault for attacking Brotherton and "threatening to kill him", while her brother was charged with assaulting another man involved in the melee, Kevin Owens.<ref name="kentucky1"/>
Charges were dropped against the Houstons in May due to "contradictory evidence" and due to the prosecution struggling to "prove them guilty".<ref name="kentucky2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="kentucky3">Template:Cite news</ref> It was later revealed that the altercation began after the three men yelled racial slurs at Houston.<ref name="kentucky4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On January 11, 2000, while Houston was traveling with her husband Bobby Brown, airport security guards discovered half an ounce of marijuana in her handbag at Keahole-Kona International Airport in Hawaii. She departed before authorities could arrive.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston was initially charged with a misdemeanor drug charge that carried a 30-day sentence and a $1,000 fine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The charges, however, were dropped in March 2001 after prosecutors received a substance abuse assessment from a counselor in New Jersey that stated the singer didn't need treatment for substance abuse.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2002, Houston became embroiled in a legal dispute with John Houston Enterprise, a company started by her father. The company, run by Kevin Skinner, sued her for $100 million, claiming unpaid compensation. Houston's father died in February 2003, and the lawsuit was dismissed in April 2004, with no compensation awarded.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
ResidencesEdit
Following graduation from Mount Saint Dominic Academy in 1981, Houston moved to a two-bedroom apartment at Woodbridge Township with Robyn Crawford.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By early 1986, Houston had relocated to a bigger apartment in Fort Lee, just minutes away from Manhattan, before purchasing a mansion in Mendham Township with help from her father in late 1987. The 13,607-square-foot house had been built in the year prior to Houston purchasing the property.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The house was the primary location for Houston and Bobby Brown's 1992 wedding. Six years later, in 1993, Houston purchased a second home in the city, located at 1 Crossway.<ref name="Crossway">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The home served as the singer's personal recording studio where she recorded some of her material at, prominently the recording of My Love Is Your Love.<ref name="Crossway"/> During her marriage to Bobby Brown, Houston lived in Alpharetta, Georgia, a suburb outside of Atlanta, splitting time between there and Mendham. In 2003, the couple purchased a mansion in Alpharetta, where much of the taping of the reality series, Being Bobby Brown, was filmed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston's last house prior to her death was a townhouse, also located in Alpharetta.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston also owned a condo at Williams Island just outside Miami Beach. Following her separation from Bobby Brown, Houston rented a palatial house at Laguna Hills, California in April 2006 and lived there until 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HealthEdit
During her marriage, Houston suffered several miscarriages, including one during the filming of The Bodyguard,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> another in July 1994,<ref name="Miscarriage">Template:Cite news</ref> and another in December 1996.<ref name="third">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Rolling Stone published a story in June 2000 stating that Cissy Houston and others had held a July 1999 intervention in which they unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Whitney to obtain drug treatment.<ref name="Dansby-20000607" />
In her 2019 memoirs, A Song for You: My Life with Whitney Houston, Houston's longtime executive assistant and friend, Robyn Crawford, said she departed from Houston's management company after Houston declined to seek help for her drug dependency; however, Houston claimed in an interview that the two friends parted ways over Houston's husband, Bobby Brown.<ref name="auto1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Sawyer-Houston-Interview-2002"/>
In September 2001, Houston's extremely thin appearance led to rumors about her health. Her publicist stated, "Whitney has been under stress due to family matters and when she is under stress she doesn't eat."<ref name="abcnews"/> In 2009, Houston acknowledged that drug use had been the reason for her weight loss in 2001.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2002, Houston gave an interview with Diane Sawyer to promote her upcoming album. During the interview, she addressed rumors of drug use, famously saying, "crack is wack". She admitted to using various substances but denied having an eating disorder.<ref name="Sawyer-Houston-Interview-2002"/>
In September 2009, Houston was interviewed by Oprah Winfrey. In the interview, she admitted to using drugs with Brown during their marriage and described her struggles with addiction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She told Winfrey that before The Bodyguard her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film's success and the birth of her daughter and that by 1996 "[doing drugs] was an everyday thing ... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing myself."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Houston told Oprah that she had attended a 30-day rehabilitation program.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston also acknowledged to Oprah that her drug use had continued after rehabilitation, and that at one point, her mother obtained a court order and the assistance of law enforcement to press her into receiving further drug treatment.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston's mother recalled the incident in her 2013 book, Remembering Whitney: My Story of Love, Loss, and the Night the Music Stopped, in which she came to visit her daughter's Alpharetta residence in 2005 discussing seeing the walls were "spray-painted" with "big glaring eyes and strange faces. Evil eyes, staring out like a threat", as well as noticing most of her daughter's head cut out of a big framed photo of the singer; Houston herself explained it in her Oprah interview.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When Winfrey asked Houston if she was drug-free, Houston responded, "'Yes, ma’am. I mean, you know, don’t think I don’t have desires for it.'"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In May 2011, Houston enrolled in rehabilitation again due to drug and alcohol problems, which she stated was part of her "longstanding recovery process".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
DeathEdit
On February 11, 2012, Houston was found unconscious in Suite 434 at the Beverly Hilton, submerged in the bathtub.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book (one-time newsstand collector's publication) Pg. 37: "434: The room number at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles in which she was found dead on Feb 11, 2012."</ref> Houston reportedly appeared "disheveled" and "erratic" in the days before her death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beverly Hills paramedics arrived about 3:30 pm, found Houston unresponsive, and performed CPR. Houston was pronounced dead at 3:55 pm PST.<ref name="latimes1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The cause of death was not immediately known;<ref name=nytimesobit>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="latimes1" /> local police said there were "no obvious signs of criminal intent".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On March 22, 2012, the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office reported that Houston's death was caused by drowning and the "effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The manner of death was listed as "accident".<ref name="autopsy report">Template:Cite news</ref>
Houston's death coincided with the 54th Annual Grammy Awards, which took place the day following her death and included a tribute to Houston; it was later credited for the Grammys' second-highest ratings in history.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The February 11, 2012, Clive Davis pre-Grammy party that Houston had been expected to attend, which featured many of the biggest names in music and film, went on as scheduled – although it was quickly turned into a tribute to Houston.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Numerous other public figures also expressed their grief, including Mariah Carey, Quincy Jones, Darlene Love, Aretha Franklin and Oprah Winfrey.<ref name="react">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston's death was covered internationally in the media, along with her memorial service, which was held for Houston at her home church, New Hope Baptist Church, in Newark, New Jersey, on February 18, 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Houston's music surged in popularity following her death. According to representatives from Houston's record label, Houston sold 8 million records worldwide in the first 10 months of the year she died.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The single "I Will Always Love You" returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years, peaking at number three and becoming a posthumous top-10 single for Houston, the first one since 2001. Houston set a Guinness World Record for a female artist by placing 10 albums inside the Billboard 200 simultaneously.<ref name=WhitneySimultaneousUS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In October 2023, Houston made the list of the top 10 highest-earning posthumous celebrities on Forbes, earning $30 million, later winning a posthumous Guinness World Records entry as the highest-earning posthumous female celebrity, her 31st record.<ref name="forbesdead23">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ArtistryEdit
Houston had a four-octave vocal range.<ref name="four-octave range">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was referred to as "the Voice" because of her vocal talent.<ref name="Times2009">Template:Cite news</ref>
Jon Pareles of The New York Times stated Houston "always had a great big voice, a technical marvel from its velvety depths to its ballistic middle register to its ringing and airy heights".<ref name="NYTimes94">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Houston second on their list of the greatest singers of all time, stating, "The standard-bearer for R&B vocals, Whitney Houston possessed a soprano that was as powerful as it was tender. Take her cover of Dolly Parton's 'I Will Always Love You', which became one of the defining singles of the 1990s; it opens with her gently brooding, her unaccompanied voice sounding like it's turning over the idea of leaving her lover behind with the lightest touch. By the end, it's transformed into a showcase for her limber, muscular upper register; she sings the title phrase with equal parts bone-deep feeling and technical perfection, turning the conflicted emotions at the song's heart into a jumping-off point for her life's next step."<ref name=":17">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone also acknowledged Houston's vocal prowess, enumerating 10 performances, including "How Will I Know" at the 1986 MTV VMAs and "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the 1991 Super Bowl. "Whitney Houston was blessed with an astonishing vocal range and extraordinary technical skill, but what truly made her a great singer was her ability to connect with a song and drive home its drama and emotion with incredible precision", he stated. "She was a brilliant performer and her live shows often eclipsed her studio recordings."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Elysa Gardner of the Los Angeles Times in her review for The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack highly praised Houston's vocal ability, commenting, "She is first and foremost a pop diva – at that, the best one we have. No other female pop star – not Mariah Carey, not Celine Dion, not Barbra Streisand – quite rivals Houston in her exquisite vocal fluidity and purity of tone and her ability to infuse a lyric with mesmerizing melodrama."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Singer and entertainer Michael Jackson named Houston as one of his musical inspirations, calling her a "wonderful singer, real stylist. You hear one line, and you know who it is."<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
R&B singer Faith Evans stated: "Whitney was not just a singer with a beautiful voice. She was a true musician. Her voice was an instrument and she knew how to use it. With the same complexity as someone who has mastered the violin or the piano, Whitney mastered the use of her voice. From every run to every crescendo—she was in tune with what she could do with her voice and it's not something simple for a singer—even a very talented one—to achieve. Whitney is 'the Voice' because she worked for it. This is someone who was singing backup for her mom when she was 14 years old at nightclubs across the country. This is someone who sang backup for Chaka Khan when she was only 17. She had years and years of honing her craft on stage and in the studio before she ever got signed to a record label. Coming from a family of singers and surrounded by music; she pretty much had a formal education in music, just like someone who might attend a performing arts high school or major in voice in college."<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented, "Her voice was clean and strong, with barely any grit, well suited to the songs of love and aspiration. [ ... ] Hers was a voice of triumph and achievement and it made for any number of stunning, time-stopping vocal performances."<ref name="nytimesjon">Template:Cite news</ref> Mariah Carey stated, "She [Whitney] has a really rich, strong mid-belt that very few people have".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In her review of I Look to You, music critic Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "[Houston's voice] stands like monuments upon the landscape of 20th century pop, defining the architecture of their times, sheltering the dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countless imitators". Powers added, "When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo-soprano".<ref name="latimesblogs.latimes.com">Powers, Ann. "Album Review: Whitney Houston's 'I Look To You'". Los Angeles Times. August 25, 2009</ref>
Lauren Everitt from BBC News commented on the melisma used in Houston's recording. "An early 'I' in Whitney Houston's 'I Will Always Love You' takes nearly six seconds to sing. In those seconds the former gospel singer-turned-pop star packs a series of different notes into the single syllable", stated Everitt. "The technique is repeated throughout the song, most pronouncedly on every 'I' and 'you'. The vocal technique is called melisma and it has inspired a host of imitators. Other artists may have used it before Houston, but it was her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song that pushed the technique into the mainstream in the 90s. [ ... ] But perhaps what Houston nailed best was moderation." Everitt said that "[i]n a climate of reality shows ripe with 'oversinging,' it's easy to appreciate Houston's ability to save melisma for just the right moment."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Houston's vocal stylings have had a significant impact on the music industry. Stephen Holden from The New York Times, in his review of Houston's Radio City Music Hall concert on July 20, 1993, praised her attitude as a singer, writing, "Whitney Houston is one of the few contemporary pop stars of whom it might be said: the voice suffices. While almost every performer whose albums sell in the millions calls upon an entertainer's bag of tricks, from telling jokes to dancing to circus pyrotechnics, Ms. Houston would rather just stand there and sing." With regard to her singing style, he added: "Her [Houston's] stylistic trademarks – shivery melismas that ripple up in the middle of a song, twirling embellishments at the ends of phrases that suggest an almost breathless exhilaration – infuse her interpretations with flashes of musical and emotional lightning."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Houston struggled with vocal problems in her later years. Gary Catona, a voice coach who began working with Houston in 2005, stated: "'When I first started working with her in 2005, she had lost 99.9 percent of her voice ... She could barely speak, let alone sing. Her lifestyle choices had made her almost completely hoarse'".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After Houston's death, Catona asserted that Houston's voice reached "'about 75 to 80 percent'" of its former capacity after he had worked with her.<ref name="Connelly">Template:Cite news</ref> However, during the world tour that followed the release of I Look to You, "YouTube videos surfaced, showing [Houston's] voice cracking, seemingly unable to hold the notes she was known for".<ref name="Connelly" />
Houston's vocal performances incorporated a wide variety of genres, including R&B, pop, rock,<ref name=":11">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> soul, gospel, funk,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> dance, Latin pop,<ref name="nydailynews">Template:Cite news</ref> disco,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> house,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> hip hop soul,<ref>"Chartslot". Daily Record. July 16, 1999. Retrieved December 1, 2020.</ref> new jack swing,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> opera,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> reggae,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Christmas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The lyrical themes of her songs are mainly love, religion, and feminism.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame stated: "Her sound expanded through collaborations with a wide array of artists, including Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross, Babyface, Missy Elliott, Bobby Brown, and Mariah Carey."<ref name=":11" /> AllMusic commented that, "Houston was able to handle big adult contemporary ballads, effervescent, stylish dance-pop and slick urban contemporary soul with equal dexterity".<ref name="allmusicbiography">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the early stages of Houston's career, some Black critics and audiences accused her voice and music of not sounding "Black enough".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Steve Rose of The Guardian attributed this perception to her "syrupy ballads and perky dance-pop," along with music videos that featured a mix of both Black and white dancers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, Houston had established herself as a mainstream pop star, with a musical style that differed from the soul and R&B genres often associated with Black artists.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Legacy and cultural impactEdit
Houston has been regarded as one of the greatest vocalists of all time and a cultural icon.<ref name=":20">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She is also recognized as one of the most influential R&B artists in history.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=":10">Template:Cite magazine</ref> During the 1980s, MTV was coming into its own and received criticism for not playing enough videos by black artists. With Michael Jackson breaking down the color barrier for black men, Houston did the same for black women. She became the first black woman to receive heavy rotation on the network following the success of the "How Will I Know" video.<ref name=":19">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that Houston "revitalized the tradition of strong gospel-oriented pop-soul singing".<ref>Holden, Stephen. "Review/Pop; Diana Ross Flirts With a Willing Audience". The New York Times. June 16, 1989.</ref> Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times referred to Houston as a "national treasure".<ref name="latimesblogs.latimes.com" />
The IndependentTemplate:'s music critic Andy Gill also wrote about Houston's influence on modern R&B and singing competitions, comparing it to Michael Jackson's, stating that "Jackson was a hugely talented icon, certainly, but he will be as well remembered (probably more so) for his presentational skills, his dazzling dance moves, as for his musical innovations. Whitney, on the other hand, just sang and the ripples from her voice continue to dominate the pop landscape." Gill said that there "are few, if any, Jackson imitators on today's TV talent shows, but every other contestant is a Whitney wannabe, desperately attempting to emulate that wondrous combination of vocal effects – the flowing melisma, the soaring mezzo-soprano confidence, the tremulous fluttering that carried the ends of lines into realms of higher yearning".<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref>
According to Linda Lister in Divafication: The Deification of Modern Female Pop Stars, she has been called the "Queen of Pop" for her influence during the 1990s, commercially rivaling Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.<ref name="diva">"If Ella Fitzgerald is the queen of jazz, Billie Holiday first lady of the blues and Aretha Franklin the queen of soul, then who is the queen of pop? In the 1990s, it would seem to be a three-way tie between Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Celine Dion. Certainly all three have their devotees and detractors, but their presence has been inescapable." in Template:Cite news</ref> Rolling Stone stated that Houston "redefined the image of a female soul icon and inspired singers ranging from Mariah Carey to Rihanna".<ref name=":2">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2013, ABC named Houston the greatest woman in music.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was ranked among the greatest women in music by VH1.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston's entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today in 2007. It stated that she paved the way for Mariah Carey's chart-topping vocal gymnastics.<ref name="Gundersen" /> Many major publications including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Fox News, NBC News and The Independent dubbed Houston the “greatest singer of her generation”.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite his opposition to music, Osama Bin Laden was reportedly fond of Whitney Houston. According to poet and activist Kola Boof, bin Laden wanted to make her one of his wives.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In February 2025, Donald Trump announced plans to build a statue of Houston among a slew of others for the proposed National Garden of American Heroes, that would be implemented in 2026.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Awards and achievementsEdit
Template:Further Houston won numerous accolades throughout her career, including two Emmy Awards, eight Grammy Awards (including two Grammy Hall of Fame honors), 14 World Music Awards, 16 Billboard Music Awards (36 Billboard awards in all) and 22 American Music Awards. Houston currently holds the record for most American Music Awards in a single night with eight, a record for a woman and tied in general with fellow musician Michael Jackson.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston was the first artist to win more than 11 Billboard awards in one night at its fourth annual ceremony in 1993, which set a Guinness World Record at the time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Houston continues to hold the record for the most WMAs won in a single year, winning five trophies at the sixth World Music Awards in 1994.<ref name="1994wmabillboard">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston is also the black female artist with the most Guinness World Records in history with 31.
A premier black female entertainer, Houston was inducted into the BET Walk of Fame and the Soul Train Hall of Fame. In 2001, Houston became the first artist to receive the BET Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="betrecord">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2010, she was honored at The BET Honors with the Entertainers Award. In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary, ranking Houston at number nine.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2010, Billboard released its "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years" list and ranked Houston at number three who not only went on to earn eight number-one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but also landed five number ones on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Houston is one of the best-selling recording artists of all time, with more than 220 million records sold worldwide.<ref name="Vogue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was ranked the best-selling female R&B artist of the 20th century by the RIAA in 1999.<ref name="riaacentury2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston sold more physical singles than any other female solo artist in history.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of 2025, she is ranked as one of the best-selling artists in the United States by the RIAA with 61 million certified albums.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Houston released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums, all of which have been certified diamond, multi-platinum or platinum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Houston became the first female artist to go diamond with an album after her soundtrack to The Bodyguard went ten-times platinum in November 1993. In January 1994, her debut album Whitney Houston was the first studio album by a woman to be certified ten-times platinum, making her the first solo artist to receive two diamond-certified albums. When her sophomore album, Whitney (1987), was certified diamond in October 2020, Houston became the first black recording artist in history to have three diamond-certified albums.<ref name="whitneycert"/> Those three albums are also among the best-selling albums of all time. Houston is the only black female artist with six albums to sell more than ten million units worldwide, the third most in general by a female artist. The Bodyguard remains the best-selling soundtrack and best-selling female album of all time, with global units of over 45 million, while "I Will Always Love You" remains the best-selling single by a female artist at 24 million units worldwide. In addition, her soundtrack for The Preacher's Wife is the best-selling gospel release ever.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
She held an honorary Doctorate in Humanities from Grambling State University, Louisiana.<ref name="Company1990hg">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She was inducted into the official Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in its second class in 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2020, Houston was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after her first nomination.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In October 2020, the music video for "I Will Always Love You" surpassed 1 billion views on YouTube, making Houston the first solo 20th-century artist to have a video reach that milestone.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In May 2023, Houston was one of the first of 13 artists to be given the Brits Billion Award by the BPI for reaching 1 billion career streams in the United Kingdom.<ref name="BritsBillion">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Houston is one of only a handful of artists from the 20th century to have multiple songs streamed a billion times on Spotify with her 1987 hit, "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", and her posthumous 2019 hit, "Higher Love", reaching the feat in 2023 and 2024.<ref name="SpotifyBillion">Template:Cite tweet</ref><ref name="BillboardGreatest">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CommemorationEdit
- In 1997, the Franklin School in East Orange, New Jersey, which Houston attended as a child, was renamed to the Whitney E. Houston Academy of Creative & Performing Arts.<ref name="WHAcademy">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Four posthumous albums have been released, including two compilation albums and two live albums. A posthumous concert tour, An Evening with Whitney: The Whitney Houston Hologram Tour, featuring a projected image of Houston, ran from 2020 to 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Madame Tussauds unveiled four wax figures of Houston in 2013, inspired by her looks from the music video of I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me), film The Bodyguard, album cover of I Will Always Love You: The Best of Whitney Houston and The Star-Spangled Banner performance at the 1991 Super Bowl.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In 2015, Lifetime premiered the biographical film Whitney. Houston was portrayed by model Yaya DaCosta.
- A television documentary film entitled Whitney: Can I Be Me aired on Showtime on August 25, 2017.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The film was directed by Nick Broomfield.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Whitney, a documentary film based on Houston's life and death, premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival and was released internationally in theaters on July 6, 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In 2019, Houston and Kygo's version of "Higher Love" was released as a single.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It reached number two on the UK Singles Chart<ref name="copsey"/> and reached the top 10 in several countries.<ref>"Swisscharts.com – Kygo x Whitney Houston – Higher Love". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved August 13, 2021.</ref><ref>"Swedishcharts.com – Kygo x Whitney Houston – Higher Love". Singles Top 100. Retrieved August 13, 2021.</ref><ref>"Norwegiancharts.com – Kygo x Whitney Houston – Higher Love". VG-lista. Retrieved August 13, 2021.</ref>
- Lifetime released the documentary Whitney Houston & Bobbi Kristina: Didn't We Almost Have It All in 2021.
- A mural of Houston, made of hand cut glass by artist Maude Lemaire, was installed at 45 Williams Street, Newark, New Jersey, in 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- On the tenth anniversary of her death, ESPN ran a 30-minute documentary of Houston's acclaimed performance of The Star Spangled Banner at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 titled Whitney's Anthem.<ref name="whitneysanthem">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance with Somebody, a biographical film, opened on December 23, 2022, with Houston being portrayed by Naomi Ackie. It grossed around $60 million.<ref name="BOM">Template:Cite Box Office Mojo</ref><ref name="NUM">Template:Cite The Numbers</ref>
- In December 2023, the New Jersey Hall of Fame unveiled the Whitney Houston Service Area, formerly known as the Vauxhal Service Area at the Garden State Parkway.<ref name="WHServiceArea">Template:Cite news</ref> The New Jersey Hall of Fame explained that the renaming was part of their "ongoing program to honor its inductees by renaming Garden State Parkway service areas after them, and building displays about them".<ref name="WHServiceArea"/>
- In May 2025, it was announced by Houston's estate that The Voice of Whitney: A Symphonic Celebration, which integrates Houston's vocal recordings with the backing of an orchestra, will embark on a full length North American tour starting in September 2025.<ref name="whitneysymphony">Template:Cite news</ref>
PhilanthropyEdit
Houston was a long-time supporter of charities around the world. In 1989, she established the Whitney Houston Foundation for Children. It offered medical assistance to sick and homeless children, fought to prevent child abuse, taught children to read, created inner-city parks and playgrounds and granted college scholarships, including one to the Juilliard School.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At a 1988 Madison Square Garden concert, Houston earned more than $250,000 for the United Negro College Fund (UNCF).<ref name=":52">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Feingold Center for Children in Boston had its Hearing & Language Disorder Clinic renamed after the singer after she contributed to the hospital.<ref name="WHCharityWork">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In June 1995, it was reported that Houston donated $125,000 to Harlem's Hale House Center to help mothers who were at risk of abusing their children.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Later, the Hale House Center built a Learning & Recreation Center due to Houston's donations.<ref name="WHCharityWork"/> Houston also donated money to the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.<ref name="WHCharityWork"/> Newark's University Hospital renamed its Pediatric Special Care Unit the Whitney Houston Intensive Care Unit after Houston's contributions to the hospital.<ref name="WHCharityWork"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="WHCharityWork"/>
Houston donated all of the earnings from her 1991 Super Bowl XXV performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" sales to Gulf War servicemen and their families.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The record label followed suit and she was voted to the American Red Cross Board of Directors as a result.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Following the terrorist attacks in 2001, Houston re-released "The Star-Spangled Banner" to support the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police. She waived her royalty rights to the song, which reached number one on charts in October 2001 and generated more than $1 million.<ref name="mtv0109172">Template:Cite news</ref> Houston declined to perform in apartheid-era South Africa in the 1980s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her participation at the 1988 Freedomfest performance in London (for a then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela) grabbed the attention of other musicians and the media.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During her historic South African tour in 1994, Houston donated all of its concert proceeds to numerous children's charities, including two children's museums, the President's Trust Fund (for Nelson Mandela) and the Kasigo Trust among several orphanages.<ref name="WHCharityWork"/>
In addition, Houston became an activist for the fight against HIV and AIDS during the first decade of the AIDS epidemic. In 1986, the LGBT magazine publication The Advocate reported that one of Houston's concerts at the Boston Common in Boston raised $30,000 for the AIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts and the Gay and Lesbian Counseling Service. The Whitney Houston Foundation for Children, in particular, focused on helping children who suffered from HIV/AIDS, among other issues. In 1990, Whitney took part in Arista Records' 15th anniversary gala, which was an AIDS benefit, where she sang "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", "Greatest Love of All" and, with cousin Dionne Warwick, "That's What Friends Are For". A year later, Whitney participated in the Reach Out & Touch Someone AIDS vigil at London in September 1991 while she was finishing her historic ten-date residency at London's Wembley Arena; there, she stressed the importance of AIDS research and addressing HIV stigma.<ref name="whitneyaidsvigil91">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="whitneytatchell">The Incredible Night Whitney Befriended Me And I Saw She Was Doomed by Peter Tatchell, Mail on Sunday, February 19, 2012</ref>
In June 1999, Whitney gave a surprise performance at the 13th Annual New York City Lesbian & Gay Pride Dance<ref name="whitneypride2"/> at one of the city's West Side piers.<ref name="whitneypride">Template:Cite news</ref> According to Instinct magazine, Houston's unannounced performance at the Piers "ushered in a new era that would eventually make high-profile artists performing at LGBTQ events virtually commonplace".<ref name="whitneypride2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Before hitting the stage, Houston was asked by MTV veejay John Norris why she decided to attend the event. Houston replied, "We're all God's children, honey".<ref name="whitneypride2"/>
DiscographyEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
- Whitney Houston (1985)
- Whitney (1987)
- I'm Your Baby Tonight (1990)
- My Love Is Your Love (1998)
- Just Whitney (2002)
- One Wish: The Holiday Album (2003)
- I Look to You (2009)
FilmographyEdit
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Films starred
- The Bodyguard (1992)
- Waiting to Exhale (1995)
- The Preacher's Wife (1996)
- Cinderella (1997)
- Sparkle (2012)
Films produced
- Cinderella (1997)
- The Princess Diaries (2001)
- The Cheetah Girls (2003)
- The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)
- The Cheetah Girls 2 (2006)
- Sparkle (2012)
Documentaries and others
- Nora's Hair Salon (2004)
- Whitney: Can I Be Me (2017)
- Whitney (2018)
- The Concert for a New South Africa (Durban) (2024)
ToursEdit
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Headlining toursEdit
- US Summer Tour (1985)
- The Greatest Love World Tour (1986)
- Moment of Truth World Tour (1987–1988)
- Feels So Right Tour (1990)
- I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour (1991)
- The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–1994)
- Pacific Rim Tour (1997)
- The European Tour (1998)
- My Love Is Your Love World Tour (1999)
- Nothing but Love World Tour (2009–2010)
- An Evening with Whitney: The Whitney Houston Hologram Tour (2020–2023)
Co-headlining toursEdit
- Soul Divas Tour (2004)
See alsoEdit
Template:Portal Template:Div col
- List of best-selling albums
- List of best-selling singles
- List of artists who reached number one in the United States
- List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart
- Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart
- List of awards and nominations received by Whitney Houston
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling gospel music artists
- List of largest music deals
- List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
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External linksEdit
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