Template:Short description Template:About Template:Distinguish Template:Infobox grapheme
Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Belarusian Latin, Ukrainian Latin, Kurdish (some dialects), Wymysorys, Navajo, Dëne Sųłıné, Iñupiaq, Zuni, Hupa, Sm'álgyax, Nisga'a, and Dogrib alphabets, several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language, and the ISO 11940 romanization of the Thai script. In some Slavic languages, it represents the continuation of the Proto-Slavic non-palatal Template:Angbr (dark L), which evolved further into {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Polish, Kashubian, and Sorbian. In most non-European languages, it represents a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative or similar sound.
Glyph shape ŁEdit
In normal typefaces, the letter has a stroke approximately in the middle of the vertical stem, crossing it at an angle between 70° and 45°, never horizontally. In cursive handwriting and typefaces that imitate it, the capital letter has a horizontal stroke through the middle and looks very similar to the pound sign Template:Char. In the cursive lowercase letter, the stroke is also horizontal and placed on top of the letter instead of going through the middle of the stem, which would not be distinguishable from the letter t. The stroke is either straight or slightly wavy, depending on the style. Unlike Template:Angbr, the letter Template:Angbr is usually written without a noticeable loop at the top. Most publicly available multilingual cursive typefaces, including commercial ones, feature an incorrect glyph for Template:Angbr.<ref name="Adam Twardoch2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A rare variant of the ł glyph is a cursive double-ł ligature, used in words such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (archaic: Allah), where the strokes at the top of the letters are joined into a single stroke.<ref name="Adam Twardoch2" />
Polish ŁEdit
In Polish, Template:Angbr is used to distinguish the historical dark (velarized) L [ɫ] from clear L [l]. The Polish Template:Angbr now sounds the same as the English Template:Angbr, [w] as in water (except for older speakers in some eastern Polish dialects where it still sounds velarized). The name of this diacritic is called the kreska, which is shared with the five letters with acute accents.
In 1440, Template:Interlanguage link proposed a letter resembling <math>\ \ell</math> to represent clear L. For dark L he suggested "l" with a stroke running in the opposite direction to the modern version.Template:Citation needed The latter was introduced in 1514–1515 by Stanisław Zaborowski in his {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. L with stroke originally represented a velarized alveolar lateral approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}},<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a pronunciation that is preserved in the eastern part of Poland<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and among the Polish minority in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. This pronunciation is similar to Russian unpalatalised Template:Angbr in native words and grammar forms.
In modern Polish, Ł is usually pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (as [w] in English wet).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This pronunciation first appeared among Polish lower classes in the 16th century. It was considered an uncultured accent by the upper classes (who pronounced Template:Angbr as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) until the mid-20th century, when this distinction gradually began to fade.Template:Citation needed
The shift from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Polish has affected all instances of dark L, even word-initially or intervocalically, e.g. ładny ("pretty, nice") is pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, słowo ("word") is {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and ciało ("body") is {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Ł often alternates with clear L, such as the plural forms of adjectives and verbs in the past tense that are associated with masculine personal nouns, e.g. mały → mali ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} → {{#invoke:IPA|main}}). Alternation is also common in declension of nouns, e.g. from nominative to locative, tło → na tle ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} → {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).
Polish final Ł also often corresponds to Ukrainian word-final Template:Angbr Ve (Cyrillic) and Belarusian Template:Angbr Short U (Cyrillic). Thus, "he gave" is "dał" in Polish, "дав" in Ukrainian, "даў" in Belarusian (all pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), but "дал" {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Russian.
ExamplesEdit
Notable figures
- Marie Skłodowska Curie, a scientist awarded the Nobel prize in both physics and chemistry, who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
- Karol Józef Wojtyła ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), John Paul II, Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005
- Kazimierz Pułaski ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), known in English as Casimir Pulaski, a Polish soldier and commander, a brigadier general in the Continental Army cavalry during American Revolutionary War
- Ignacy Łukasiewicz ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), the inventor of the modern paraffin lamp
- Jan Łukasiewicz ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), the inventor of Polish notation
- Lech Wałęsa ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), Polish labor leader and former president
- Stanisław Lem ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), Polish writer of science fiction, philosophy, and satire, and a trained physician
- Wisława Szymborska ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), a Polish poet and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature
- Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer
- Wacław Sierpiński ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), Polish mathematician
Some examples of words with 'ł':
In contexts where Ł is not readily available as a glyph, basic L is used instead. Thus, the surname Małecki would be spelled Malecki in a foreign country.
In the 1980s, when some computers available in Poland lacked Polish diacritics, it was common practice to use a pound sterling sign (£) for Ł. This practice ceased as soon as DOS-based and Mac computers came with a code page for such characters.
Other languagesEdit
In Belarusian Łacinka (both in the 1929<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and 1962<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> versions), Template:Angbr corresponds to Cyrillic Template:Angbr (El), and is normally pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (almost exactly as in English pull).
In the North American languages Navajo, Elaponke, and Iñupiaq, Template:Angbr is used for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, like the Welsh double L.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Angbr is used in orthographic transcription of Ahtna, an Athabaskan language spoken in Alaska; it represents a breathy lateral fricative.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is also used in Tanacross, a related Athabaskan language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When transcribing Armenian into the Latin alphabet, Template:Angbr may be used to write the letter Template:Angbr {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, for example Ղուկաս => Łukas. In Classical Armenian, Template:Angbr was pronounced as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which morphed into {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in both standard varieties of modern Armenian. Other transcriptions of Template:Angbr include Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr.
Computer usageEdit
Template:More The letter is encoded in Unicode with the codepoints
These symbols are included as standard using the keyboard mapping commonly used in Poland. (For entry on other systems, see Unicode input.)
See alsoEdit
- Ў, ў – short U (Belarusian Cyrillic)
- £ – pound sign
- In Venetian, a similar glyph Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr (L with bar, a horizontal bar) is used as substitution for L in many words in which the pronunciation of "L" has changed for some dialects, i.e. by becoming voiceless or becoming the sound of the shorter vowel corresponding to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
- Template:Unichar
ReferencesEdit
<references responsive="1"></references>
External linksEdit
- Kreska ukośna in Polish Diacritics: How to?, by Adam Twardoch, Polish country delegate at ATypI