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In Greek mythology and religion, Zephyrus (Template:IPAc-en) (Template:Langx), also spelled in English as Zephyr (Template:IPAc-en), is the god and personification of the West wind, one of the several wind gods, the Anemoi. The son of Eos (the goddess of the dawn) and Astraeus, Zephyrus is the most gentle and favourable of the winds, associated with flowers, springtime and even procreation.<ref name=":brill" /> In myths, he is presented as the tender breeze, known for his unrequited love for the Spartan prince Hyacinthus. Alongside Boreas, the two are the most prominent wind gods with relatively limited roles in recorded mythology.Template:Sfn
Zephyrus, similarly to his brothers, received a cult during ancient times although his worship was minor compared to the Twelve Olympians. Still, traces of it are found in Classical Athens and surrounding regions and city-states, where it was usually joint with the cults of the other wind gods.
His equivalent in Roman mythology is the god Favonius.
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EtymologyEdit
The ancient Greek noun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the word for the wind that blows from the west.Template:Sfn His name is attested in Mycenaean Greek as ze-pu2-ro (Linear B: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which points to a possible Proto-Hellenic form *Dzépʰuros.Template:Sfn Further attestation of the god and his worship as part of the Anemoi is found in the word-forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. That is, "priestess of the winds", found on the KN Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Traditionally, 'Zephyros' has been linked to the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (zóphos) meaning "darkness" or "west". Both in turn have been connected to the Proto-Indo-European root *(h₃)yebʰ-, meaning "to enter, to penetrate" (from which {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (oíphō), meaning 'to have sex', also derives).Template:Sfn It has been noted however that a development *Hi̯- → ζ- is unlikely, and most evidence in fact points to the contrary.Template:Sfn
It could also be of pre-Greek origin, though Beekes is not sure either way.Template:Sfn Due to his role as the west wind, his name and various derivatives of it were used to mean 'western',Template:Sfn for example the Greek colony of Epizephyrian Locris in southern Italy, west of Greece.
FamilyEdit
ParentsEdit
Zephyrus, like the rest of the wind gods Anemoi (Boreas, Eurus and Notus) was said to be the son of Eos, goddess of the dawn, by her husband and first cousin Astraeus, a minor god related to the stars.<ref>Hesiod, Theogony 378, Hyginus Preface; Apollodorus 1.2.3; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6.28</ref> The poet Ovid dubs the four of them 'the Astraean brothers' in reference to their paternity.<ref>Ovid, Metamorphoses 14.545</ref>
He is thus brother to the rest of Eos and Astraeus's children, namely the five star-gods and the justice goddess Astraea. His mortal half-brothers include Memnon and Emathion, sons of his mother Eos by the Trojan prince Tithonus. The Athenian playwright Aeschylus in his fifth-century BC play Agamemnon writes that Zephyrus is the son of the goddess Gaia (the mother earth). The father, if one exists at all, is not named.<ref>Aeschylus, Agamemnon 690</ref>
Consorts and offspringEdit
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In Greek tradition, Zephyrus became the consort of Iris, the goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. According to Nonnus, a late-antiquity poet, together they became the parents of Pothos,<ref>Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47.340</ref> the god of desire, and according to Alcaeus of Mytilene (a six-century BC poet from the island of Lesbos), of Eros as well, though he is more commonly a son of Ares and Aphrodite.<ref>Alcaeus of Mytilene fragment 149 [Page, p. 82.]</ref> In the same passage, Zephyrus is described as having golden hair.
By the Harpy Podarge (who is Iris's sister) he became the father of Balius and Xanthus, the two fast, talking horses that were given to Achilles,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn when he mated with her while she was grazing on a meadow near the banks of the Ocean, implied in the form of a mare.Template:Sfn Quintus Smyrnaeus also says that by a Harpy he had Arion, the talking horse.<ref>Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 4.569</ref> Like with the case of Eros, Arion's more common parentage is different, in this case the Olympians Demeter and Poseidon.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
In some sources Zephyrus has a son named Carpus ("fruit") by a nymph Hora, who drowned in the Maeander river when the wind drove a wave right into his face, driving his lover Calamus into despair, who went on to take his life.<ref>Servius On Eclogues 5.48; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 11.385–481</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>Template:Sfn According to Pseudo-Oppian, he also became the genitor of tigers by an unnamed consort.<ref>Oppian, Cynegetica 1.320, 3.350</ref>
MythologyEdit
West WindEdit
Zephyrus, along with his brother Boreas, is one of the most prominent of the Anemoi; they are frequently mentioned together by poets, and along with a third brother, Notus (the south wind) they were seen as the three useful and favourable winds (the east wind, Eurus, seen as bad omen).<ref name=":brill" /> They are the three wind gods mentioned by Hesiod, as ancient Greeks avoided talking about Eurus.Template:Sfn Zephyrus and Boreas were thought to dwell together in a palace in Thrace.Template:Sfn
In the Odyssey however, they all seem to dwell on the island of Aeolia, as Zeus has tasked Aeolus with the job of the keeper of the winds.Template:Sfn Aeolus receives Odysseus and his wretched crew, and hosts them for a month gracefully.<ref>Homer, Odyssey 1–45</ref> As they part, Aeolus gives Odysseus a bag containing all the winds, except for Zephyrus himself, who is let free to blow Odysseus's ship gently back to Ithaca; Odysseus's crewmates foolishly open the bag, thinking it to contain treasure, and set free all the other winds, blowing the ships back to Aeolia.Template:Sfn Many years later, right after Odysseus left Calypso, the sea-god Poseidon in rage unleashed all four of them to cause a storm and raise great waves in order to drown Odysseus in the sea.Template:Sfn
In the Iliad, Zephyrus is visited by his wife Iris in his home as he dines with his wind brothers. He wishes to summon him and Boreas to blow on Patroclus's funeral pyre following his death, as Achilles prayed for their help when the pyre failed to kindle.<ref>Homer, the Iliad 23.192–225</ref>Template:Sfn In the Dionysiaca, all four live together with their father Astraeus; Zephyrus plays sweet notes with an aulos for Demeter when she pays them a visit.<ref>Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6.28</ref>
In the myth of Eros and Psyche, Zephyrus serves Eros, the god of love, by transporting his bride-to-be, the mortal princess Psyche with his soft breeze from the cliff (where she had been left in an oracle's suggestion) to Eros's palace.Template:Sfn Later, he also helps rather reluctantly Psyche's two sisters transport the same way to the palace as well, when Psyche wishes to see them again.Template:Sfn After Eros abandons Psyche over her betrayal, both sisters take advantage of the situation and each independently goes to the cliff (having both been lied to by Psyche that Eros wished to maker her his new wife), calling for Eros to make them his bride, and Zephyrus to take them to the palace. But this time Zephyrus does not act when they jump, and thus they both fall to their deaths, torn limb to limb and made food for the birds of prey and wild beasts below.Template:Sfn
Zephyrus seems to have had a connection to swans; in Philostratus the Elder's works, he joins them twice in their song, once while they are carrying the Erotes and another when the young Phaethon is killed driving his father Helios's fiery chariot.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This apparently symbolizes the belief that swans took to singing when the mild west wind blew.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Other mythsEdit
In his most notable myth, Zephyrus fell in love with a beautiful Spartan prince named Hyacinthus, who nevertheless rejected him<ref>Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods 14: Apollo and Hermes</ref> and became the lover of another god, Apollo.Template:Sfn One day when the prince and Apollo were playing at discus-throwing, Zephyrus deflected the course of Apollo's discus, redirecting it right onto Hyacinthus's head and fatally wounding him. Hyacinthus' blood then became a new flower, the hyacinth.Template:Efn In some versions, Zephyrus is supplanted by his brother Boreas as the wind-god who bore a one-sided love for the beautiful prince.Template:Sfn Zephyrus's role in this myth reflects his connection to flowers and springtime as the gentle west wind, who, in spite of his traditional gentleness, is nonetheless a harsh lover, like all the winds.Template:Sfn Not every version of this tale features Zephyrus, however, and his participation is a secondary narrative; in many of them he is absent, and Hyacinthus's death stems from a genuine accident on Apollo's part.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
On another occasion, another beautiful youth named Cyparissus ("cypress") and Zephyrus became lovers.<ref>Servius, On the Aeneid 3.680</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The youth, wanting to preserve his beauty, fled to Mount Cassium in Syria, where he became transformed into a cypress tree.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This myth, which might be of Hellenistic origin, seems to have been modeled after that of Apollo and Daphne.Template:Sfn It also, along with Zephyrus's role in Hyacinthus's story, fits the pattern–also fit by his brother Boreas–of a wind god appearing in the story of the origin of a plant.Template:Sfn In all other narratives, however, Zephyrus is absent, and the role of Cyparissus's divine partner is filled by Apollo; furthermore, Cyparissus is transformed into a cypress by Apollo at his own request after accidentally killing his own pet deer, which caused him much sorrow.Template:Sfn
Zephyrus also features in some of the dialogues by the satirical author Lucian of Samosata; in the Dialogues of the Sea Gods, he appears in two dialogues with his brother Notus, the god of the south wind. In the first, they discuss the Argive princess Io and how she was loved and got turned into a heifer by Zeus in order to hide from his jealous wife Hera,<ref>Lucian, Dialogues of the Sea Gods 7: South Wind and West Wind I</ref> while in the second, Zephyrus enthusiastically recounts the scene he has just witnessed of how Zeus transformed into a bull, tricked another princess, the Phoenician Europa, into riding him, transported her to Crete and then mated with her while Notus expresses his jealousy and complains of seeing nothing noteworthy.<ref> Lucian, Dialogues of the Sea Gods 15: South Wind and West Wind II</ref>
In ancient cultureEdit
IconographyEdit
Like all the other wind gods, Zephyrus is represented in ancient Greek art with wings,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> due to which he is sometimes hard to distinguish from Eros, another winged youthful god, though tellingly unlike Zephyrus Eros is not depicted pursuing males.Template:Sfn In ancient vases, he is most commonly pursuing the young Hyacinthus or already holding him in his arms in an erotic and sexual manner; on a red-figure vase in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Zephyrus's erect penis thrusts into the folds of the young man's clothes as they fly together,Template:Sfn while vase 95.31 from the same museum depicts intercrural sex between the two.Template:Sfn Various other vases also show scenes of Zephyrus grabbing and seizing Hyacinthus.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
On the Tower of the Winds, a clocktower/horologion in the Roman agora of Athens, the frieze depicts Zephyrus alongside seven more of the wind gods above the sundials. Zephyrus is presented as a beardless youth carrying a cloak full of flowers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
On the Pergamon Altar, which depicts the battle of the gods against the Giants (known as the Gigantomachy), Zephyrus and the other three wind gods are shown in the shape of horses who pull the chariot of the goddess Hera in the eastern frieze of the monument;<ref>LIMC 617 (Venti)</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the equine forms of the Anemoi are also found in Quintus Smyrnaeus's works, where the four brothers pull Zeus's chariot instead.<ref>Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 12.189</ref>
CultEdit
Ancient cult of the wind gods is attested in several ancient Greek states.Template:Sfn According to the geographer Pausanias, the Winds were jointly worshipped in the town of Titane, in Sicyon, where the local priest offered sacrifice to them,Template:Sfn<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.12.1</ref> and in Coronea, a town in Boeotia.<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece 9.34.3</ref> It is also known that the citizens of Laciadae in Attica had erected an altar for Zephyrus.<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.37.2</ref> According to a fragment doubtfully attributed to the fifth-century BC poet Bacchylides, a Rhodian farmer named Eudemus built a temple in honour of the west wind god, in gratitude for his help.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
FavoniusEdit
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Zephyrus's Roman equivalent was called Favonius (the "favouring") who held dominion over plants and flowers, however 'Zephyrus' was also commonly used by Romans. Some later authors would also describe him as having wings in his head.Template:Sfn The Roman poet Horace writes:<ref>Horace, Odes 3.7.</ref>
Unlike Greek authors, Roman writers held that Zephyrus/Favonius married not Iris but rather a local vegetation and fertility goddess named Flora (identified and linked by Ovid with a minor Greek nymph named Chloris and her legendTemplate:Sfn) after abducting her while she tried to run away and escape him; he gave her dominion over flowers, thus making amends for his violence and abduction of her.<ref name=":brill">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Ovid, Fasti 5.195–212</ref>
Some analysts have suggested that Carpus, the son Zephyrus had by Hora/a Hora (season goddess), is supposed to have been actually mothered by Flora/Chloris instead, although this is not confirmed in any ancient text.Template:Sfn
GenealogyEdit
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GalleryEdit
- Zephyrus in Art
- William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Flora And Zephyr (1875).jpg
Flora and Zephyr by William-Adolphe Bouguereau, oil on canvas.
- Hermitage hall 241 - 33 - Luigi Bienaimé - Zephyrus.jpg
Statue of Zephyrus in Hermitage Hall.
- Mosaico de Océano (48928130318).jpg
Zephyrus and Boreas surround Oceanus in a mosaic from Portugal.
- John Gibson-group of statues-Hermitage.jpg
Zephyrus, Psyche and Eros, statue by John Gibson.
- Zephyr, Greek god of the west wind.jpg
Zephyrus, 1878 engraving.
- Łazienki - Pałac Myślewicki - 05.jpg
Statue of Zephyrus in Poland.
- Antonio Balestra - Zephyrus, Flora and Cupid.jpg
Zephyrus, Flora and Cupid by Antonio Balestra.
- Boucher - Venus mit Bacchus, Ariadne und Zephir, 12168.png
Zephyrus with Venus, Ariadne and Bacchus, eighteenth century.
- Hyacinthus and Zephyrus 2.jpg
Zephyrus and Hyacinthus red-figure, 440–420 BC.
- Hyacinthus and Zephyrus.png
Hyacinthus and Zephyrus. Attic Red Figure Kylix. Attributed to Manner of Douris Painter, 500–450 B.C.
- Antonio Bonazza-Zephyrus-Upper Gardens of Peterhof.jpg
Statue of Zephyrus in the gardens of Peterhof.
- Ca' Rezzonico - Zefiro e Flora (Inv.103) - Sebastiano Ricci.jpg
Zéphyr et Flore by Sebastiano Ricci, oil on canvas.
- Zephyrus, the west wind; in the summer brings very sultry weather, but in the spring is pleasant, warm, and favorable to - Stuart James & Revett Nicholas - 1762.jpg
Engraving of Zephyrus.
- Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista - The Triumph of Zephyr and Flora - 1734-35.jpg
Zéphyr et Flore, by Giambattista Tiepolo, ca. 1730–1735 in Ca' Rezzonico, Venice.
See alsoEdit
- Bacab
- Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór
- Norðri, Suðri, Austri and Vestri
- Vayu
- List of wind deities
FootnotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Aeschylus, Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph.D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926.
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
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- Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
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- Template:Cite book Online version at Perseus.tufts project.
- Lucian, The Works of Lucian of Samosata, translated by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1905.
- Maurus Servius Honoratus, In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii; recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
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- Nonnus, Dionysiaca; translated by Rouse, W H D, III Books XXXVI–XLVIII. Loeb Classical Library No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. Internet Archive.
- Oppian, Cynegetica in Oppian, Colluthus, Tryphiodorus. Oppian, Colluthus, and Tryphiodorus. Translated by A. W. Mair. Loeb Classical Library 219. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928. Online version at Internet Archive.
- Ovid, Ovid's Fasti: With an English translation by Sir James George Frazer, London: W. Heinemann LTD; Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1959. Internet Archive.
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- Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Quintus Smyrnaeus, Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy, translated by A.S. Way, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1913. Internet Archive.
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- Template:Cite book Online version at the Perseus.tufts library.
External linksEdit
- ZEPHYRUS from the Theoi Project
- The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Zephyrus)
- Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 40 images of Flora and Zephyrus)
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