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Maranao (Template:LangxTemplate:Refn; Jawi: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), sometimes spelled as Maranaw, Meranaw or Mëranaw, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte and their respective cities of Marawi and Iligan located in the Philippines, as well found also in Sabah, Malaysia. It is spoken among the Moros within the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.
It is more closer to Iranun than to Maguindanao within the Danao subgroup.
DistributionEdit
- Maranao is spoken in the following provinces of:
• Entire Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte
• Northwestern municipalities of Maguindanao del Norte: Barira, Buldon, Parang, Matanog, Sultan Mastura, and Sultan Kudarat
• Northwestern municipalities of Cotabato: Alamada, Banisilan, Carmen, Libungan, and Pigcawayan
• Northwestern municipalities of Bukidnon:Talakag and Kalilangan
• Small parts in the coast of Zamboanga del Sur<ref>Ethnologue</ref>
- all of which are located within the island of Mindanao in southern Philippines.
Writing systemEdit
Maranao was historically written in Perso-Arabic letters called Jawi, which were known as Batang-a-Arab or Batang Arab. It is now written with Latin letters.<ref name="Omniglot">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Though there is no officially proclaimed standard orthography, Maranao is more or less written as influenced by contemporary Filipino conventions. The following are the letters used in writing out native words:
A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In general, double vowels are pronounced separately, for example, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is pronounced as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
The final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound in diphthongs and "w" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "w". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which is currently spelled as "Y".
"H" is only used for Malay loanwords,<ref name="Omniglot" /> and "sh" (pronounced as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Isaac).<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" />
"Di" or "j" are used to transcribe the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound, such as radia/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (from the Sanskrit word for 'king', "Rāja") or the English name John.<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" />
In representing the mid central vowel (or schwa) {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, different authors have employed various means to represent this sound (e.g. "E" or "U").<ref name="Lobel 2013" /> In social media, speakers use either of the two letters or just leave it blank (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can also be spelled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} on the internet). Meanwhile, the Commission on the Filipino Language recommends spelling this sound using "Ë" for different Philippine languages in its 2013 Ortograpiyang Pambansa.
In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996,<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967">Template:Cite book</ref> the digraph "'ae" was introduced and used to represent the supposed presence of the vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. However, analysis by Lobel (2009,<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b">Template:Cite journal</ref> 2013<ref name="Lobel 2013" />) showed that this may actually be an allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} after hard consonants. McKaughan and Macaraya also used "q" for the glottal stop regardless of position. Diphthongs such as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} were spelled as "ao, ai, oi".
The orthography used in the study by Lobel (2009) was the one developed by Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano of Taraka (1943–2008), Senator Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto of Ramain (1914– 2002), and Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang of Tugaya (1923–2003). In this orthography, the "hard consonants" {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are written as "ph, th, kh, z".
PhonologyEdit
Below is the sound system of Maranao including underlying phonetic features.<ref name="Lobel 2013">Template:Cite thesis</ref>
VowelsEdit
Maranao has four vowel phonemes that can become more close or higher when in certain environments (see hard consonants below).<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" /> The vowel raising effects of hard consonants may have led earlier studies to Although previous studies have analyzed the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound as a separate phoneme (written with ae) instead of a raised allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /Template:IPA link/
[[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] |
||
| Mid | /Template:IPA link/
[[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] |
/Template:IPA link/
[[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] | |
| Open | /Template:IPA link/
[[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] |
Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay.
ConsonantsEdit
According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants:<ref name="Lobel 2013" />
In Maranao, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is not phonemic word-initially<ref name="Lobel 2013" /> (similar to non-Philippine English). Hence, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('friend of mine') is smoothly pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially.
Orthography-wise, "r" is used for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, "y" is used for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and "ng" is used for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Fricative [h]Edit
According to Lobel (2013), {{#invoke:IPA|main}} only occurs in a few recent Malay loanwords:<ref name="Lobel 2013" />
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'God'
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'astrological sign'
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'in front (of God)'
Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that entered Proto-Danao or earlier Maranao were realized as k.
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'halal (anything permissible in Islam)'
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'haram (anything not permissible in Islam)',
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'hadji (title for a man who has made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca)'
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Hadith'
Consonant elongationEdit
Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with a schwa {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. However, this process is not a form of gemination since consonant elongation in Maranao is not distinctive as seen in other Philippine languages such as Ilokano and Ibanag. Some of these are:
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'get off a vehicle'
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'startled; surprised'
Hard consonants and vowel raisingEdit
Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants,<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Lobel 2013" /> these four "heavy" consonants being {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position.
There are four possible environments for that determine whether the vowel will be raised or not:
- Non-raising – {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
- Obligatory raising – {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is pronounced as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} instead of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
- Optional raising – {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
- Evidenced by some younger speakers writing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
- Transparent – {{#invoke:IPA|main}} – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel.
Similar vowel raising can be also found in Madurese.
Historical developmentEdit
Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: *-gp- > *-bp-).
A study by Allison<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: *bp > *p), but preserved elsewehere.
Lobel<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" /> noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (*{{#invoke:IPA|main}} > {{#invoke:IPA|main}}). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way in Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon, but without the vowel-raising.
| Proto-Greater Central Philippine | Proto-Danao | Maguindanaon | Maranao |
|---|---|---|---|
| *-gp-, *-dp-, *-bp- | *-bp- | -bp- | -ph- |
| *-gt-, *-dt-, *-bt- | *-dt- | -dt- | -th- |
| *-gs-, *-ds-, *-bs- | *-ds- | -ds- | -z- [sʰ] |
| *-gk-, *-dk-, *-bk- | *-gk- | -gk- | -kh- |
GrammarEdit
Case markersEdit
In contrast to Tagalog which has three case markers ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), and Iloko which has two ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Maranao has four: ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
| Common | Personal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Indefinite | Definite | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative
(Subject) |
lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| Ergative
(Direct Object) |
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| Oblique/Locative
(Benefactor/Location) Genitive (Possessive) |
lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | |
Curiously, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is indefinite in Maranao, whereas it is definite/specific in Cebuano and Tagalog.
PronounsEdit
Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to the word/morpheme before it.<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
| Meaning | Nominative
(free) |
Nominative
(bound) |
Genitive/Ergative
(bound) |
Oblique
(free) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| you (singular) | lang}} | lang}} | lang}}Template:Efn-la | lang}} |
| he/she/it | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| we (dual) | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| we (including you) | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| we (excluding you) | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| you (plural) | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
| they | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} |
Common wordsEdit
Below are common words found in Maranao sentences, their translations in English, Cebuano, and Tagalog, and similar words in distant Philippine languages.
| Maranao | Cebuano | Tagalog | Other PH regional language or dialect | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | is | |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | ampa (Tausug) | then |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | that is | |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | piece | |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | lang}} (Kinaray-a) | already |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | will, soon | |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | di' (Tausug) | won't, isn't |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | wala' (Tausug) | didn't |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | way/waruun (Tausug) | nothing |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | awn (Tausug), adda (Ilocano) | there is... |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} (Bikol-Naga) | it is such | |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | iban (Tausug) | and |
| lang}} | lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | lang}} | atawa (Tausug) | or |
| lang}} | lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | sa'/sagawa'/saga'/ malayngkan (Tausug) | however, but |
| lang}} | dili pud, dili sab | hindi rin | bukun isab/bukun sab (Tausug) | nor (?) |
| lang}} | lang}} | lang}} | katān (Tausug) | all |
| imanto | karon | ngayon | bihaun (Tausug) | now |
| oway | oo | oo/opo | huun (Tausug) | yes |
| sabap | tungod, kay | dahil, kasi | sabab, kalna' or karna' (Tausug) | because |
| seda | isda | isda | ista' (Tausug) | fish |
| sapi' | baka | baka | sapi' (Maguindanaon & Tausug) | cow |
| pagari | igsuon | kapatid | langgung, taymanghud (Tausug) | sibling |
| bago | bag-o | bago | bagu (Tausug), baro (Ilocano) | new |
| tahon | tuig | taon | tahun (Tausug) | year |
| koda' | kabayo | kabayo | kura' (Tausug) | horse |
| sorab | suwab | talim | sulab (Tausug) | blade |
| doniya' | kalibotan | mundo | duniya' (Tausug) | world |
| dalendeg | dalugdog | kulog | dawgdug (Tausug) | thunder |
| sorga' | langit | langit | sulga' (Tausug) | heaven |
| narka', diyahanam | impyerno | impyerno | nalka'/narka', jahanam (Tausug) | hell |
| mataed | nindot, tsada | maganda | malingkat (Tausug) | nice, elegant |
| otin | utin, tintin | titi, uten | utin (Tausug) | male genitalia, penis |
| papanok | langgam | ibon | manuk-manuk (Tausug) | bird |
| diyandi' | kasabotan, saad | kasunduuan, pangako | janji' (Tausug) | agreement, promise |
| ngaran | ngalan | ngalan/pangalan | ngān (Tausug)
nagan (Ilocano) |
name |
Sample textsEdit
Universal Declaration of Human RightsEdit
Maranao:
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Cebuano:
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Tagalog:
Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color. Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color
English:
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Noun phrasesEdit
These phrases were taken from Alonto's<ref name="Alonto et al. 2009" /> Maranao Drills.
Legend: Template:Font color, Template:Font color, Template:Font color, Template:Font color, Template:Font color
Time and SpaceEdit
Verbs and TimeEdit
NegativesEdit
Manga, A, Aden, DaEdit
Object-focus SentencesEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Bansa.org, Maranao Dictionary
- Maranao at Omniglot
- Maranao at Wiktionary
- The files for a Maranao lexical database with English glosses are archived with Kaipuleohone Template:Hdl
- SEAlang Library Maranao Resources
- SIL Philippines Maranao - English Dictionary
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